Three Essays in Business Management, the Natural Environment, and Environmental Policy

Nairn-Birch, Nicholas S University of California, Los Angeles 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation prospectus compiles three studies that constitute the current state and direction of my doctoral research. This includes three empirical analyses focusing on business strategy in the context of the natural environment and environmental policy. The first paper examines the relationship between environmental and financial performance. There has been a long-standing debate in the business strategy literature over whether firms can profit from improving their environmental performance. Recent studies suggest beyond compliance performance leads to increased profitability. However, there has been minimal theoretical or empirical examination of how emerging environmental issues, such as climate change, affect competitiveness. This raises important questions about the time horizon over which the environmental-financial performance relationship is evaluated. Furthermore, few studies have examined environmental strategies, such as green supply chain management, that extend beyond traditional organizational boundaries. Building on the resource-based view of the firm and a process-based view of environmental policy issues this study argues that the impact of environmental strategies on financial performance varies according to a short-term versus long-term perspective. This study is also one of the first to directly test the profitability of supply chain environmental strategies. This is achieved by leveraging novel longitudinal environmental impact data for over 1,000 US corporations from 2004--2008 to estimate the effect of direct and supply chain emissions on short- and long-term measures of financial performance. The results suggest that proactive environmental strategies to reduce life cycle GHG emissions may only be profitable over a longer time horizon. Taking an exploratory approach, the second essay examines the dimensionality of environmental performance ratings and its relation to market valuation. The emergence of Socially Responsible Investing (SRI), has led to the development of a large number of methodologies for rating corporate environmental performance. Increased availability of information potentially generates an abundance of riches upon which to base investment decisions, but also raises issues of commensurability, information overload and confusion. Using data from three leading purveyors of environmental ratings, the study identifies the principle components of environmental performance captured by prominent methodologies. The results suggest that in large part, two distinct factors explain 80% of the variance of the data: the environmental processes and practices implemented by firms, and the environmental outcomes they generate. The study also shows corporate financial performance to be correlated to process measures but not to outcome measures. The third and final essay examines corporate political strategies to confront issues of environmental policy. In 2008, an estimated $3.3 billion was spent on lobbying, the majority of which bankrolled by business, which are mostly perceived as opposing the government at the expense of the public. In this paper, we develop and test hypotheses on how firm performance on a salient political issue influences corporate political strategy. In the context of the recent climate change policy debate in the United States, we hypothesize a U-shaped relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and two forms of political activity: lobbying and voluntary public disclosure. To test our hypotheses, the study leverages novel data on corporate GHG emissions, lobbying expenses aimed at climate change legislation and disclosure to the Carbon Disclosure Project. Our results suggest that both dirty and clean firms are active in the public policy process, which challenges the popular view that corporate involvement in the environmental policy process is solely adversarial.

Analyses on the Health Effects of Environmental Exposure to Asbestos and the Prediction of Malignant Mesothelioma in Korea

곽경민 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

석면(asbestos)은 천연자연계에 존재하는 사문석 및 각섬석 계열의 광물에서 채취된 섬유모양의 규산 화합물로 불연성, 내마모성, 내산성, 내알칼리성, 절연성이 뛰어나 여러 산업에 널리 사용되고 있다. 석면은 석면폐증(asbestosis), 악성중피종(malignant mesothelioma), 폐암(lung cancer), 후두암(laryngeal cancer) 및 난소암(ovarian cancer) 발생 위험을 높이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한국에서는 1970년대에 석면 사용이 증가하기 시작했으며 1990년대 중반에 가장 많이 사용되었다. 2009년에 석면 사용이 금지되었지만, 석면의 긴 잠복기 때문에 석면관련질환(asbestos-related disease, ARD)들은 계속 증가하고 있다. 또한 석면 건축물의 철거 또는 리모델링, 폐광 이후 관리가 되지 않은 석면광산 주변에서의 석면 노출과 같은 환경 석면 노출의 위험이 여전히 남아 있다. 하지만 한국의 석면 노출에 관한 대부분의 연구는 직업적 노출에 대해서만 이루어졌고, 환경 노출에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 불충분하다. 따라서 본 논문은 환경성 석면 노출의 건강 영향을 탐색하고, 향후 석면관련질환의 국내 발생을 예측하고자 하였다. 먼저, 2장에서 환경성 석면 노출과 석면관련질환의 연관성을 평가하기 위해 체계적 문헌고찰(systematic literature review) 및 메타분석(meta-analysis)을 수행하였다. PubMed, EMBASE 및 Web of Science 데이터베이스에서 비직업성 또는 환경성 석면 노출과 석면관련질환에 대한 논문들을 검색하였고, 총 38개의 연구가 메타분석에 포함되었다. 본 연구는 노출 경로[근접 노출(neighborhood exposure), 가족내 노출(domestic exposure), 가정 노출(household exposure)]에 따라 석면관련질환에 대한 메타분석을 수행하였고, 동시에 연구의 특성에 따른 소집단 분석(subgroup analysis)도 수행하였다. 메타분석의 결과, 근접 노출(neighborhood exposure)에 대해서 석면폐증(31.20, 6.58‒147.89). 악성중피종(7.40, 95% CI = 4.18‒13.11), 폐암(1.44, 95 % CI = 1.14‒1.83), 난소암(2.03, 95 % CI = 1.16‒3.58)의 위험이 통계적으로 유의하게 증가했다. 또한, 가족내 노출(domestic exposure)의 경우 악성중피종의 위험이 유의하게 증가하였으나[5.06, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 2.57‒9.98], 폐암 (1.13, 95 % CI = 0.80‒1.62)과 난소암(1.45, 95 % CI = 0.86‒2.44)의 위험은 유의하지 않았다. 가정 노출(household exposure)의 경우 악성중피종 (1.89, 95 % CI = 0.95‒3.78), 폐암 (0.86, 95 % CI = 0.59‒1.25), 난소암 (1.45, 95 % CI = 0.86‒2.44)의 위험이 유의하게 증가하지 않았다. 소집단 분석(subgroup analysis)에서는 석면 광산 주변, 각섬석 계열의 석면 노출에서 석면관련질환의 위험이 더 높았다. 그러나 문헌고찰에 포함된 연구들 사이의 이질성은 매우 크며, 일부 질환의 경우 해당되는 연구의 수가 적기 때문에, 본 연구의 결과 해석에 주의를 해야 한다. 3장에서는 충청남도의 석면 광산 인근에 연속적으로 5년 이상 거주 한 주민들에 대해서 국내 국민건강보험공단 자료(National Health Insurance Database, NHID)를 이용하여 역동적 코호트(dynamic cohort)를 후향적으로 구축하여 분석하였다. 본 연구는 충청남도에서 가장 석면광산이 많았던 홍성군을 노출 지역으로 선정하였으며, 같은 광역도 내에서 부여군과 서천군을 각각 대조 지역으로 선정하였다. 본 연구는 건강보험공단 자료로 구축된 코호트를 분석하여 폐석면광산 근처에 거주하는 주민들의 석면관련질환의 발생률과 발생위험을 대조 지역과 한국의 일반인구집단과 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 석면폐증[부여군과 비교: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 65.40, 95% CI = 35.02‒122.12; 서천군과 비교: adjusted HR 32.50, 95% CI = 19.78‒53.39] 및 흉막반(부여군과 비교: adjusted HR 3.55, 95% CI = 1.96‒6.41; 서천군과 비교: adjusted HR 3.43, 95% CI = 1.82‒6.46)의 발생 위험이 폐석면광산 근처에 사는 주민들에서 대조지역에 비해 크게 높았다. 악성중피종의 경우 폐석면광산 주변 거주하는 주민들에게서 대조지역에 비해 발병 위험이 높았지만 유의하지는 않았다(adjusted HR 1.83, 95 % CI = 0.61‒5.47; 서천군과 비교: adjusted HR 1.81, 95% CI = 0.55‒5.95). 그러나 성별을 층화하여 분석한 결과, 남성에서 악성중피종의 위험은 노출지역에서 대조지역인 부여군에 비해 훨씬 높고 통계적으로도 유의하였으며(adjusted HR 8.30, 95% CI = 1.04‒66.63), 표준화발생비(standardized incidence ratio, SIR)도 한국 일반 남성 인구집단과 비교하였을 때 유의한 위험의 증가가 확인되었다(SIR 3.48, 95 % CI = 1.50‒6.85). 이러한 결과들은 과거 광산활동시의 주변지역 노출이 잠복기를 거쳐서 관찰기간에 나타나는 것으로 보인다. 또한 광산주변에 있는 자연발생석면(naturally occurring asbestos, NOA)의 노출도 석면관련질환의 발생 위험에 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로, 국민건강보험공단 자료 자체의 제한점이 있지만, 본 연구를 통하여서 한국에서 폐석면광산 주변 주민들에게서 환경성 석면 노출로 인해 석면관련질환의 위험이 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 4장에서는 석면 소비를 사용하여 연령-기간-코호트(age-period-cohort, APC) 모델과 푸아송 회귀모델(Poisson regression model)을 사용하여 향후 20년 동안(2018년‒2037년) 대표적인 석면관련질환인 악성중피종의 발생률을 예측하였다. APC 모델에서, 악성중피종의 조발생률은 2037년까지 계속 증가할 것으로 추정되었는데, 남성에서 급격히 증가하고, 여성에서 서서히 증가할 것으로 예측되었다. 푸아송 회귀모델에서도 조발생률은 2037년까지 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예측되었는데, APC 모델에 의한 결과와 비교하여 훨씬 더 많은 악성중피종 사례가 발생할 것으로 예측되었다. 2013‒2017년 실제 발생률 통계와 비교한 검증에서 APC 모델은 푸아송 회귀모델보다 더 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 향후 20년 동안 최고점(peak) 없이 지속적으로 증가하는 APC 예측 모델의 결과는 악성중피종의 발생률이 앞으로도 한동안 계속 증가할 것임을 내포한다. 본 연구에서는 메타분석과 후향적 코호트 연구를 통해 환경성 석면 노출과 석면관련질환과의 연관성을 확인하였다. 또한, 예측모델링을 통해 악성중피종이 앞으로도 계속 증가할 것을 예측하였다. 향후 환경성 석면 노출에 대한 역학 연구가 계속되어야 하며, 동시에 환경성 석면 노출과 이로 인한 석면관련질환의 발생을 줄이기 위한 지속적인 예방적 노력이 필요하다. Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals of serpentine and amphibole, and it has been used widely in many industries due to its resistance to heat, electricity, friction, and corrosion. Asbestos is also associated with increased risk of asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, and ovarian cancer. In Korea, the use of asbestos began to increase in the 1970s and peaked in the mid-1990s, until it became banned in 2009. However, asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) continued to increase owing to their long latent periods. In addition, the risk of environmental asbestos exposures still exists during demolition or reconstruction of the structures that had been built using asbestos and near abandoned asbestos mines. However, most of the studies conducted in Korea on asbestos exposures have focused on occupational asbestos exposures, and the studies on environmental exposures are relatively scarce. Therefore, this dissertation aimed to investigate on the health effects of environmental exposures to asbestos, identify the status of environmental ARDs in Korea, and predict the future occurrences of ARDs. We first performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between environmental asbestos exposures and ARDs in chapter II. We searched for articles on non-occupational and environmental asbestos exposures and ARDs using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. In total, 38 studies were included in our meta-analysis, which were performed for each exposure pathway (neighbourhood exposure, domestic exposure, and household exposure). Subgroup analyses by study characteristic were also performed. As a result, statistically significant increases in risks for malignant mesothelioma (7.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.18‒13.11), lung cancer (1.44, 95% CI = 1.14‒1.83), ovarian cancer (2.03, 95% CI = 1.16‒3.58), and asbestosis (31.20, 6.58‒147.89) were found for the neighborhood exposure. For domestic exposure, the risk of malignant mesothelioma was found significantly increased (5.06, 95% CI = 2.57‒9.98), but the risk of lung cancer (1.13, 95% CI = 0.80‒1.62) and ovarian cancer (1.45, 95% CI = 0.86‒2.44) were not found significantly increased. For household exposure, no significantly increased risk of malignant mesothelioma (1.89, 95% CI = 0.95‒3.78), lung cancer (0.86, 95% CI = 0.59‒1.25), and ovarian cancer (1.45, 95% CI = 0.86‒2.44) was found. Neighborhood exposures, asbestos mines or mills, and amphibole asbestos were all associated with higher risk of ARDs. However, large heterogeneity of the studies included in our review and limited numbers for some diseases and exposures warranted cautious interpretation of our findings. In chapter III, we constructed a retrospective dynamic cohort using National Health Insurance Database (NHID) of Korea for the residents who had lived near the abandoned asbestos mines in South Chungcheong Province for more than 5 years. We selected Hongseong, which was home to most asbestos mines in South Chungcheong Province, as the exposed area, and Buyeo and Seocheon in the neighbouring metropolitan district as the control areas, respectively. We compared the incidence of ARDs of the residents who had lived near the abandoned asbestos mines to that of residents of the control areas and that of general population of Korea. The risk of asbestosis (compared with Buyeo: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 65.40, 95% CI = 35.02‒122.12; with Seocheon: adjusted HR 32.50, 95% CI = 19.78‒53.39) and pleural plaque (compared with Buyeo: adjusted HR 3.55, 95% CI = 1.96‒6.41; with Seocheon: adjusted HR 3.43, 95% CI = 1.82‒6.46) were significantly increased among the residents living near the abandoned asbestos mines compared with those living in the control areas. The risk of malignant mesothelioma among the residents living near the asbestos mines was increased compared with that among the residents living in the control areas, but it was not statistically significant (compared with Buyeo: adjusted HR 1.83, 95% CI = 0.61‒5.47; with Seocheon: adjusted HR 1.81, 95% CI = 0.55‒5.95). However, when a separate analysis based on gender was conducted, the risk of mesothelioma among the male residents living near the abandoned asbestos mines became much pronounced and statistically significant compared with that of the residents living in Buyeo (adjusted HR 8.30, 95% CI = 1.04‒66.63), and the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was also significantly increased compared with that of the general population of Korea (SIR 3.48, 95% CI = 1.50‒6.85). These results seemed to reflect the health effects due to past exposures to environmental asbestos in the vicinity of the asbestos mines when they were active, which became to surface after the latent period. It was also thought that the exposures to naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) near the asbestos mines affected the risk of ARDs. Despite inherent limitations of using NHID, our retrospective cohort study confirmed that the risk of ARDs was increased due to environmental asbestos exposure near the abandoned asbestos mines in Korea. In chapter IV, we predicted the next 20 years (2018–2037)’ incidences of asbestos-related malignant mesothelioma using the age-period-cohort (APC) model and the Poisson regression model using asbestos consumption. According to the APC model, the crude incidence rate was estimated to increase sharply in men and slowly in women. Although there was a gender discrepancy in the rate of increase, incidence rate for both genders were expected to continue increasing until 2037. In the Poisson regression model, the crude incidence rate was predicted to increase continuously until 2037, and much more cases of mesothelioma were predicted to occur compared with the results derived by APC model. When compared with the actual incidence data, the APC model was deemed more suitable than the Poisson regression model. The result of APC model exhibiting continuous increase without a peak in the next 20 years suggested that the incidences of malignant mesothelioma will continue to increase for a long time in the future. In this study, we confirmed that the association between ARDs and environmental exposures to asbestos existed by conducting a meta-analysis and a retrospective cohort study. In addition, we predicted that malignant mesothelioma would continue to increase in the future by setting up a prediction model. In the future, we suggest that epidemiological studies on environmental asbestos exposure continue; further, preventive measures to reduce environmental asbestos exposure and ensuing occurrences of ARDs are necessary.

Assessment of Environmental Fate of Plastic-Additives: Styrene Oligomers in Polystyrene

전철석 (TIAN ZHEXI) 인천대학교 일반대학교 2022 국내박사

Plastics have been massively used worldwide since the 1950s, leading to a large inflow of waste into the environment. The plastic waste could transport by various routes (e.g., runoff, river water., etc.) and accumulate in the marine environment. Plastic wastes contain various hazardous pollutants, particularly additives with high concentrations, making the wastes a vector of environmental pollutants. Thus, understanding the environmental fate of the additives is important in environmental risk assessment. Here, the total environmental fate of styrene oligomers (SOs) was investigated to represent the plastic additives because SOs are inevitably contained in polystyrene (PS), primarily found in the coastal environment. In addition, SOs are the xenoestrogens and the indicators of PS, making the importance of their investigations. Recently, SOs are concerned as environmental pollutants, because SOs are persistent in beach sediment. However, recent investigations on SOs are mostly focused on their environmental monitoring, causing a limited understanding of their life history to understand their total environmental fate. Therefore, present studies were targeted to investigate the total life history of SOs, including their source, transport (including discard from the source and transport in the environment), and environmental distribution. In order to understand the life history of SOs, it is important to investigate their sources for developing the database. As the previous studies reported, environmental SOs could be classified into two types: SOs contained in PS particles and leached SOs, indicating their initial conditions are total SOs content (TC) and leachable SOs content (LC), respectively. Thus, the TC and LC of SOs in various PS products were determined in the first study (chapter 2). For the measurement, various PS products of three forms, including expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), and solid PS, were collected from Incheon, South Korea. The investigation collected various usage PS products of three forms, including expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and solid PS. Methylene chloride and n-hexane were selected to optionally extract TC and LC of SOs in PS products, respectively, based on the Hansen solubility parameters. Both the results of TC and LC showed that SOs levels and compositions in EPS are different from those in XPS and solid PS, resulting from the different manufacturing methods of EPS to other PS. The LC of SOs accounted for 31.6 ± 11.2% of TC in EPS, 84.2 ± 7.8% in XPS, and 70.1 ± 22.6% in solid PS. As a porous material, XPS showed the highest leaching potential, followed by solid PS. The lowest leachable level was observed in EPS, although its high porosity. It could be because massive leachable SOs had been released from EPS during the expanded process. Mostly, the LC in individual PS products was significantly lower than TC. Thus, the estimated result might be overestimated if using TC of SOs in their leaching study or risk assessment. In addition, based on SOs in beach sediment being primarily affected by PS debris, the indicate-ability of SOs to PS debris for quantitative analysis was likely confirmed. It is known that environmental SOs contaminations are affected by their leaching from PS debris, and only the leached SOs were bioavailable fractions in the environment. Due to the lack of understanding, the leaching kinetics of targeted SOs from PS to artificial seawater was investigated in the second study (chapter 3). Based on the Biot number (Bi), the leaching of SOs from PS is estimated to be limited by internal diffusion. Thus, the internal diffusion coefficient in the model was measured by laboratory experiments. The experimental diffusion ratio of SOs could be well-fitted by a linear curve, indicating the diffusion coefficient was well-explained with calculation. Then, the leaching kinetics of SOs from PS to seawater was modeled using the measured diffusion coefficient and other estimated parameters. The leaching model of SOs from PS to seawater was verified with leaching experiments. It showed that the measured mass fraction remaining at the PS phase was similar to that predicted in the model simulation with an assumed single characteristic length, indicating it was useful to assign a single length dimension in the desorption model even for PS pellets. In addition, the leaching half-life of SOs from PS to seawater was estimated using the model, showing the leaching rates of styrene dimers were very slow while trimers almost could not be leached. Although the leaching of SOs could be estimated with the model in the above study, inevitable uncertainties remain in environmental simulation due to the effect of environmental factors, particularly weathering. Thus, the effect of UV weathering, the most important environmental weathering, on the SOs leaching from PS was evaluated by laboratory experiment in the third study (chapter 4). For simulating the UV weathering in land and seawater, PS pellets were treated with a xenon lamp in air and seawater conditions over 6 months. Then, the surface texture and oxidants of weathered PS pellets were determined by SEM, XPS, and FTIR analysis. The results showed that the weathered PS pellets with air and seawater conditions varied with UV exposure, indicating the change of parameters in the leaching model, such as radios, diffusion coefficient, and partition coefficient between the pellets and seawater. However, the remaining fraction of SOs in the PS phase measured in the leaching experiment showed that those of weathered PS were similar to fresh PS pellet. It was likely because the weathered fraction of the pellet only accounted for under 0.1% of the total particle in this experiment. Few effects of UV weathering on the low leaching rate of SOs were not consistent with the high concentration of SOs determined in previous studies (Hong et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017; Yoon et al., 2017; Tian et al., 2020), likely resulting from the micro- or nano-size PS particles generated in weathering. After weathering experiment, only the parent plastics were investigated in this study, although the leaching rates of SOs from small size particles were magnitude orders higher than the parent pellet. It was estimated that each time the particle size is halved, the leaching rate increases by approximately 3 times. Overall, the weathering may increase SOs leaching due to the generated micro-particles, although the parent particles were almost unaffected. In addition, environmental SOs might be derived from the micro- or nano-size size PS, particularly the EPS considering it was easily fragmented into pieces by weathering. SOs was in concern as environmental pollutants recently, and were reported at high concentrations in the coastal environment. Although the environmental SOs were suspected to be derived from PS debris, it still not clearly investigated. Therefore, the final study investigated the environmental origin and fate of SOs with their environmental monitoring (chapter 5). For the objective, sediment samples were collected around the Shihwa Lake, including four regions: salt marsh, offshore, lake, and urban creeks. The sampling sites include suspected sources of SOs, where PS debris may be accumulated, and the downstream regions. The measured SOs were highest in creaks upstream of the estuary, confirming the suspected sources, such as urban regions (e.g., industry and resident regions) and landfills. Interestingly, beach sediment, which was reported as the source of SOs, showed lower SOs concentrations than benthic sediment, indicating beach could not be their main source. Furthermore, the EPS buoy particles and their leachate were investigated to identify the origins of environmental SOs. The measured composition patterns of SOs in beach sediment were similar to EPS particles, while those in benthic sediment were similar to SOs in leachate. This result implies that only the beach sediment can be directly affected by EPS debris accumulated on the beach as their SO-containing particles are embedded in the sediment. In contrast, the SOs in benthic sediment may be affected by the continuous input of leached SOs from PS products/waste inland. On the other hand, the leached SOs may transport through rivers, and diluted SOs after leaching is caused by water mixing, sorption/desorption, degradation, and evaporation. Overall, the results imply that caution should be taken in assessing the ecological risk of plastic additives as their bioavailable fraction can be erroneously overestimated if plastic particles are included in the analyzed samples. Based on the above studies, the composition patterns of SOs in their lifetime steps, including source, leaching matrix (seawater), and sediment (which accumulate SOs in the environment). The results rejected the well-known suspicion that the composition patterns of chemicals in the environmental matrix must be similar to their sources. In addition, the leached SOs from PS into the environment could be estimated by the developed model. However, uncertainties inevitably remained because the model was predicted by the assumed parameters (e.g., particle size, PS form, the thickness of diffusion boundary layer, etc.). In addition, since only leached SOs are bioavailable, the results imply using ingested total SOs in risk assessment may overestimate the ecological risk because part of them can be the fraction contained in PS. Finally, the result of the source investigation confirmed that SOs in beach sediment could quantitatively indicate PS debris, referring to the reported data. Therefore, the results obtained in this study are very useful in source appointment of environmental SOs, their risk assessment, and developing PS quantification method.

Does economy matters? : government interests, civil society pressure and environmental protection in Costa Rica and South Korea

Gabriela Santiago Lobo Sungkyunkwan University 2013 국내석사

The present work attempts a comparative political study among the influences of environmental laws application present in two different countries located in diverse regions (Central America and East Asia). It provides case studies based on the experiences of Costa Rica and South Korea use of these laws and tries to exemplify how through democratic, developmental and social relationships theories the environment also becomes an important part of our life. It presents the question of how important is each country’s level of economic development for the task of environmental protection and offers other explanations related to government interests and civil society to explain this relationship and this work’s findings. The comparison of the two countries democratic system, developmental state and civil relations, along with the study of the environmental laws can serve as a learn glass to understand the advantages and challenges that these two regions face, to observe what is being done and which methods are used, to provide a clearer picture of both environmental problems and possible solutions. A comparative essay allows for a clearer understanding of the policies and needs of both countries. Keywords: economy, government, civil society, environmental protection laws, comparative studies, Costa Rica, South Korea.

세계화 정보화 시대의「인간사회와 환경」교과서 분석 : 사회과 통합교육과정의 관점에서

김예원 연세대학교 교육대학원 2003 국내석사

21세기의 급격한 사회 변화와 세계화·정보화 시대에 대응하기 위해서 “세계화·정보화 시대의 사회를 주도하는 민주시민으로서의 자질 육성”에 역점을 두어 제 7차 사회과 교육과정이 개정되었다. 이와 같이 세계화·정보화 사회로의 변화로 인해 새로운 교육관, 지식관, 학습관의 변화가 요구되어 개정된 7차 교육과정은 세계화·정보화 사회가 가져올 변화에 주목하여 복잡한 사회현상을 이해하기 위해서 사회과의 통합성을 보다 강조하고 있다. 그러나 사회과 통합은 교육과정 수준에서 강조하고 있으나, 구체적인 내용 구성에 있어서는 통합이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 제 7차 교육과정에서는 사회과를 보다 통합적으로 발전시키려는 노력과 함께 통합 사회과적인 내용의 재구성 및 효과적인 교수·학습방법을 모색하려는 노력이 시급한 실정이다. 이러한 사회과 통합의 진통 속에서 사회과의 통합성을 더욱 살리고, 세계화·정보화라는 사회의 변화를 최대한 반영하고자 2003년에 만들어진 과목이 「인간사회와 환경」이다. 「인간사회와 환경」과목을 배움으로써 현대 사회에서 인간의 사회 생활을 보다 종합적으로 이해하고 한국과 세계 사회의 변화 과정에서 좀 더 능동적으로 대처하는 시민을 기르고자 한다는 점에서 「인간사회와 환경」과목은 매우 중요하다고 본다. 제 7차 교육과정이 이미 시행된 현 시점에서 사회과의 통합적 운영을 위해서는 7차 교육과정 개정의 중점인 통합성과 시대적 변화가 교과서를 통해 제대로 구현되었는지에 대한 교과서 분석이 무엇보다도 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 새롭게 집필된 7차 교육과정의 여러 교과서들 중에서도 가장 통합적이고 세계화·정보화의 새로운 변화가 많이 반영된 「인간사회와 환경」교과서를 중심으로, 첫째, 7차 교육과정의 통합성이 어떻게 구현되었는지 전체 구성체제 및 내용을 분석하고, 세계화·정보화 단원(Ⅴ,Ⅵ단원)의 내용을 분석하여 사회과 통합교육과정의 효과적인 교수·학습 방법 및 교재 개발의 방향에 대한 시사점을 얻고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 서론, 사회과 통합교육과정의 필요성과 유형, 「인간사회와 환경」과목의 교육과정 성격, 「인간사회와 환경」과목의 전체 단원별 구성체제와 내용 및 통합성 분석, 세계화·정보화의 관점에서 통합단원 내용 분석 및 학습지도 방안, 분석결과 및 논의, 결론 및 제언 등의 순서로 구성하였다. 먼저 이 연구의 서론에서는 통합교육과정의 이론적 기초로서 사회과 통합의 개념 및 필요성, 그리고 분석틀의 기준이 될 통합의 유형을 개괄하였다. 사회과의 다양한 통합적 접근은 사회과에서 현실적으로 많이 쓰이고 있는 학문중심의 통합 유형과 내용조직 초점에 따른 유형을 분석의 기준으로 삼았다. 그리고 제 7차 교육 과정에 의거하여 고등학교 사회과 일반 선택 과목으로 신설된 「인간사회와 환경」과목은 다양한 심화 선택 과목의 준비 과목으로 모든 심화 과목의 기초 내용을 수용함으로써 입문서로서의 역할을 하는데, 이 과목의 성격과 목표, 내용구조를 알아보았다. 이를 기초로 하여 첫째, 「인간사회와 환경」과목의 목표와 특징이 교과서에서 효과적으로 구현되었는지 살펴보기 위해 외형체제와 구성체제를 분석하였다. 둘째, 과목의 목표에 맞게 통합성의 측면을 어떻게 구현하고 있는지 살펴보기 위해 각 단원별 내용의 연계성과 학습적절성, 탐구활동, 차시 등을 분석하였다. 셋째, 세계화·정보화 시대에 사회과 교육에서 강조하는 내용은 무엇인지 살펴보고, 이러한 내용이 「인간사회와 환경」교과서에서 어떻게 구현되었는지 알아보기 위해 세계화·정보화단원(Ⅴ, Ⅵ단원)의 내용을 분석하였고, 나아가 세계화·정보화 단원의 학습지도 방안을 모색하였다. 끝으로 지금까지 논의된 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 주제에 대한 결론과 몇 가지 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 「인간사회와 환경」과목은 삶의 현장을 둘러싸고 있는 지리적 환경, 역사적 환경, 사회적 환경에 대한 인식을 올바르게 파악할 수 있도록 하는 데 그 목표를 두었다. 내용의 선정과 조직에서도 지리, 역사, 일반사회 영역을 학문적으로 통합하는 내용을 선정하기 위해 노력한 부분이 보인다. 그러나 세계화·정보화 시대에 필요한 민주시민의 자질을 함양할 수 있도록 다양한 개방적 교수·학습 방법을 활용하여 내용과 활동을 조직하고자 하였으나 실제 많은 노력한 부분이 있었음에도 불구하고 완전한 통합을 구현하지는 못한 한계점이 있다. Ⅴ,Ⅵ단원의 경우 학습 경험들이 탈학문적으로 제시되어 통합에 대한 시도가 적극적으로 이루어지고 있고, 개념·주제, 이슈·문제 중심의 내용으로 조직되어 사회 현상을 종합적으로 인식할 수 있도록 통합성이 강하게 반영되었다. 그러나 전체적으로 고수준의 내용 합의적 통합보다는 다소 통합성이 약한 형태를 띠고 있다. 따라서 통합에 대한 보다 진전된 합의를 통해, 앞으로의 교과서 개발에서는 모든 단원에 걸쳐 내용 통합의 정도가 일관되게 구성되어야 할 것이다. 이러한 불완전성을 극복하기 위해 교육목표에서 내용조직에 이르기까지 체계적인 방향으로 사회과 통합 교육과정 모형의 연구 개발이 필요하다. 그리고「인간 사회와 환경」이라는 새로운 과목의 신설과 그 교과서의 편찬은 지금까지의 사회과 통합을 한층 더 구체화하였다는데 의의가 있으며, 앞으로 사회과 통합의 발전적 계기가 될 수 있다고 본다. 이러한 논의된 결과를 바탕으로, 사회과 통합교육과정의 구성과 교과용 도서의 개발 및 학교 현장에서의 효과적인 수업을 위해서는 교과 지식 및 내용의 통합적 요소에 대한 합의가 전제되어야 한다. 그리고 현 시대의 상황을 반영하여 교수·학습 내용 및 방법면에서도 여러 방안들을 함께 고려하여 논의되어져야 한다. 그러나 모든 사례와 모든 학생에게 적합한 국가 수준의 통합을 구성하기 너무나 어렵기 때문에 주제와 영역에 따라 또는 학생의 발달 단계나 상황에 따라 사회과 통합 방안에 대한 대안들을 다양하게 선택, 적용하는 교사의 노력이 절실히 필요하다. 마지막으로 사회과 통합 교과서의 개발 연구를 위해서는 사회과 교사간의 기본적 아이디어와 자료를 교류할 수 있고 수업과 평가에 있어서 상호 점검을 할 수 있는 운영협의회가 구축되어, 좀 더 장기적인 안목에서 사회과 통합교과 교육을 실천하는 일선 교사들의 관심과 적극적인 참여가 전제될 때 구체적인 수업 모형 및 평가 도구의 개발까지도 이루어질 수 있을 것이다. To correspond in sudden society change and Informalization, globalization of 21th century the 7th curriculum of social studies was revised with laying emphasis on upbringing quality as liberal citizens who lead the society of Informalization, globalization. Like this, the change to the globalization, Informalization let new views of education, knowledge, learning be changed, therefore the 7th curriculum emphasize integration in social studies furthermore to understand complex social phenomenon. But integration in social studies leave much to be desired in specific contents composition in spite of being emphasized on the level of curriculum. Therefore in the 7th curriculum, it is necessary as urgent questions to make social studies more developed integratedly and to make effort to search for effective method of teaching and learning including the trial in recomposition of integrated social studies contents. In this trial and error of integration in social studies, the subject which is made in 2003 to reflect society changes such as globalization and Informalization is 「Human Society and Environment」. The subject 「Human Society and Environment」 is very important in respect of understanding human social lives more synthetically in modern society and rearing liberal citizens who meet with the changes of international and korean society more actively. At this point of present time the 7th curriculum, the analysis of textbooks that look into how tangibly integration and the changes of the times were expressed through textbooks is more necessary than any other things to realize synthetic operation of the social studies. Therefore, this research allow purpose to have suggestion about direction of effective teaching and learning model of integration curriculum in social studies through analyzing the contents of globalization and Informalization units(Ⅴ,Ⅵ) that have stronger integration in respect of globalization and centering around 「Human Society and Environment」which is regarded to reflect the most things of new changes in globalization and Informalization society. This reserch allow purpose to develop synthetic textbooks through the analysis of 「Human Society and Environment」. Also this research is composed by order of introduction, the necessity and pattern of integrated curriculum in social studies, character as curriculum, the analysis of composition structure and contents and integrity, integrated unit's analysis result and discussion, integrated unit's format and grouping of teaching and learning method, conclusion and offer etc. First, the notion, types and the necessity of integration in social studies as introduction of this research and theoretical draft. These several synthetic approaches of social studies are due to integration patterns in the center of learning and the types according to contents forcus as the standard of analysis. And, we can know the character, goal and contents composition of 「Human Society and Environment」. On the basis of this approach, first to look into the goal and peculiarity of 「Human Society and Environment」 embodied effectively. I analyzed external structure and composition structure. Second, I analyzed the connection of each unit content and learning appropriateness and investigation activity, etc to look into how 「Human Society and Environment」 embodies the side of integration respond to its goal properly. Third, after I looked into the contents emphasized on integrated curriculum of social studies, I analyzed the contents of unit Ⅴ, Ⅵ to look into how these contents embodied, furthermore I searched for the teaching scheme of unit Ⅴ, Ⅵ. When the conclusion against the subject of the research which sees the result which until now is discussed with an end with character and some branch suggestions it dose, with after words it is same. 「Human Society and Environment」 was intended to have the goal that makes students understand geographical environment, historical environment, social environment surrounded in their lives. Also, in adoption and composition of contents, it is found to make effort to adopt integrated contents including the sphere of geography, history, general public. But in spite of many trials and efforts to consist of contents and activities that make students rear the qualities of liberal citizens necessary in globalization and Informalization times through several open teaching and learning methods, there is limitation not to embody perfect integration. In the unit of Ⅴ,Ⅵ, the trial of integration was realized actively and the integration was reflected strongly to let students recognize social phenomenon synthetically. But, on the whole, they have weak integration forms not mutual integration of high level contents. Therefore by advanced mutual consent about integration, the level of contents integration will be composed consistently in coming development of textbooks. To overcome this incompleteness, it is necessary to research integrated curriculum model in social studies systematically from the education goal to the contents composition. And the establishment of new subject like 「Human Society and Environment」 and the compilation have the meaning in respect of materializing much more, so I think those can be possibility of future growth for integration in social studies Based on these discussed results, mutual agreement about integrated factors of subject knowledges and contents must be prerequisite for effective class in schools. And several schemes in respect of contents and methods of teaching and learning should be considered and discussed with reflecting the situation of these times. But it is very difficult to consist of integration of national level, so it is desired teachers' efforts to choose and adopt several alternative ideas about social studies integrated up to theme and sphere or students' development stage or situation. In conclusion, to research integrated textbooks in social studies management association for interchanging their ideas and materials among social studies teachers and inspecting mutually in their class and estimation should be constructed. furthermore, in the more long-term eye, if it is prerequisite for teachers to have concerns and to participate in putting integration in social studies education into practice, it can be to develop not only specific class models but also implements for evaluation.

Sustainability and Health Impacts of Pulse Crops in the United States Using Life Cycle Assessment

Bandekar, Prathamesh A ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Arka 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Environmental sustainability and human health impact of pulses produced and consumed in the United States was assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The study included three objectives 1) to estimate environmental impact of current production and consumption practices in the United States using attributional LCA; 2) to estimate environmental and human health impact of iso-caloric diets containing varying amounts of pulses using Hybrid-LCA and Combined Nutritional and Environmental-LCA (CONE-LCA); and 3) to estimate environmental impact of increased demand for pulses using consequential LCA. Scope of the study varied for each objective with system boundary encompassing cradle-to-grave activities for objective 1 and 2 and cradle-to-processor gate activities for objective 3.In objective 1 cradle-to-grave environmental impacts of current production practices in the US were estimated for dry bean, chickpea, field pea, and lentil for the functional unit (FU) of 60 g of pulses (approx. ¼ cup) consumed per week. In addition, impact of four cooking methods, open-vessel cooking (OVC), cooking in stovetop pressure cooker (SPC), cooking in electric pressure cooker (EPC), and cooking in larger quantity (e.g., 1 kg instead of 60 g) in open vessel (OVC-RF1), was evaluated. Statistically significant decrease in environmental impact (all impact categories except LU and WC) for all species of pulses was achieved with EPC and OVC-RF1 compared to OVC. Energy used for cooking at the consumer stage, and resource use (fertilizers, fossil fuels etc.) were identified as the hotspots in the study.Comparison of current (CDP) and recommended (RDP) iso-caloric diets containing varying quantities of pulses was conducted in Objective 2 for FU of 1800 kcal to females and 2400 kcal to males. RDPs included healthy-styled US diet (HealthyUS), ovo-lacto-vegetarian diets according to 2015 (Veg2015) and 2010 (Veg2010) USDA recommendations, and vegan diet (Vegan2010) according to 2010 USDA recommendations. Compared to CDP, statistically significant increase in GWP was observed for HealthyUS for sex-specific diets, while Vegan2010 lowered (statistically significant) GWP for both sexes. Statistically significant health benefits were offered only by Vegan 2010, Veg2010, and Veg2015. Pulses provided 29% to 42% of protein in vegetarian and vegan diets while contributing only between 0.06% and 0.84% of GWP for these diets. Moreover, when compared to other sources of protein pulses had the lowest GWP and greatest nutritional density.Pulses also offered potential environmental gains compared to beef even when production and processing of pulses was increased to meet potential increase in demand. The FU for Objective 3 was an amino acid profile comparable to beef. Beef was considered as the protein source substituted by pulses because of its high environmental and adverse health impact. To meet the requirements of the FU consumption of pulses was complemented with rice at a ratio of 1.35:1 (pulses+rice). While this additional production and processing of pulses and rice would increase the environmental impact, potential environmental gains could be achieved if increased demand for protein were to be fulfilled by pulses and rice instead of beef (i.e., 57 – 92%).The study concluded that pulses can be environmentally sustainable source of protein especially if they are cooked in electric pressure cooker and/or in batches larger than 60 g. Considering their higher nutritional density score and lower environmental impact compared to other sources of protein, their increased inclusion in diet could offer health benefits by lowering disability adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with CDP. While this increased inclusion of pulses may require increasing their production and processing, net environmental benefits can still be achieved compared to complete reliance on animal sourced protein such as beef. However, complete substitution of animal-sourced protein with only pulses is not recommended because such change may cause unintended consequences in terms of meeting nutritional requirements. Care must be taken to ensure that all nutritional requirements are fulfilled while decreasing environmental impacts.

Designing Environments for Manageable Wayfinding

Wan, Peng-Hui Maffee Carnegie Mellon University 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Wayfinding is a kind of spatial riddle that people encounter almost daily. Although it has been well documented that wayfinding elements---namely, environmental cues, people and time---significantly influence wayfinding, there has been little work done to examine the effectiveness of those influences. In particular, the notion of wayfindingly manageable environment is investigated in the dissertation. A wayfinding task is termed as manageable, whenever a way-seeker successfully navigates the task. When a significant number of wayfinding tasks in an environment are determined to be wayfindingly manageable, the whole environment can be claimed as wayfindingly manageable. "How cues are arranged so that an environment becomes wayfindingly manageable?" is the main research problem considered in the dissertation. This is illustrated through a consecutive three-step development process of theory, visualization and simulation, which looks at the issue from both environment-centered and people-centered perspectives. The first step, engages in the environment-centered perspective, in developing a measure for calculating manageability for wayfinding, expressed in terms of variables at the level of decision points, pair of decision points, routes, tasks and environment, through a paper-based experiment and statistical analyses. The second step is to develop a visualization/simulation approach to apply the criterion of wayfinding manageability considered from both environment-and people-centered views. As a first pass, the measure of manageability developed in the first step is employed in the visualization to explore the issue at the environment-centered level. From the people-centered view, an agent-based modeling simulation is considered in which people-agents are have settings for wayfinding strategies for different wayfinding tasks and associated with time-based benchmarks. Wayfinding-decision processes involving people-agents, namely, wayfinding strategies and time-based benchmarks are retrieved from a computer-based experiment and statistical analyses. The last step in the development process is implementing an agent-based modeling application in which environmental cues are behavior-control agents, and way-seekers are rule-based people agents. Both one-way passive and two-way interactive environmental cues are captured in the application. Different wayfinding tasks for a single environment with different settings for sign-placement are used as proof of concept for demonstrating wayfinding manageability. The ultimate goal, of course, is for this agent-based modeling application to be a design tool for navigable environments through generative manipulation of wayfinding elements, mostly, environmental cues. This dissertation, developed from studies in psychology, is an attempt to make an original contribution to our understanding of the design of wayfindingly navigable environments, in particular, in architecture and environmental graphic design. The methodology comprising experiments, analyses, visualization, and simulation employed in this dissertation is expected to be applicable to other behavior related studies in the fields of design, architecture and psychology.

Crafting Environmental Discourse in Iran: The Uses of Mythological Narratives and the Popular Responses

Sadraee, Fatemeh ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Kans 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

With the escalation of environmental problems, there is also a rising demand for public understanding of environmental changes. Most people may understand the harmful impact of environmental destruction and the importance of preserving natural resources. But what tools could be used to persuade and remind people of their environmental responsibilities? Environmental discourse is a means of communication by which interactional and transactional meanings about the environment are transferred. Environmental discourse engages environmental knowledge with various views such as scientific, political, and economic. However, socio-cultural knowledge about the environment is important to connect abstract ideas to peoples’ everyday experiences of the environment. I claim that the use of cultural tools in environmental discourse is a potentially powerful motivator for raising environmental awareness and encouraging personal responsibility.This study examines the persuasive power of cultural tropes and perspectives in environmental discourse in present-day Iran. I focus on a landmark example of government-led public media programming to understand its impact on promoting pro-environmental attitudes and increasing environmental awareness. The 2013 Iranian television series, Ab-paria [Water Fairy], serves as the foundational discourse text of my research. Inspired by and indexing Persian mythology and cultural practices, the Ab-paria series addresses several recent environmental problems in Iran with a particular focus on water shortages and drought. The Ab-paria series conveys its environmental message by indexing shared mythological and cultural signs to evoke viewers’ individual and social memories in order to promote the series’ pro-environmental message. I based my analysis of environmental, mythological, and cultural discourse primarily by using sociocognitive critical discourse analysis as a theoretical and a methodological framework (Van Dijk 1993, 2001, 2008, 2016a, 2016b). My analysis of Ab-paria discourse revealed cultural and ideological dimensions of environmental and social knowledge. I concluded that Iranian viewers perceive and understand environmentalism by recalling salient historical events and narratives attributed to a collective past. Viewers connected the mythological and cultural signs embedded in the Ab-paria series to past values and knowledge, allowing them to interpret recent environmental events based on their own experiences. Based on Wertsch’s narrative model (2008), research participants organized their personal experiences by interacting with the Ab-paria series and its embedded signs. Participants connected their lived stories and environmental attitudes with the environmental theme of the series. My analysis of narratives showed two general patterns; both were associated with a particular pro-environmentalist mental model that served as the basis for discursive thoughts about the causes and effects of environmental problems.

Regulatory Science in a Developing State: Environmental Politics in Chile, 1980-2010

Barandiaran, Javiera University of California, Berkeley 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Between 1980 and 2010, the Chilean state regulated the environment to meet local demands for democracy and more equitable development, as well as global demands for good governance. The 1980 constitution created a `right to a clean environment' that came to life with the transition to democracy, first with a coordinating agency in 1994 and then with an Environment Ministry in 2010. One tool above all others was expected to put Chile on a greener development path: Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). To meet demands state capacity also grew: government staff was hired and trained, consultants and scientists were enrolled to advise the government and rules were introduced to re-organize environmental regulatory efforts. With a history of strong institutions, Chile was well placed to succeed in this effort. In many ways Chile succeeded, and in 2010 it joined the exclusive club of developed nations, the OECD. But in others it failed: environmental conflicts are frequent, large investment projects with EIA approval are on hold, and environmental institutions face a crisis of legitimacy. Combining approaches from science and technology studies and political science, this dissertation contributes to the literature on institutions and development. It explores the EIA's transit from bureaucratic formality to object of conflict through a qualitative comparison of three controversial projects (1998-2011) in the context of science-state relations and environmental politics from dictatorship through democracy. The longitudinal comparison allows for an analysis of how ideas about the need for "more science" versus "more politics" evolved over time. The first case is the Valdivia paper and pulp mill accused in 2005 of polluting a protected wetland and producing the mass migration (and death) of black-neck swans. The second case is the Pascua Lama gold mine, where the government and the company were forced to abandon plans to remove glaciers after major social protest in 2006. The third case is HidroAysén, a project to build five mega-hydroelectric dams in the Patagonia, that received EIA approval in 2011 in a highly contested evaluation process. Technocratic solutions to large-scale environmental problems failed on the ground in Chile. Contrary to explanations that rely on stories of capture, this dissertation argues that disagreements over credibility have undermined the Chilean state's capacity to regulate the environment. These disagreements are expressed in two related sites: the boundary between political and technical decisions and disagreements over scientists and their proper role in society. Both disputes are about different visions of the state. Many in government believe good government means the state plays the role of a neutral broker that facilitates consensus and negotiation. Such a state has no tolerance for stubborn positions like those scientists or environmentalists might adopt, but a penchant for rules and regulations—its main job, after all, is to "draw the lines on the soccer pitch". Such a state, furthermore, is unable to cope with demands for accountability and thus faces a widening governance gap.

From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present

Thomson, Jennifer Christine Harvard University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation joins the history of science and medicine with environmental history to explore the language of health in environmental politics. Today, in government policy briefs and mission statements of environmental non-profits, newspaper editorials and activist journals, claims about the health of the planet and its human and non-human inhabitants abound. Yet despite this rhetorical ubiquity, modern environmental politics are ideologically and organizationally fractured along the themes of whose health is at stake and how that health should be protected. This dissertation traces how these competing conceptions of health came to structure the landscape of American environmental politics. Beginning in the early 1950s, an expanding network of environmental activists began to think in terms of protecting the health of the planet and its inhabitants from the unprecedented hazards of nuclear energy and chemical proliferation. They did this by appropriating models and metaphors of health developed by postwar ecologists, philosophers, epidemiologists and nuclear physicians. Through this process of appropriation, scientists and philosophers were likewise drawn into environmental activism. Through five case studies, this dissertation traces the collaborations between scientists, environmental activists, philosophers, and medical doctors which enabled a broad range of articulations of health: the health of the wild, the health of the environment, the health of the planet, and the health of humans within the environment. Each case study attends to the intersection of political thought and practice, and explores how science and environmental activism were in constant dialogue in the postwar period. Drawing on archival materials and extensive oral history interviews, this dissertation demonstrates the centrality of health to American environmental politics from the end of World War Two until the present day.