Colombia's procurement marketplace : E-procurement implementation effects in Colombia.

바론 카밀로 서울대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

The beginning of this third decade in the XXI century seems to be questioning a big deal the structure and functionality of all the different forms of states and governments around the world. Global events such as COVID -19 pandemic and the warlike conflicts among nations, have urged many countries to start interpreting the different forms of governance and state functions with a different rationale, which includes the integration of all kinds of strategies, negotiations and instruments, in special those of the digital kind and IT related ones, to help comply in the inherent function to any government of security, economic stability and peace, shook off by the aforementioned situations. Among those instruments, the particular use of e-platforms in the government function of procurement is of special interest for this study. Procurement as a necessary tool to comply with the government objective of delivering services to the community, is also a powerful tool to improve the conditions of the local market and effectively impact the national economy since the amounts of resources involved in them is considerable, as an example, in the OECD country members it accounts for a third of all government spending and 13% of all GDP (OECD, 2019). For this reason, this study has focused on Colombian e-procurement system, trying to provide a quick but convenient glance into the influence that the implementation of its newest e-platform SECOP 2 has had on the procurement marketplace in Colombia, and to see how the modalities of Direct Contract and Public Bidding affect the conditions of greater and better conditions of the procurement marketplace in Colombia. In an initial moment, secondary data was collected from the open data source of the central purchasing body in Colombia CCE. This data had to be filtered and cleared since many inconsistencies were present in it. The data elements taken from both platforms had to be standardized into a singular form, so the analysis could be brought about. Then, to evaluate the direct relation between the implementation of the SECOP 2 platform and the contracts and providers, a supply contracts and providers ratio was established to justify a simple relation between supply and demand. The statistical model was then proved by revising the tendencies of the variables available and a multiple regression model was run, including 3 special elements derived from the supply contracts issued by the Colombian state agencies between the years 2013 to 2022 for SECOP 1 and 2016 to 2022 for SECOP 2. The first element for the analysis of the conditions of the procurement marketplace in Colombia as control of the model is the time of execution of the contracts averaged in days, from the day of the uploading the contract to the platform to the day the contract was settled. The second element is the monetary resources involved in the execution of the contract. This element was averaged to fit the model better since the numbers are just too high given the fact the account for monetary resources in Colombian pesos. The third and final element are the platforms S1 and S2 themselves as dummy variables. Some other variables helped in controlling the model such as the modalities of contracts. Finally, a sensitivity model was run given the limitations of the analysis. This model proves the analysis with robustness since the most important conditions of the marketplace for procurement were included in the model. 이 연구는 특히 최신 플랫폼인 SECOP 2가 콜롬비아의 조달 시장에 미친 영향을 분석합니다. COVID-19 팬데믹과 국가간의 분쟁과 같은 전 세계적인 사건을 고려할 때, 세계 각국의 정부와 국가 체제의 구조와 기능이 심각하게 의문을 받고 있습니다. 디지털 전략과 IT 관련 도구의 통합은 정부의 안전, 경제 안정성, 그리고 평화를 보장하기 위한 필수적인 요소로 여겨지고 있습니다. 본 연구는 정부 조달에서의 전자 플랫폼 활용에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, 이를 통해 서비스 제공뿐만 아니라 지역 시장과 국가 경제에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 사항을 연구하고자 합니다. OECD 국가에서는 조달이 정부 지출 및 GDP의 상당 부분을 차지합니다. SECOP 2의 영향을 분석하기 위해 콜롬비아의 중앙 구매 기관에서 보조 자료를 수집하고 표준화하였습니다. SECOP 2의 구현과 공급 계약 및 공급업체 간의 관계를 평가하기 위해 공급 계약 및 공급업체 비율에 대한 통계적 모델을 개발하였습니다. 모델에는 계약 실행 시간, 관련된 금전적 자원, SECOP 1 및 SECOP 2의 더미 변수 등의 변수들이 포함되었습니다. 계약 모드 등의 다른 변수들도 모델을 제어하기 위해 사용되었습니다. 마지막으로, 한계를 해결하고 결과를 견고하게 하기 위해 감도 분석이 수행되었습니다. SECOP 2가 콜롬비아의 조달 시장에 미치는 영향을 조사함으로써, 본 연구는 전자 플랫폼이 정부의 조달 프로세스를 개선하고 시장 조건을 향상시키며 경제 성장을 촉진하는 방법을 보다 포괄적으로 이해하는 데 기여합니다

A study on the influential factors on Venezuelan refugee acceptance in Colombia

GEUN YOU PARK 韓國外國語大學校 國際地域大學院 2021 국내석사

Since 2015, more than 5 million Venezuelan refugees have fled to neighboring countries. This phenomenon has been defined as the Venezuelan refugee crisis internationally and has called for a transnational solution. Latin American countries, where Venezuelan refugees are mainly migrating and settling, have changed their policy from open borders to closed borders for reasons of socio-economic changes. However, Colombia still has its borders open and is implementing humanitarian acceptance policies for Venezuelan refugees. Under these circumstances, questions are raised about the factors that influenced Colombia to accept Venezuelan refugees. Meanwhile, research related to refugee acceptance and non-acceptance in individual countries has long been noted in 'refugee study'. Refugee acceptance does not result from a single factor but results from multiple factors. In scholar, it was found that factors influencing refugee acceptance were macroscopically divided into a) international b) interstate c) domestic factors. Based on previous studies, this study examines the factors for the acceptance of Venezuelan refugees in Colombia. First, in the international aspect, economic support from the international society for Colombia has a positive impact on the acceptance of refugees in Colombia. In terms of the inter-state factor, the recent deteriorating relationship between Colombia and Venezuela had affected refugee acceptance, and it has been suggested that Colombia attempted to achieve diplomatic goals through the acceptance of Venezuelan refugees. Finally, in the domestic background factors, Colombia, which was traditionally a refugee sending country, lacked a legal framework for safeguarding refugees, but the Constitutional Court of Colombia proposed a framework for the nation to respond to the refugee crisis through constitutional interpretation and ruling. At the same time, the belief that Venezuelan refugees in Colombia will not affect Colombia’s national security also affected Colombia's acceptance of Venezuelan refugees. Desde 2015, más de 5 millones de refugiados venezolanos han huido a países vecinos. Este fenómeno ha sido definido como la Crisis de Migrants y Refugiados Venezolanos a nivel internacional y ha pedido una solución transnacional. Los países latinoamericanos, donde los refugiados venezolanos emigran y se establecen principalmente, han cambiado su política de fronteras abiertas a fronteras cerradas por motivos de cambios socioeconómicos. Sin embargo, Colombia aún tiene sus fronteras abiertas y está implementando políticas de aceptación humanitaria para los refugiados venezolanos. En estas circunstancias, surgen interrogantes sobre los factores que influyeron en Colombia para aceptar refugiados venezolanos. Mientras tanto, la investigación relacionada con la aceptación y no aceptación de refugiados en países individuales se ha señalado durante mucho tiempo en el 'estudio de refugiados'. La aceptación de los refugiados no se debe a un solo factor, sino a múltiples factores. En círculos académicos, se encontró que los factores que influyen en la aceptación de los refugiados se dividen macroscópicamente en a) Internacionales b) Inter-estatales c) Nacionales. Basado en estudios previos, este estudio examina los factores influyentes para la aceptación de refugiados venezolanos en Colombia. Primero, en el aspecto internacional, el apoyo económico de la sociedad internacional a Colombia tiene un impacto positivo en la aceptación de refugiados en Colombia. En términos del factor interestatal, el reciente deterioro de la relación entre Colombia y Venezuela ha afectado la aceptación de refugiados, y se ha sugerido que Colombia intentó lograr objetivos diplomáticos a través de la aceptación de refugiados venezolanos. Finalmente, en los factores de contexto doméstico, Colombia, que tradicionalmente era un país de envío de refugiados, carecía de un marco legal para salvaguardar a los refugiados, pero la Corte Constitucional de Colombia propuso un marco para que el poder ejecutivo respondiera a la crisis de refugiados a través de la interpretación y el fallo constitucional. Al mismo tiempo, la creencia de que los refugiados venezolanos en Colombia no afectarán la seguridad nacional de Colombia también afectó la aceptación de los refugiados venezolanos por parte de Colombia.

Epidemiological analysis of foodborne disease outbreaks in Colombia from 2019 to 2022

Ladino Gomez, Juan Pablo Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei Universit 2025 국내석사

Foodborne diseases (FBD) are a major public health concern globally, affecting approximately 600 million people annually. The burden is especially significant in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Colombia, where challenges like underreporting and inconsistencies in surveillance hinder effective outbreak control. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, trends, and outcomes of foodborne disease outbreaks in Colombia from 2019 to 2022. A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional approach was employed, utilizing secondary data from Colombia's National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA). The analysis encompassed temporal trends, geographical distribution, sources, modes of transmission, and outcomes of outbreaks. A total of 2,819 outbreaks were recorded, and the attack rate was 22.65%, affecting 147,042 individuals, with 33,287 of them developing symptoms and 6 fatalities recorded over the study period, peaks were consistently observed in March and August. Guaviare department exhibited the highest incidence rate, at 264.20 per 100,000 population, while Atlántico had the lowest at 26.83 per 100,000 population. Food contamination was identified as the leading cause of outbreaks, responsible for 92.2% of cases, with the oral route being the predominant mode of transmission (96.28%). Most outbreaks occurred in domestic settings (51.44%), a substantial portion of outbreaks (33.05%) had unknown agents, and 28.02% were classified as having no detected agent. Bacteria were the most frequently identified etiological agents, responsible for 22.32% of outbreaks with known causes. Outbreak reporting may have been affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. Colombia's lower identification rate underscores the need for improvements in diagnostic infrastructure and investigative processes. Mortality rates were found to be low. Enhancements in the national reporting system have been crucial for identifying and understanding these outbreak trends.

(An) analysis of export re-concentration on the petroleum industry in Colombia

김진은 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2016 국내석사

An analysis of export re-concentration on the petroleum industry in Colombia 오늘날 콜롬비아의 수출구조를 상징하는 핵심 키워드는 수출다각화 혹은 수출 재집중화이다. 비록 최근 콜롬비아가 긍정적인 경제적 성과를 과시하고 있지만, 국제 석유 가격의 변동성 때문에 원유에 심한 의존을 하는 상황은 부정적인 현상을 야기시키고 있다. 역사적으로 볼 때, 콜롬비아의 통상구조는 원자재 산업에 의존해왔다. 1970년대 말에서 1980년대 초에 발생한 금융 및 외채위기 이후, 콜롬비아는 지속가능한 경제성장을 위해 1980년대 말에서 1990년대 초 사이에 수출다각화 정책을 실시한다. 그 결과, 콜롬비아 수출구조는 비전통산업을 증가시키는 가시적인 성공을 보여준다. 그러나 콜롬비아는 1990년대 이후 수출다각화 정책을 도입하였음에도 불구하고, 최근 석유산업에 상당히 집중하는 모습을 보인다. 따라서 본 논문에서 의문을 가지는 주요 문제제기는 “왜 콜롬비아가 원자재 산업, 특히 석유부문에 수출을 재집중화하고 있는가?” 이다. 이 의문에 대한 답을 구하기 위해, 본 논문은 기존의 선행연구들과는 다른 접근방식을 선택한다. 비교우위 이론의 하나인 헥셔 올린의 요소부존도 이론에 이론적 틀을 기초하고, 정책과정이론을 방법론으로 디자인을 하여 콜롬비아 국가 정책을 중심으로 국내 요인들을 찾고자 한다. 그 결과, 본 논문은 앞서 제기한 문제제기에 만족할만한 해답을 찾았다. 첫 번째 요인은 불균형한 재정이다. 재정적자와 공공부채가 커지자 콜롬비아는 석유부문으로부터 얻는 세금 수익을 높여 해결하고자 하였다. 두 번째는 헥셔 올린 이론에 기초하여 생각해 볼 수 있다. 콜롬비아는 자본이 풍부한 국가로서, 자원개발 정책 규제들을 수정하여 지속가능한 성장을 위해 원자재 석유산업에 상당히 치중하는 모습을 보인다. 셋째, 국가 안보정책과 연결될 수 있다. 콜롬비아에서 게릴라 단체들이 거주하는 지역들이 대부분 석유자원이 풍부한 지역이기 때문에 석유탐사에 있어서 많은 피해를 입기 때문이다. 마지막으로, 외국인직접투자 정책과 연결되는 데, 우리베 정권에 들어서면서 적극적으로 실시한 외국인 직접투자 정책으로 인해 2007년 이후 석유정 시추가 급격히 늘어나고 있다. An analysis of export re-concentration on the petroleum industry in Colombia A keyword in export structure of Colombia is export diversification or export re-concentration today. Although Colombia has achieved successively positive economic performances, while the situation of heavy reliance on crude oil in the country causes negative phenomena because of an issue of the international oil price volatility. Commercial structure of Colombia historically has depended on commodity industries. After the financial and debt crisis in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Colombia starts export diversification policy to maintain sustainable economic development since the late 1980s and early 1990s. As a result, visible success is appeared in the Colombian export structure through increase non-traditional industries. However recently Colombia strongly focuses and invests on the petroleum industry, despite export diversification policy since 1990s. Therefore the question why Colombian export re-concentrates on the commodity industry, particularly on the petroleum sector is raised as a core research question for this dissertation. To complete to answer the question, the dissertation differently approaches with previous literatures. The paper analyzes national policies as domestic factors, based on theoretical framework of H-O theory (Theory of factor endowment) using comparative advantage concept, and policy process theory as methodology. According to research design, the paper obtained satisfying results with four domestic reasons in order to explain the main research question. First, the unbalanced finance causes high level of dependence on the petroleum industry in order to resolve financial deficit and public debt through obtaining tax revenues. The second factor is resource development policy in Colombia. According to H-O theory of comparative advantage, Colombia is the capital-intensive country, so shows strong tendency of dependence on commodities, the petroleum industry. For this reason, Colombian resource development policy executes regulation reform to maintain sustainable development through FDI in the oil sector. The third one is correlated with national security policy, because the guerilla group locates in Colombia has had very violent relationships with the international oil corporations. Final domestic reason is FDI policy. It is related with second and third factors. After the government of Uribe, improving the security environment amount of drilling oil sharply increased since 2007 through FDI increase more than nine times in 2013 versus 2003. Key words: Colombia, Export diversification, Export re-concentration, Dutch Disease, Resource Curse, Petroleum industry, Heckschers-Ohlin model, Policy process theory, FDI

Implementation of social impact bond as an innovative financing for social development in Colombia

함주현 韓國外國語大學校 國際地域大學院 2020 국내석사

Colombia has improved substantial economic and social aspects over the last two decades, but there still exist various social issues including the high level of unemployment rate and informality. Considering these problems, Colombia not only needs huge fundings but also efficient public expenditure. In this sense, Social Impact Bond (SIB) has emerged and drawn the greater interest as an innovative financing mechanism in which public and private sectors participate in supporting social programs in an efficient and effective way. Colombia implemented such a scheme for the first time among developing countries in 2017 and ran the SIB program for the employability of vulnerable populations. Therefore, this thesis has three key objectives to observe why and how SIB was implemented as an innovative development financing instrument in Colombia, to figure out the performance of Colombia’s first SIB in terms of result-based financing (RBF) model; and to analyze how Colombia met enabling factors of SIB introduction and expansion.

Motivators of South-South Cooperation : A case of Brazil and Colombia

손은아 韓國外國語大學校 國際地域大學院 2022 국내석사

This thesis aims to analyze the motivators and aspects of South-South Cooperation in Brazil and Colombia, which are major donors in Latin America, where South-South Cooperation is the most actively executed. In common, Brazil and Colombia still have domestic development challenges, and their GDP(PPP) per capita is most similar in Latin America. However, there is a difference in that Brazil plays a prominent role as a South-South Cooperation provider, and Colombia has a significant proportion of beneficiaries among South-South Cooperation donors. Therefore, this study focused on these differences and thoroughly examined the patterns and cases of South-South Cooperation used as foreign policy in Brazil and Colombia. In Brazil and Colombia, South-South Cooperation cannot be interpreted as realist (or structural realist) factors because it is based on no conditionality, non-interference, and solidarity, and is far from pursuing material and relative interests. Therefore, this study used Wendt’s constructivist framework to analyze the differences in South-South Cooperation in each of the two countries. Through the analysis, it is revealed that Brazil and Colombia accept international development norms in common, but because they form their own identities and interests differently, the states’ action -South-South Cooperation- is also different. Also, it is derived that the aspect of South-South Cooperation can change if national identity and interest are defined differently depending on the change of regime in a country.

Analysis of Industrial Policy and the Product Space map in Colombia

홍민희 서울대학교 국제대학원 2013 국내석사

The research focuses on lagging trend of economic development in Colombia. Since 1980, Colombia has ranked at 5th place in terms of GDP per capita. However the gap between Top 4 countries (Mexico, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil) and Colombia has increased and bisected region's economies into two groups. Analyzing the rationale for Colombia's failure in joining top 4 countries' economic performance is possible via various dimensions. This research applied Product Space Map by Hausmann et al. to analyze exporting structure of Colombia from 1975 to 2010 and compare the result with Brazil and Mexico's case. Product Space map allows analyzing sophistication level and volume of the product that has comparative advantage in export. In addition, the research studies Industrial Policies(IPs) of Colombia. Since the country pursued IPs from 1950, author analyzed the rationale behind stagnated growth despite having policy framework for an extensive period. Throughout the mentioned processes, this research executes objective as-is analysis of Colombia's export status by providing comparative cases. 본 연구는 콜롬비아의 저성장 및 경제발전의 뒤쳐짐 현상에 주목하였다. 1980년도부터 현재까지 콜롬비아는 상위 5위의 1인당 국민소득을 기록해왔으나 상위 4개국(멕시코, 칠레, 아르헨티나, 브라질)과의 격차가 점점 심해져 상위소득국가와 하위소득국가로 양분되는 양상이 나타났다. 콜롬비아가 상위 4개국의 발전 양상에 편입되지 못한 이유에 대한 규명은 다양한 방법에 의해 가능하다. 본 연구는 하우스만의 프로덕트 스페이스 맵을 통하여 1975년부터 2010년까지 콜롬비아의 프로덕트 스페이스 맵과 브라질, 멕시코의 사례의 차이점을 분석한다. 수출 품목의 기술적 숙련도와 수출 규모의 발전양상 비교를 통해 콜롬비아가 처한 문제를 1차적으로 분석하였다. 또한 콜롬비아의 산업정책을 분석하여 발전을 저해하는 요인을 조사하였다. 1950년부터 충실하게 산업정책을 수행해왔던 국가임에도 불구하고 발전이 제한되는 이유를 규명하며 프로덕트 스페이스 맵이 단편적인 생산 품목의 양상만을 다루는 것에 비해 심도 있게 접근 하고자 하였다. 위의 과정을 통해 콜롬비아의 수출 품목 변화 양상을 모범 사례 국가들과 비교하여 국가가 처한 상황에 대한 객관적인 인식 및 수출품목 및 규모 차원의 문제 진단이 가능하다. 또한 정책 분석을 통하여 오랜 산업정책 역사에서 콜롬비아가 극복하지 못하는 과제 분석에 기여하고자 하였다.

Comparative Personal Income Taxation Analysis of Crypto Assets : with a focus on BTC

TIMANA ROSERO LUIS FELIPE 국민대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

This thesis starts by studying the definition of what may be considered a virtual asset or a crypto asset by pointing out its differences, furthermore, it aims to provide a comparative analysis of the tax regulations applicable to crypto assets in Colombia and Korea, particularly in the case of BITCOIN. The study will examine the legal framework of both countries and evaluate the tax treatment of virtual assets focusing on the asset previously mentioned. The research will also explore the tax reporting obligations for virtual asset holders and the tax implications of crypto asset transactions in both countries. By comparing and contrasting the tax regulations of the personal income tax of Colombia and Korea, this thesis will contribute to a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities in the taxation of crypto assets in different jurisdictions. The findings of this research may be useful for policymakers, tax authorities, and virtual asset holders seeking to navigate the complex tax landscape of virtual assets. In this thesis we aim to compare according to the following criteria: Definition of virtual assets Subject with the obligation to pay. Conceptual category of the obligation to pay Additional relevant regulation to operate It is important to conduct a comparative analysis of the tax regulations applicable to virtual assets in Colombia and Korea for several reasons. Firstly, virtual assets are becoming increasingly prevalent and are rapidly gaining popularity in the global economy. As such, it is crucial to understand how different jurisdictions treat virtual assets from a tax perspective, especially since tax regulations can have a significant impact on the development of virtual asset markets. This analysis could serve as an opportunity to challenge the promises of individual autonomy, freedom, and wealth preservation associated with BTC in the face of its regulation, and also in contrast with the emergence of digital national currencies. Secondly, the lack of uniformity in the tax treatment of virtual assets across different countries can create challenges for cross-border transactions and investment. Therefore, a comparative study of the tax regulations of different countries can help identify areas of inconsistency and facilitate the development of a more harmonized international tax framework for crypto assets. Finally, by comparing and contrasting the tax regulations of the personal income of Colombia and Korea, this thesis can provide insights into the potential advantages and disadvantages of different tax approaches to virtual assets, which can be useful for policymakers and virtual asset holders seeking to optimize their tax planning strategies. Now for the purpose of this thesis, the question that shall be addressed is: Regarding virtual assets, in particular ‘crypto assets’ (specially BTC), when applying the criteria of ‘definition’, ‘taxpayer’ and ‘Conceptual category’ and ‘additional relevant regulation’; what differences can be perceived between the regulatory approach of Colombia and South Korea? Although the details of this answer could be found in the conclusions chapter, one of the biggest conclusions that is reached within this paper, is that the Korean regulation shows a more strict and less permissive regulation with additional requests to operate, while the state of the regulation in Colombia, at this point in time, could be better described as unregulated. Additionally, there is a larger development in the definition and further categorization in Korea that could not be perceived in the Colombian regulation and, finally, Colombia shows a less skeptic approach to the income perceived compared to its Korean pair. 이 논문은 주로 BITCOIN 사례를 중심으로 콜롬비아와 한국의 가상 자산에 적용되는 세법규의 비교 분석을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 연구는 두 나라의 법적 틀을 조사하고, 특히 이전에 언급한 자산을 중심으로 가상 자산의 세금 처리를 평가할 것입니다. 이 연구는 또한 두 나라의 가상 자산 소유자들에 대한 세금 신고 의무와 가상 자산 거래의 세금 영향을 탐구할 것입니다. 콜롬비아와 한국의 세법규를 비교하고 대조함으로써, 이 논문은 다른 관할 구역에서 가상 자산의 과세에 대한 도전과 기회에 대한 더 나은 이해에 기여할 것입니다. 이 연구 결과는 정책 결정자, 세금 당국 및 가상 자산 소유자들이 복잡한 가상 자산의 세금 제도를 해독하기 위해 유용할 수 있습니다. 이 논문에서는 다음 기준에 따라 비교하는 것을 목표로 합니다: • Virtual assets의 정의 • 지불 의무를 지는 주체 • 지불 의무의 개념적 범주 • 운영을 위한 추가적인 관련 규정 콜롬비아와 한국의 가상 자산에 적용되는 세법규를 비교 분석하는 것은 여러 가지 이유로 중요합니다. 첫째, 가상 자산은 글로벌 경제에서 점차 보편화되고 인기를 끌고 있습니다. 이에 따라 다른 관할 구역이 가상 자산을 세금 관점에서 어떻게 다루는지 이해하는 것이 매우 중요합니다. 특히 세법규는 가상 자산 시장의 발전에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문입니다. 이 분석은 BTC의 규제와 관련하여 개인의 자율성, 자유, 부의 보전에 대한 약속들을 도전하는 기회로서, 또한 디지털 국가 화폐들의 등장과 대조적입니다. 둘째, 다른 국가들 간에 가상 자산의 세금 처리가 일관되지 않는다면 국경을 넘나드는 거래와 투자에 어려움이 발생할 수 있습니다. 따라서 여러 나라의 세법규를 비교하는 연구는 일관성 부족의 부분을 확인하고 가상 자산에 대한 보다 조화롭고 국제적인 세금 체계 개발에 기여할 수 있습니다. 마지막으로, 콜롬비아와 한국의 세법규를 비교함으로써 이 논문은 다양한 세금 접근 방식의 장단점에 대한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있으며, 이는 정책 결정자와 가상 자산 소유자들이 세금 계획 전략을 최적화하는 데에 유용할 수 있습니다. 이제 이 논문의 목적에 대해 다루어 볼 문제는: 가상 자산, 특히 '암호 자산' (특히 BTC)에 대한 경우, '정의', '납세자', '개념적 범주', 및 '추가 관련 규정'의 기준을 적용할 때 콜롬비아와 대한민국의 규제 접근 방식 간에 어떤 차이가 인식될 수 있을까요?

Discursos y tensiones sociales en Colombia sobre la moralidad, modernizacion y ?Deber ser? Femenino en el cine silente y publicaciones periodicas durante el periodo de 1886-1930 : Discourses and Social Tensions in Colombia About Morality, Modernization and “Duty” Being” Feminine in Silent Cine

Cruz, John J The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

This research project utilizes critical analyses of morality, modernity, and the idea of the deber ser (“ought to be”) of the woman in Colombia during the period of the Hegemonia Conservadora (1886-1930), during which time the main processes of modernization took place in the nation. In this dissertation, I study how the arrival of the cinematographer changed the social, cultural, and visual practices of Colombian society. At the same time, I interrogate how different conservative groups worried about and reacted to the "immoral" topics represented in these films, while also examining the relationship between the cinematic image and the modernization of the country. Additionally, this study analyzes the ways patriarchal/heteronormative society utilized different media and moral discourses to set standards for women’s behavior in the public sphere through the use of advice columns, photo spreads, advertising, comics, and cinematic images. I explore the conservative discourses of moral principles and good behavior evidenced in periodicals from the end of nineteenth century to 1930. Furthermore, my study analyzes lifestyle magazines from 1886 to 1930 to explain how women of the period were involved in the economy of consumption to become what I call the “mujer de toilette” ("woman of the toilette"). This study establishes a relationship between female stardom, beauty pageants, articles, and advertising (related to or addressing women) that demonstrates how women of the period were tasked with being aesthetically pleasing to males while also being controlled by the patriarchal norms. Finally, through analyses of some of the silent films made in Colombia during this period, I focus on the representation of the “ought to be” of the women in these narratives, where the genre of melodrama played an important role in the moral education of both male and female spectators. Throughout this project, I examine how the modernization period transformed the lifestyles of Colombia's inhabitants during these formative years.

Comparing land reform between Colombia and South Korea

Millan, Paula Andrea Gomez Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2016 국내석사

Comparing Land Reform between Colombia and South Korea The land reform which became spread after World War II, with an aim to overcome social, economic and political issues in different countries reflects the requirement of good implementation of Land Reform. Land reform itself has significance in terms of the improvement of productivity, leading to increased household income. In recalling historical processes, land reform is not a reform program restricted to increase income, land reform has a ripple effect on social and political aspects as important as economical aspects. The purpose of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis about the land reform in Colombia and South Korea identifying factors which allowed South Korea to have a complete land reform comparing to Colombia. It is well known that trying to implement the same strategy or land reform is not the best option because the context and development are different.