Raising the Dead: Writing Lives and Writing Wars in Britain, 1914--1941

Robinson, Fiona Estelle Yale University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Raising the Dead: Writing Lives and Writing Wars in Britain, 1914-1941</italic> explores connections between life writing and the British experience of the First World War. This dissertation recontextualizes modernist biography and fiction of the Great War era, placing contemporary popular and high literary works and related visual and cultural artifacts into dialogue with one another. I argue that, in the war's aftermath, life writing offered Britons a way to recover the dead and in turn, prompted them to reconsider relationships between individual and national histories as well as the more fundamental relationship between textual representation and meaning. My first chapter evokes the haunted atmosphere of war-era England. Technological innovation, aesthetic debate, and fascination with the occult were definitive aspects of the war and post-war experience; their conflicts and collaborations are particularly evident in texts and media related to the commemoration of the war dead. Prominent civic monuments and ceremonies suggest destabilized connections between Britons' personal experience of the war's losses and their public representation. In the face of collective, vague, or anonymizing symbolism of the fallen, Spiritualist media of the post-war era claimed to document the return of the individual, ghostly, dead. My second chapter puts war-era memorial biography into dialogue with Spiritualist 'afterlives' of fallen soldiers. For British mourners, writing the lives of the dead was a way to retrieve unique identities and histories from obscuring nationalist sentiment or public modes of commemoration. I argue that writing the biography of a dead soldier and replacing it within a personal or affective narrative context mirrored the physical exhumation and reburial at home that were impossible during this war. In Spiritualist 'afterlives,' the war dead appear to seek personal recognition, foregrounding individual identities, agency, and affective bonds before less individualized, more publically attuned, representations. Text and other media, furthermore, are upheld as stable facilitators of meaningful communication and reunion between the living and the dead. Memoirists Vera Brittain, Robert Graves, and Siegfried Sassoon struggled to recover in coherent form their own bodies of experience and memory after serving in the First World War. Their texts are the subject of my third chapter. In writing of war and its catastrophic effects, memoirists register their own ghostly position—having lost the solid identities and relationships that defined their past and would have charted their future, and having lost the ability to communicate their traumas and thus relate to or assimilate into a post-war civilian society. Through their testaments of self-diffusion and alienation, memoirists come to terms with broken narratives and identities as well as the prospect of recognizing and representing a multifaceted, composite, selfhood. My fourth chapter considers modernist biographers seeking to rematerialize Victorian icons whose monumental status seemed to support cultural illusions responsible for conflict and social inequality. Embracing their modern moment, New Biographers regarded newer media like photography and film as realist technologies that could inspire them to render textually a more accurate and believably human subject. Lytton Strachey's New Biographies <italic>Eminent Victorians</italic> and <italic>Queen Victoria</italic>, however, still ponder the complexities of the biographer's perspective on and relationship to his subject. Strachey's New Biography was a point of discussion and creative difference in his friendship with Virginia Woolf. As I discuss, over the course of correspondence from the 1910s and 1920s, the two colleagues consider the boundaries between fiction and biography as well as the access that each generic medium permits to the realistic and the human. For a major portion of her career, Woolf explored her interest in narrative perspective as it relates to a subject or protagonist's materialization in biography and fiction. My fifth chapter focuses on this exploration. Biography's power to raise to visibility the lives of otherwise obscure individuals—a war's victims or women writers, for example—is an essential support for social equity, Woolf argues in <italic>Three Guineas</italic> and elsewhere. However, in her fiction, from <italic>Night and Day</italic> to <italic>Orlando </italic>, Woolf underscores the problematic formal or representative constraints of biography and the newer media recruited to support modernist life writing. In her novel <italic>Jacob's Room</italic>, Woolf makes the most powerful statement about the fraught relationship between representation and meaning. By introducing a narrative approach that recalls Spiritualist mediumism, Woolf reveals this relationship's implications for the waging of war, the experience of grief, and life writing itself.

THE PROPHETIC BIOGRAPHY IN THE BOOK OF ACTS

이석진 Faith Christian College & Theological Seminary 2000 해외박사

Several texts in the Acts of the Apostles show amazing parallels with Old Testament prophetic narratives. In this study some of those parallel passages were closely examined. Methodological issues stand in the foreground of this project. Multiple methods were used: form criticism, structural analysis, rhetorical criticism, and narrative exegesis. A definition of "comparative exegesis" was also suggested. A narrative framework of the biography of the prophets has been established by Klaus Baltzer. The central element of the prophetic biography is the commissioning narrative. The commissioning stories in the Old and New Testaments have been mapped out by Terence Y. Mullins and Benjamin J. Hubbard. Other studies have found imitations of the stories of Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and Jonah. Three parallels were analyzed in detail. First, the conversion of Saul in Acts 9 is parallel with the commissioning of Saul the king. Second, Peter's calling to proclaim the gospel in the house of Cornelius is parallel with the task of Jonah in the Old Testament. Third, Paul's journey to Jerusalem is similar to Jeremiah's journey to Egypt. Further examples will affirm that the activity of the apostles in the Book of Acts follow the prophetic traditions of the Old Testament. In the final part of the thesis we will be looking for an appropriate classification of the textual parallels. The notion of "reconfiguration" is suggested and placed into a narrative framework in order to define the connection between the Book of Acts and the prophetic narrative. The revision of the topoi of the prophetic biography shows how Luke in the Acts of the Apostles reconfigures the Old Testament prophetic biography.

"Entirely outside the world": Rhetoric, legitimacy, and identity in the biography of Gruffudd ap Cynan

Malone, Patricia Ann Harvard University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis studies the twelfth-century biography of a Welsh king as a source for understanding rhetorical constructions of political identity and cultural values in medieval Wales. Previous critical approaches to the Historia Gruffudd vab Kenan have focused more on establishing its accuracy as a historical source than on its rhetorical and narrative strategies. My study begins by locating the Historia within the literary genre of secular royal biography as it developed from classical and Carolingian models. I take as my starting point the assumption that biographical writing did not necessarily record history or document the psychological development of a subject, but instead belonged to the class of rhetoric called epideictic. Aristotle defined epideictic as a type of persuasive speech that moves an audience through emotional appeals and displays of eloquence rather than logical argument. I suggest that viewing Gruffudd's biography as an example of this mode of rhetoric raises the possibility that it was more than a literary memorial, an encomium, or a life history. I argue that the Historia should be viewed as a dynamic political text that lends insight into the specific ways that its authors and audiences defined and understood their communal identity and cultural values. After establishing the Historia's debts to the genre of medieval biography and exploring some of its general rhetorical techniques, I focus on the question of how epideictic strategies of identification and dissociation work in the narrative. I analyze the way group identity and values are developed through leitmotifs of legitimacy and foreignness, and note the changes in emphasis that pertain between the Latin and vernacular Welsh versions of the narrative. The final chapter examines the context of the biography's reception in the twelfth century, soon after Gruffudd ap Cynan's death. Documentary evidence for the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, suggests that the biography was part of a larger strategy in which Owain actively promoted a new sense of Welsh communal identity and fashioned a new political role for himself during a period when Wales faced significant political and military pressure from Henry II of England.

Echoes of Enlightenment: The Life and Legacy of Sonam Peldren

Bessenger, Suzanne Michelle University of Virginia 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is an exploration of the life and legacy of the 14 th century Tibetan saint Sonam Peldren (Tib: bsod nams dpal 'dren, 1328-1372, tentative) with three primary and interrelated goals. First, this work studies Sonam Peldren's biography as a piece of literature, seeking to understand how the written record of Sonam Peldren's life is shaped both by the specific hagiographical agendas of its multiple authors and by the dictates of the genres of Tibetan literature such as religious biography and songs of realization (Tib: mgur.) Second, this study considers Sonam Peldren's biography and her enduring historical legacy as a piece of Tibetan social history capable of providing unparalleled insights into the social and textual machinations of saint production. Finally, this dissertation uses sources about Sonam Peldren to study one of the earliest recorded instances of an historical Tibetan woman successfully using the uniquely Tibetan hermeneutic of deity emanation to legitimize her religious claims. "Chapter One: The Life of Sonam Peldren" relates the narrative of Sonam Peldren's life story. "Chapter Two: Composing the Life of Sonam Peldren" engages the biography in close literary analysis, concluding that although the text contains a description of itself as the written record of a single narrator's voice, the text is more likely a multi-authored document, composed over time, that reflects both Sonam Peldren and her community's evolving articulation of the saint's identity. "Chapter Three: The Religion of Sonam Peldren" focuses on the "religion" of Sonam Peldren, examining Sonam Peldren's conspicuous lack of religious training and lineage affiliation, before surveying the biography's explicit and implied references to religious rhetoric, practices and rituals. "Chapter Four: Gender and Religious Narratives in the Biography of Sonam Peldren" explores how Tibetan narratives on gender likely influenced both subject and scribes' articulations of identity and religious vocation, and examines Sonam Peldren's comments on and interpretations of her female body as an authoritative vehicle for the transmission of the dharma. "Chapter Five: The Posthumous Careers of Sonam Peldren" explores the posthumous evolution of Sonam Peldren's historical legacy.

Virtue and relationships in a Theravadin biography of the Bodhisatta: A study of the "Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakimahanidana"

Derris, Karen Anne Harvard University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis examines the vision of the Bodhisatta Gotama's career described in the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakīmahānidāna </italic> (<italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī</italic>), a Pāli work known in the medieval Theravādin world. My study of the <italic> Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī</italic> focuses upon the ethical dimensions of predictions, <italic>vyākaran&dotbelow;a,</italic> and the significance of relationships in the ethical development of the Bodhisatta. Chapters one and two of this thesis explore the earliest stages of the bodhisatta career described in the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī's </italic> extended biography. In chapter one, I investigate the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī's </italic> vision of how a person becomes a bodhisatta and is thereby transformed from an ordinary person with ethical failings to a being who comes to exemplify extraordinary virtues as he evolves into a bodhisatta. I demonstrate that the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī</italic> imagines this to be a relational rather than a solitary process. That is, the Bodhisatta can only advance on the bodhisatta path through the help of a network of other beings who support his development in various ways. Chapter two examines the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī's </italic> elaboration of the prediction of buddhahood by the addition of several preliminary predictions in the extended biography. I consider how the preliminary predictions create the opportunity for the Bodhisatta to enter into particular relationships with multiple Buddhas during the course of his development as a bodhisatta. It is in the context of these relationships that the Bodhisatta's identity as a buddha, the Buddha Gotama, begins to be formulated. In chapter three I consider how to read the anthologized elements quoted in the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī</italic> as a part of the total narrative created by this text. Even though the <italic>Buddhavam&dotbelow;sa </italic> is quoted without substantial alterations or direct commentary, the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī</italic> substantially refashions how one reads and understands the <italic>Buddhavam&dotbelow;sa</italic> narrative by embedding it within the total expanded biography of the Bodhisatta. I demonstrate that, in the <italic>Sotat&dotbelow;t&dotbelow;hakī,</italic> one reads the <italic>Buddhavam&dotbelow;sa</italic> through the pre-Sumedha stories, highlighting the importance of relationships in the prediction events narrated in the <italic>Buddhavam&dotbelow;sa.</italic>. Chapter four analyzes the kinds of relationships that are created by predictions. I argue that the predictions create three kinds of communities: communities of the self (the Bodhisatta's relationships with himself), communities of bodhisattas, and communities of ordinary beings (the Bodhisatta's relationships with the majority of all beings who do not take bodhisatta vows). Examining the Bodhisatta in the context of each of these communities, I demonstrate the constantly shifting hierarchies between these different ethical actors who participate in continuous exchanges of beneficence and reciprocity.

Reading in three dimensions: Architectural biography from Harriet Beecher Stowe to Edith Wharton (Henry James, William Dean Howells)

Armbruster, Elif S Boston University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

"Reading in Three Dimensions: Architectural Biography from Harriet Beecher Stowe to Edith Wharton" is a multidisciplinary work that combines literary studies with biography, architecture, and material culture studies. The dissertation examines the home lives of Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811--1896), William Dean Howells (1837--1920), Henry James (1843--1916), and Edith Wharton (1862--1937), to highlight the manner in which their houses reflected the seriousness of their literary, as well as architectural and decorative, preoccupations. The project draws upon a wide variety of sources---houses, floor plans, photographs, wills, account books, diaries, letters, notebooks, fiction and non-fiction---and reconstructs each author's life to provide an "architectural biography" of the individual. The dissertation aims to illuminate how and why each of the four authors lived as he or she did; how their choices at home influenced their writing: and how, through their writing, the authors critiqued as well as created American standards of culture and taste. The project brings into conversation the subjects of literature, biography, and architecture, and enables scholars to study American authors "three-dimensionally," through their houses and artifacts, as well as through their writings. It offers a new lens through which to examine the lives and literature of four of America's greatest realist authors.

중장년 이혼여성의 에이전시에 대한 생애사적 사례 재구성

경은주 경남대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to reconstruct biographical cases of middle-aged women who have experienced divorce focusing on agency. For this purpose, narrative-biographical interviews were conducted with three middle-aged women who had been divorced(end of common-low marriage) for more than 6 years to collect data were analyzed according to Rosenthal’s biographical case reconstruction method. The results are summarized as follows. First, it is the result of analyzing the agency operating in the entire biographical of the participants in this study. First, the discrimination, poverty, and abuse experienced by the participants in this study as key topics in their biography, serving as a mechanism to operate agency that negotiates and compromises against various different experiences in their biography. Second, as a result of analyzing the agency that operated when the participants of this study decided to marry in the context of their biography, they took a strategy with a strong characteristics as an instrumental marriage. Third, it is the result of analyzing the agency that is operating in relation to the perception and attitude of divorce of the participants in this study in the context of biography. They strongly criticized the negative perception of divorce by the origin family and acquaintances, but their attitudes in daily life had a ambivalence that appeared not only positively but negatively depending on the situation. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the agency operating in the major crisis situations of life in the context of biography, motherhood and religion were motivated the agency to negotiate and challenge various constraints in biographical crises situations. Based on these results, the following are the implications of discussing and suggesting implications for social welfare practice based on biographical-work paying attention to agency. First, it is related to gender discrimination within the family. The gender discrimination within the family that A experienced in childhood not only had a negative impact on A’s biography, but also had a positive effect on operating an agency that challenges and negotiates against this discrimination. Therefore, when supporting women who have experienced gender discrimination in their families, it is also necessary to pay attention to their agency. And considering that parents’ gender equality or parenting attitudes have a great influence on their children, education and counseling are needed to help parents form desirable gender roles, gender equality awareness, and values. In addition, it is necessary to provide related education and counseling to children who are growing up. Furthermore, diversification of support methods for such education and counseling should be considered. Second, it is related to the poverty problem or poor families in poverty. B’s original family had to live in poverty for a long time without being eligible for support in a situation where public assistance was low-developed. And immediately after the divorce, A also suffered from poverty, but she was not eligible because she did not meet the conditions of support, and then she had to cope with this situation using expedient methods. As in the cases of B and A, blind spots that are excluded from support are continuously occurring even now when public assistance is developed. Therefore, it is necessary to closely reorganize the system, such as emergency welfare support, so that impoverished families can receive support corresponding to the reality they are facing. Third, it is related to domestic abuse. C’s case shows how urgent and important social welfare practices that intervene in a timely manner in the event of domestic violence and social welfare practices that prevent it in advance are. Considering that C is still suffering from psychological and mental problems caused by domestic violence, counseling for children and adolescents who have experienced domestic violence as well as counseling for adults who have experienced domestic violence during children and adolescents needs to be more actively supported. In addition, considering that domestic violence committed by father’s generation is a social crime committed by numberous children’s generations, education for current (preliminary)parents to raise awareness of domestic violence and improve human rights sensivity needs to be activated. In addition, when support and management for domestic violence perpetrators are provided, the effect of recurrence of domestic violence can be maximized. Fourth, it is related to marriage. For the participants in this study, marriage was the result of their choice as a means to cope with their difficult situations. As in their case, the vicious cycle of instrumental marriage, extramarital affairs, domestic violence, and divorce continues to this day. Therefore, it is necessary to provide education or counseling for prospective couples before marriage, including various aspects of companionship and marriage, awareness of gender equality, and agency-based conflict management. Fifth, it is related to perception and attitude toward divorce. After the divorce, A and C experienced stigma from their family of origin, friends and acquaintances, and responded by breaking the relationship. Therefore, in order to support the maintenance of relationships with the original families, education and counseling to raise negative perceptions of divorce in the families and society need to be more active. In addition, these women’s attitudes toward divorce also showed a positive or negative aspect depending on the situation. Therefore, when practicing social welfare for divorced women, it is necessary to support them to reflect on this attitude and escape from self-stigma, starting with understanding their ambivalent attitudes. Finally, the significance and limitations of the study are presented. First, it is significance of this study. This study presents the result of an analysis of how middle-aged divorced women have challenged and negotiated even in various biographical crises, focusing on agency that emphasize the perspective of the parties involved. In addition, this study can be seen as methodologically contributing to biography research in that it attempted a step-by-step description based on Rosenthal’s narrative-biographical analysis method. Next, it is a limitation of this study. This study has a limitation that is not free from criticism that it does not guarantee ‘objectivity’ in that it was conducted with only a small number of research participants. Therefore, in future follow-up studies, it is necessary to examine various aspects of agency operating in the lives of divorced women through more case studies. 본 연구의 목적은 이혼 경험이 있는 중장년 여성들의 생애사 사례를 에이전시를 중심으로 재구성하는 것이다. 이를 위해 이혼(사실혼을 종료)한 지 6년 이상 된 중장년 여성 3명과 내러티브-생애사 인터뷰를 실시하여 그들의 삶에 대한 자료를 수집하였고, 수집된 자료는 Rosenthal의 생애사 사례 재구성 방법에 따라 분석하였다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 본 연구참여자들의 전 생애사에서 작동되고 있는 에이전시를 분석한 결과이다. 첫째, 본 연구참여자들이 어린 시절에 경험한 차별이나 빈곤, 학대 등은 이들의 생애사적 핵심 주제들로서, 이들의 생애사에서 여러 다른 경험들에 맞서 협상하고 타협하는 에이전시를 작동시키는 기제가 되고 있었다. 둘째, 본 연구참여자들이 결혼을 결정하던 때에 작동시킨 에이전시를 생애사적 맥락에서 분석한 결과, 도구적 결혼으로서의 특성이 강한 전략을 취하고 있었다. 셋째, 본 연구참여자들의 이혼에 대한 인식 및 태도와 관련하여 작동시키고 있는 에이전시를 생애사적인 맥락에서 분석한 결과, 이들은 원가족 및 지인들이 이혼에 대해 갖는 부정적인 인식을 강하게 비판하였지만, 이들의 일상생활에서의 태도는 상황에 따라 긍정적으로만이 아니라 부정적으로도 나타나는 양면성을 띠고 있었다. 넷째, 삶의 주요 위기상황에서 작동시키고 있는 에이전시를 생애사적인 맥락에서 분석한 결과, 본 연구참여자들에게 모성과 종교는 생애사적인 위기상황에서 여러 제약들과 협상하고 도전하는 에이전시를 추동하는 요인이 되고 있었다. 이러한 결과에 기초하여 에이전시에 주목한 생애사작업 기반 사회복지 실천에 시사하는 함의를 논의하고 제언하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족 내 성차별과 관련한 점이다. A씨가 어린 시절에 경험한 가족 내 성차별은 A씨의 생애사에서 부정적인 영향만 준 것이 아니라, 이러한 차별에 맞서 도전하고 협상하는 에이전시를 작동시키는 긍정적인 영향도 주고 있었다. 따라서 가족 내 성차별을 경험한 여성들을 지원할 때에는 이들의 에이전시에 주목하는 접근도 필요하다. 그리고 부모의 성평등 의식이나 양육태도가 자녀들에게 큰 영향을 미친다는 점을 고려할 때, 부모들을 대상으로 바람직한 성역할 및 성평등 의식, 가치관 등을 형성할 수 있도록 지원하는 교육과 상담이 필요하다. 아울러 성장기 자녀들에게도 관련 교육 및 상담이 제공될 필요가 있다. 나아가 이러한 교육 및 상담에 대한 지원방법의 다각화도 고려해야 한다. 둘째, 빈곤문제 혹은 빈곤가족과 관련한 점이다. B씨의 원가족은 공공부조가 저 발달된 상황 속에서 지원대상이 되지 못한 채 오랫동안 빈곤한 삶을 지속해야 했다. 그리고 이혼한 직후 A씨 또한 빈곤에 시달렸지만 지원조건에 부합되지 않는다는 이유로 대상자가 되지 못하였고, 그러자 이러한 상황에 편법을 동원하여 맞서야만 했다. B씨와 A씨의 경우처럼 빈곤한 상황임에도 지원 대상에서 배제되는 사각지대는 공공부조가 발달한 현재에도 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 따라서 빈곤가족들이 처한 현실에 상응하는 지원을 받을 수 있도록 긴급복지지원 등의 제도를 보다 촘촘히 재정비할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 가정 내 학대와 관련한 점이다. C씨의 사례는 가정폭력이 발생할 시에 적시에 개입하는 사회복지실천이 그리고 사전에 예방하는 사회복지실천이 얼마나 시급하고도 중요한지를 보여주고 있다. C씨가 현재에도 여전히 가정폭력으로 인한 심리 · 정신적인 문제로 고통을 받고 있는 상태임을 고려할 때, 가정폭력을 경험한 아동 · 청소년기의 자녀들을 대상으로 하는 상담은 물론, 아동 · 청소년기에 가정폭력을 경험한 성인을 대상으로 한 상담도 보다 적극적으로 지원될 필요가 있다. 또한 부의 세대에 의해 가해진 가정폭력이 현재에도 수많은 자녀 세대에 의해 자행되고 있는 사회적 범죄행위임을 고려할 때, 현재의 (예비)부모를 대상으로 가정폭력에 대한 인식을 제고하고 인권 감수성을 향상시키는 교육이 보다 활성화될 필요가 있다. 아울러 가정폭력 가해자를 위한 지원 및 관리도 제공될 때 가정폭력이 재발되는 효과도 극대화될 수 있을 것이다. 넷째, 결혼과 관련한 점이다. 본 연구참여자들에게 결혼은 각자가 처한 힘든 상황에 맞서기 위한 수단으로 선택한 결과였다. 이들의 경우처럼 도구적 결혼과 외도, 가정폭력, 이혼 등으로 이어지는 악순환의 문제는 현재에도 그치지 않고 있다. 따라서 결혼 전 예비부부들을 대상으로 다양한 동반자관 및 결혼관, 성평등 의식, 에이전시 기반 갈등관리 등의 내용을 포함하는 교육이나 상담이 필요하다. 다섯째, 이혼에 대한 인식 및 태도와 관련한 점이다. A씨와 C씨는 이혼 후 원가족과 친구, 지인 등으로부터 스티그마를 경험하며, 이에 관계를 단절하는 방식으로 대응하고 있었다. 따라서 원가족과 관계가 유지되도록 지원하기 위해서는 가족 및 사회의 이혼에 대한 부정적인 인식을 제고하는 교육 및 상담이 보다 활성화될 필요가 있다. 그리고 이들 여성들의 이혼에 대한 태도도 상황에 따라 긍정적 혹은 부정적인 양상을 띠는 양면성을 보였다. 따라서 이혼여성들을 위한 사회복지실천 시에는 이들의 양면적인 태도를 이해하는 것으로부터 출발하여, 이들이 이러한 태도를 성찰하여 자기 스티그마로부터 벗어나도록 지원할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 연구의 의의 및 제한점이다. 먼저, 본 연구의 의의이다. 본 연구는 중장년 이혼여성들이 여러 생애사적인 위기 상황 속에서도 어떻게 이러한 위기 상황에 도전하고 협상해왔는지, 당사자적 관점이 강조되는 에이전시를 중심으로 분석한 결과를 제시하였다. 아울러 본 연구는 Rosenthal의 내러티브-생애사 분석방법에 기초하여 단계별로 기술한 연구를 시도하였다는 점에서, 생애사 연구에 방법론적으로도 기여하였다고 볼 수 있다. 다음으로, 본 연구의 제한점이다. 본 연구는 소수의 연구참여자만 확보하여 이루어졌다는 점에서 ‘객관성’을 담보하고 있지 못하다는 비판으로부터 자유롭지 못한 제한점이 있다. 따라서 향후 후속연구에서는 보다 많은 사례연구를 통해, 이혼여성들의 삶 속에서 작동되고 있는 에이전시의 다양한 양상을 살펴볼 필요가 있다.

Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley: Music, text, and context (Jamaica)

Moskowitz, David Vlado University of Kansas 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This study attempts to fill a void of rigorous scholarship on Robert Nesta “Bob” Marley (1945–1981) and enhance our understanding of his enduring importance as one of the leading figures in popular music of the last half century. The first three chapters of the dissertation present a detailed biography of Marley, based on a critical examination of all secondary sources and original research in Jamaica. These chapters emphasize not only the events in his personal life, including relationships with family members, business and musical associates, but the historical and political context in which they took place in Jamaica. The existing material on Marley's life is geared towards a trade market and is largely superficial, incomplete, and undocumented. These chapters are intended to correct and improve upon existing biographical sources. Beyond inconsistencies and inaccuracies, the most serious liability of the literature on Marley to date is its lack of direct engagement with his music. Marley was first and foremost a composer. To understand his significance, it is necessary to examine his songs through the lens of musical analysis. Towards that end, the dissertation continues with three chapters devoted to a thorough analysis and interpretation of selected songs by Marley. These are grouped into three basic categories according to subject matter: (1) socio-political songs, (2) songs dealing with his personal life and religious beliefs (Rastafarianism), and (3) love songs. A chapter is devoted to each category. The songs are examined using a composite system based on traditional Roman numeral analysis, narrative analysis, and interpretation of the song texts themselves in a larger context of culture, history, and biography. This analytic model is tailored to popular music and allows for the study of the interrelationship of music, text, and context. Analysis of his songs reveals Marley's remarkable subtlety and versatility as a composer, in his skillful treatment of form, harmony, declamation, instrumentation, word painting, and his unfailing sensitivity to the text. The dissertation concludes with a thorough discography, including singles, albums, and box sets (vinyl and CDs). It provides information on album and song tides, year, producer, studio, and label number.

Remembering Mahler: Music and memory in Mahler's early symphonies

Kangas, Ryan R The University of Texas at Austin 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

According to the critical tradition, Gustav Mahler's music is full of memories, memories portrayed most frequently as being Mahler's recollections of his own childhood. My study interrogates this trope---that Mahler's entire oeuvre is an autobiographical puzzle waiting to be solved---using each of his first four symphonies as a case study. To accomplish this, I offer interpretations of each symphony, which rely on an analysis of the musical substance of the piece, and also refer to Mahler's programs, potential allusions to preexisting material, and critical reception. Chapter 1 lays the theoretical foundation for these analyses, which draws on cultural memory, nostalgia studies, and the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur. In Chapter 2, by proposing connections between the Third Symphony and both the antisemetic political climate in Vienna and Mahler's hopes for a conducting career in the city, I suggest that interpretation can make recourse to the composer's biography without focusing on his childhood. Moreover, I use Mahler's biography to suggest new avenues for approaching his music, rather than using his music to shed light on his life. In Chapter 3, I move interpretation away from details of the composer's biography: I analyze his First Symphony with Freudian repression as a theoretical framework, but I focus on how repression might eludicate both the musical processes in the piece itself and the persistent recourse made to the suppressed program in reception of the piece, rather than attempting to explain Mahler's own supposed neuroses. After proposing several ways in which music processes might resonate with forgetting in the form of repression, in Chapters 4 and 5, the Second and Fourth Symphonies are discussed in terms of mourning and nostalgia respectively, defined as two specfic types of remembrance. Turning in the final chapter to the later Seventh Symphony, I unwind the implications of the standard image of Mahler as a figure obsessed with the past. Mahler's music grants us no access to his memories, but it does allow us to remember him. Our memories are all that remains, and the Mahler that we hear has always been merely our own construction.

Michelangelo's self-fashioning in text and image (Italy)

Wang, Aileen June Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New B 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475--1564) was one of the earliest artists to realize the power of self-promotion and to embark on a systematic campaign to shape and control his image for posterity. Before Michelangelo, some artists had also asserted their professional identities and their privileged status, but Michelangelo's self-awareness drove him to orchestrate a more comprehensive and aggressive endeavor that employed not only the visual medium but also the literary. In the process, he initiated radical ways of inserting self-references into his public works and conceived a new perspective on his mission as an artist. Chapter One traces the beginning of Michelangelo's self-conception to the Vatican Pieta, for which he invented an innovative and controversial signature. It introduces the core idea of Michelangelo's self-image, which he would develop in his subsequent self-portraits and authorized biography. Chapter Two argues that two elements in the Sistine Chapel Last Judgment are double self-portraits representing the artist's offering to Christ of his own suffering in God's service. They also visualize his view of redemption as a violent transformation. Chapter Three proposes that the self-portraits found in the next works, the frescoes of the Cappella Paolina, assert Michelangelo's divine mandate as God's artist-apostle and his power to behold sacred visions and translate them into art. Chapter Four considers the concurrent Florence Pieta intended for his tomb, but later abandoned, as a vehicle asserting Michelangelo's identity as both pious Christian and godlike artist. Here he represents himself as Nicodemus, the legendary sculptor of a miraculous crucifix. Chapter Five analyzes Michelangelo's biography written under his direction by his follower Ascanio Condivi and argues that the book's primary purpose was to cement Michelangelo's identity as an angel-like messenger of God. Michelangelo's self-portraits and writings show him to be someone who sincerely believed in the divine ordination of his life mission as an interpreter of God's ideas. He intended his peers to recognize and acknowledge this. In doing so, he broke away from the previously held view of the artist as a mere channel for the divine.