PCR-RAPD와 ITS 서열 분석에 의한 두릅나무과(Araliaceae) 의 유연관계 분석

김남희,양덕춘,엄안흠 한국자원식물학회 2004 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Phylogenetic relationships among species in Araliaceae were analyzed using PCR-RAPDand sequence of ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA based on samples collected in Korea.RAPD analysis showed various polymorphic bands which were able to differentiate speciesand genus, and specific bands showing variations among individuals within species. Clusteranalysis using gel images revealed high molecular variability within species of Aralia eleta.No significant variation was found among cultivated species of Panax ginseng, but theyshowed high genetic differences with wild type of the species. In ITS analysis, specificsequences for each genus and species were observed and these were allowed to differentiatespecies and genus. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequences showed that Acanthopanaxand Kalopanax had a close relationship, and Araliaand Panax are monophyletic, but genusHederais different species from other species in family Araliaceaein this study. The resultsshowing close relationship between genera Araliaand Panax were also observed in RAPDanalysis. Contrary to the results of RAPD analysis of Panax ginseng, sequence analysis ofITS showed no significant difference between wild mountain ginseng and cultivated speciesof P. ginseng. Also, both RAPD and ITS analysis of P. ginsengshowed no significant geneticvariability among cultivation sites. Results indicate that P. ginsengcultivating in Korea ismonophyletic. The molecular analysis used in this study agreed on classification usingmorphological feature. These results suggest that molecular techniques used in this studycould be useful for phylogenetic analysis of Araliaceae.

Pre-labelled oligo probe-FISH karyotype analyses of four Araliaceae species using rDNA and telomeric repeat

Hui Chao Zhou,Remnyl Joyce Pellerin,Nomar Espinosa Waminal,양태진,김현희 한국유전학회 2019 Genes & Genomics Vol.41 No.7

Background The family Araliaceae contains many medicinal species including ginseng of which the whole genome sequencing analyses have been going on these days. Objective To characterize the chromosomal distribution of 5S and 45S rDNAs and telomeric repeat in four ginseng related species of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem., Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév., Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. Et Maxim.) Seem., Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb. ex A.Murr.) Koidz. Method Pre-labelled oligoprobe (PLOP)-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out. Results The chromosome number of A. elata was 2n = 24, whereas that of the other three species of D. morbiferus, E. sessiliflorus, and K. septemlobus was 2n = 48, corresponding to diploid and tetraploid, respectively, based on the basic chromosome number x = 12 in Araliaceae. In all four species, one pair of 5S signals were detected in the proximal regions of the short arms of chromosome 3, whereas in K. septemlobus, the 5S rDNA signals localized in the subtelomeric region of short arm of chromosome 3, while all the 45S rDNA signals localized at the paracentromeric region of the short arm of chromosome 1. And the telomeric repeat signals were detected at the telomeric region of both short and long arms of most chromosomes. Conclusion The PLOP-FISH was very effective compared with conventional FISH method. These results provide useful comparative cytogenetic information to better understand the genome structure of each species and will be useful to trace the history of ginseng genomic constitution.

A Benzenoid from the Stem of Acanthopanax senticosus

Ryu, Ji-Young,Son, Dong-Wook,Kang, Jung-Il,Kim, Hyun-Su,Kim, Bak-Kwang,Lee, Sang-Hyun The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2004 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.27 No.9

Seven compounds were isolated from the stem of Acanthopanax senticosus by repeated col-umn chromatography. Their structures were elucidated as isovanillin (1), (-)-sesamin (2), iso-fraxidin (3), (+)-syringaresinol (4), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5), eleutheroside B (6), and eleuth-eroside E (7) by spectral analysis. Among them, isovanillin (1) was isolated for the first time from the family Araliaceae.

Comprehensive comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes from seven Panax species and development of an authentication system based on species-unique single nucleotide polymorphism markers

Nguyen, Van Binh,Giang, Vo Ngoc Linh,Waminal, Nomar Espinosa,Park, Hyun-Seung,Kim, Nam-Hoon,Jang, Woojong,Lee, Junki,Yang, Tae-Jin The Korean Society of Ginseng 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.1

Background: Panax species are important herbal medicinal plants in the Araliaceae family. Recently, we reported the complete chloroplast genomes and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from seven Panax species, two (P. quinquefolius and P. trifolius) from North America and five (P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. japonicus, P. vietnamensis, and P. stipuleanatus) from Asia. Methods: We conducted phylogenetic analysis of these chloroplast sequences with 12 other Araliaceae species and comprehensive comparative analysis among the seven Panax whole chloroplast genomes. Results: We identified 1,128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in coding gene sequences, distributed among 72 of the 79 protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genomes of the seven Panax species. The other seven genes (including psaJ, psbN, rpl23, psbF, psbL, rps18, and rps7) were identical among the Panax species. We also discovered that 12 large chloroplast genome fragments were transferred into the mitochondrial genome based on sharing of more than 90% sequence similarity. The total size of transferred fragments was 60,331 bp, corresponding to approximately 38.6% of chloroplast genome. We developed 18 SNP markers from the chloroplast genic coding sequence regions that were not similar to regions in the mitochondrial genome. These markers included two or three species-specific markers for each species and can be used to authenticate all the seven Panax species from the others. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes from seven Panax species elucidated their genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships, and 18 species-specific markers were able to discriminate among these species, thereby furthering efforts to protect the ginseng industry from economically motivated adulteration.

Chemical diversity of ginseng saponins from Panax ginseng

Shin, Byong-Kyu,Kwon, Sung Won,Park, Jeong Hill The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family, is well known for its medicinal properties that help alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases. Among the active ingredients of ginseng are saponins, most of which are glycosides of triterpenoid aglycones. So far, numerous saponins have been reported as components of Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng. Herein, we summarize available information about 112 saponins related to P. ginseng; >80 of them are isolated from raw or processed ginseng, and the others are acid/base hydrolysates, semisynthetic saponins, or metabolites.

인삼섭취가 장내세균 및 세균대사에 미치는 영향

Ahn, Y.J.,Kim, M.J.,Kawamura, T.,Yamamoto, T.,Fujisawa, T.,Mitsuoka, T. 고려인삼학회 1990 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.14 No.2

The growth responses of a variety of human intestinal bacteria to extracts of Panax ginseng and five other oriental medicinal Araliaceae were elraluattd in vitro and in vivo. The extracts enhanced the growth of Brifidobnnerilrm breve and B. longlim in media with or without carbon sources, suggesting that bifidus factors) might be involved in the phenomenon. This effect was most pronounced with water extract of P. ginseng, the growth of 27 bifidobacteria strains belonging to B adolescentis, B. longum, B. brim and B. infantis being greatly stimurated, whereas seven B. bifidum strains and other bacteria such as clostridia and Escherichin soli had little or no ability to utilise it for growth. Methanol extracts of p. ginseng were found to selectively inhibit growth of various clostridia including bifidobacteria. Paraputrificum, but this effect was not observed on other bacteria including bifidobacteria. The effect of ginseng extract intake (600 mg/day for two weeks) on the faecal microflora, pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, putrefactive products, and -glucuronidase, -glucosidase and nitroreductase activities, and on the blood components (triglyceride, total cholesterol and ammonia) were investigated using seven healthy human volunteers. The total concentration of faecal microflora including Bifidnkaderiifm app. during the period of ginseng extract intake %twas significantly unaffected from the preceding and subsequent control peroids. However, the frequency of occurrence of subjects having C. perfringens was significantly decreased. The faecal pH value was also significantly decreased, suggesting that the intake might increase the activity of Bifidobncterium spry. Other biochemical properties in faeces did not changed significantly. The levels of ammonia and triglycerid in blood were decreased with ginseng extract intake. These results may be an indication of at least one of the Pharmacological actions of p. ginseng as an adaptogen.

재식거리가 나무두릅의 수량에 미치는 영향

홍의연,윤종선,김익환,윤태,김태수 한국자원식물학회 2005 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.18 No.1

With the increase in the level of national income, the interest and demand of the wildedible plants have been increased. Aralia elataSeem is highlighted as a new income sourcefor farmers in Korea. This study was conducted to determine the optimum planting densityenhancing the commercial yield and quality in Aralia elataSeem. Yield of new shoots per10a was increased in the dense planting of 1m× 30cm by three years of planting, but it wasdecreased after four years of planting, which was mainly caused by the factors such as highmortality rate. The income per 10a in the planting density of 1m× 50cm(2,000 plants/10a)was higher by 27% than that in the planting density of 1m× 30cm(3,300 plants/10a) whichwas 968,000won per 10a. 나무두릅이 새로운 소득작목으로 각광을 받음에 따라 이를 재배하는 농가가 증가하고 있어 나무두릅에 대한 단위 면적당 수량증대와 상품성을 높이기 위한 적정 재식거리를 구명하기 위하여 시험을 수행한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 두릅의 수량은 매년 증가하는 경향을 보였는데 정식 3년차까지는 밀식구에서 수량이 높았으나 4년 차부터는 1m×50cm구에서 수량이 높은 결과를 얻었다. 재래종 나무두릅의 수량은 원가지 끝에 있는 정단부의 수량이 대부분을 차지하고 있는데 정단 두릅 개당 무게는 평균 20~30g사이었고, 측아의 무게는 약 6~7g정도 되었으며, 측아의 상품화율은 약 50%정도 되었다. 나무두릅에 대한 경제성을 분석한 결과 수량이 가장 높았던 1m×50cm 구에서 10a당 소득이 1,229천원으로 밀식구인 1m×30cm 구보다 27%의 소득증대 효과가 있었다. 초기년도에는 소식구보다 밀식구에서 수량이 높았지만 두릅밭 조성시 묘목 구입비가 많이 들어 이에 대한 조성비 부문이 높았기 때문에 경영비가 많이 들어 소득이 적었다.

Comprehensive comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes from seven Panax species and development of an authentication system based on species-unique single nucleotide polymorphism markers

Van Binh Nguyen,Vo Ngoc Linh Giang,Nomar Espinosa Waminal,Hyun-Seung Park,Nam-Hoon Kim,Woojong Jang,Junki Lee,Tae Jin Yang 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.1

Background: Panax species are important herbal medicinal plants in the Araliaceae family. Recently, wereported the complete chloroplast genomes and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from seven Panaxspecies, two (P. quinquefolius and P. trifolius) from North America and five (P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. japonicus, P. vietnamensis, and P. stipuleanatus) from Asia. Methods: We conducted phylogenetic analysis of these chloroplast sequences with 12 other Araliaceaespecies and comprehensive comparative analysis among the seven Panax whole chloroplast genomes. Results: We identified 1,128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in coding gene sequences, distributedamong 72 of the 79 protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genomes of the seven Panax species. The other seven genes (including psaJ, psbN, rpl23, psbF, psbL, rps18, and rps7) were identical among thePanax species. We also discovered that 12 large chloroplast genome fragments were transferred into themitochondrial genome based on sharing of more than 90% sequence similarity. The total size of transferredfragments was 60,331 bp, corresponding to approximately 38.6% of chloroplast genome. Wedeveloped 18 SNP markers from the chloroplast genic coding sequence regions that were not similar toregions in the mitochondrial genome. These markers included two or three species-specific markers foreach species and can be used to authenticate all the seven Panax species from the others. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes from seven Panax species elucidated theirgenetic diversity and evolutionary relationships, and 18 species-specific markers were able to discriminateamong these species, thereby furthering efforts to protect the ginseng industry from economicallymotivated adulteration.

섬오갈피나무에서 SOD Isoenzyme의 식별 및 특성규명

오순자,박영철,김응식,고석찬 한국자원식물학회 1999 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The isoenzyme patterns and activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were investigated from leaves of Araliaceae plants. Of the eight isoenzymes, two isoenzymes(SOD 4 and SOD 6) were prevalent to leaves of Araliaceae plants. The patterns of these two isoenzymes were most various in the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus for. inermis, while their activity was highest in the leaves of A. koreanum. These two isoenzymes were respectively identified as Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD, based on selective inhibition with KCN or$H_2O_2$. The SOD isoenzyme patterns did not differed among stem barks, root barks and leaves of A. koreanum. However, the activities of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD were higher in the root bark and in leaves, respectively. Both of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD were stable for 1 hr at 30-4$0^{\circ}C$, while unstable above 5$0^{\circ}C$.

Chemical diversity of ginseng saponins from Panax ginseng

Byong-Kyu Shin,권성원,박정일 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family, is well known for its medicinal properties that help alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases. Among the active ingredients of ginseng are saponins, most of which are glycosides of triterpenoid aglycones. So far, numerous saponins have been reported as components of Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng. Herein, we summarize available information about 112 saponins related to P. ginseng; >80 of them are isolated from raw or processed ginseng, and the others are acid/base hydrolysates, semisynthetic saponins, or metabolites.