한국어 학습자를 위한 한국어 현실발음 교육 내용 연구

홍미주(Hong, Mi-ju),김예니(Kim, Ye-ni) 국어교육학회 2021 국어교육연구 Vol.- No.76

본고의 목적은 한국어 학습자에게 현실발음 교육이 필요하고, 현실발음 교육이 이해차원에서뿐만 아니라 표현 차원에서도 이루어져야 함을 논의하는 것이다. 현실발음은 비규범발음이지만 구어에서 빈도 높게 실현되는 발음으로, 학습 자료의 실제성을 높이고 한국어 모어 화자와 원활한 의사소통을 위해 현실발음이 발음 교육의 대상이 되어야 함을 논의하였다. 이런 논의를 위해 본 연구에서는 외국인 학습자를 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하여 현실발음에 대한 학습자의 인식과 요구를 파악하였다. 그리고 현실발음의 유형과 교육항목 선정을 위해 한국 드라마에서 실현되는 현실발음을 분석하여, 고빈도로 출현하는 현실발음의 유형은 이해뿐만 아니라 표현 차원에서 교육해야 함을 제안하였다. 이를 바탕으로, 본 연구에서는 현실발음 중 1) 표준발음에 비해 압도적으로 높은 빈도로 실현되는 현실발음, 2) 대화상 기능 수행에 관여하는 현실발음, 3) 복수표준발음 중 구어에서 실현 빈도가 더 높은 발음, 4) 어간의 재구조화에 따른 현실발음, 5) 의미 변별에 관여하는 현실발음의 경우에는 이해뿐만 아니라 표현 차원에서의 교육도 필요하고, 이에 따라 학습자가 실제 대화에서 발음할 수 있도록 지도할 것을 제안하였다. This paper discusses the need to consider actual pronunciation when teaching pronunciation to learners of Korean and examines the educational contents and methods for actual pronunciation on the levels of understanding and use. This study examines the results of a survey into foreign learners’ perceptions and needs regarding actual pronunciation. It appeared that for many learners perceived actual pronunciation differently from standard pronunciation and that teaching actual pronunciation was necessary both for understanding and output. In order to determine the types of actual pronunciation and select the educational items, this paper analyzed the realizations of actual pronunciation in Korean dramas and suggested that the types of actual pronunciations with a high frequency should be taught both in understanding and language output. This paper proposes the following types as educational contents for both understanding and output, namely 1)the actual pronunciation realized with an overwhelmingly high frequency compared to standard pronunciation, 2)the actual pronunciation with a conversational function, 3)in case of multiple standard pronunciations, the pronunciation with a higher frequency of realizations in spoken language, 4)the actual pronunciation according to the stem restructuring, and 5)the actual pronunciation contributing to semantic discrimination, in order to teach learners Korean pronunciation as in actual conversations.

한국어 교육에서의 현실발음 교육 : 발음 교육과 형태 교육의 구분

하신영 인천대학교 인문학연구소 2022 인문학연구 Vol.37 No.-

Actual pronunciation does not refer to only non-standard pronunciation, but is, in fact, utilized pronunciation. In this paper, from the standpoint that education of actual pronunciation should be conducted in Korean education, various phenomena that have been discussed as actual pronunciation is presented by dividing them into the content of pronunciation education and other content for vocabulary education. In the education of pronunciation, it has been argued that the actual vowel system should be reflected in the stage of teaching Korean alphabet, and that voluntary pronunciation rules applied in rapid and comfortable speech situations should be included in pronunciation contents. In education related to vocabulary, it has been indicated that actual pronunciation, which has been only dealt with in the discussion of pronunciation education, should be dealt with within education of vocabulary and grammar education as well.

국어 교과서 발음 교육 구현 양상과 학습자의 발음 인식 실태 -중학교를 중심으로-

우민주 ( Woo Minjoo ) 한국화법학회 2022 화법연구 Vol.- No.58

To use correct language, we should prioritize 'correct pronunciation and writing.' A section called 'correct pronunciation and notation' was provided in middle school Korean textbooks to reduce any confusion. Among them, they can learn standard pronunciation in the section corresponding to 'correct pronunciation.' This study compares and analyzes the 'correct pronunciation' units of 9 middle school Korean textbooks in 2015 and examines the differences between the Korean language textbooks and the learners' actual pronunciation based on the 'standard pronunciation method.' This study found that learners overlooked the 'correct pronunciation' that corresponds to the 'standard pronunciation method.' Therefore, in the future, Korean language textbooks should follow the direction that learners can lead a desirable language life through correct Korean pronunciation. To reduce the problem, a more in-depth and careful study should be conducted on the compilation of textbooks that consider the actual pronunciation conditions of learners.

발음 현실과 규범으로써 복수 표준 발음의 문제 - 어중의 ‘평음’, ‘경음’ 변화를 중심으로 -

한명숙 한말연구학회 2024 한말연구 Vol.65 No.38

. The study identified the information changes made by the National Institute of the Korean Language in the Standard Korean Dictionary from 2014 to 2023 and noted the pronunciation changes. In particular, the research focused on vocabulary with pronunciation modifications related to tensification and compared standard pronunciation with real-world pronunciation. This study identified 27 vocabulary words with multiple standard pronunciations and surveyed 558 university students to examine their pronunciation. As a result, there are 23 words with plural standard pronunciations: Naldaramjwi, Donggahongsang, Ttanggeomi, Mulgeurimja, Banchanggo, Balgeurimja, Baldwikkumchi, Baljachwi, Bambeolle, Boonbyeong, Sandokkaebi, Sanbital, Sangseureopda, Saengdoeda, Seomgoksik, Sondokki, Susuldae, Silsuyo, Ssalgyeo, Ingamdojang, Jungbyeongari, Chonsaeksi, Chonsaennim. These words may have multiple standard pronunciations because, unlike standard pronunciations, real-world pronunciation tends to the word-inital lenis or word-inital fortis sounds of gemination. Since 2014, the National Language Institute has continued to update the Standardized Dictionary of the Korean Language with revised information. This can be seen as changing the norms to reflect reality. Language norms themselves are conservative in nature and cannot be easily changed. If they were to be revised frequently, it would cause great disruption not only in language teaching but also in language use. However, it is necessary to be flexible in accepting the choices of the language speakers, such as 'Jajangmyeon', which recognizes the actual pronunciation of the audience and reflects it in the notation.

복수 표준 발음 처리의 기준에 관한 연구

장정민 ( Jang Jung-min ) 백록어문교육학회 2022 백록어문교육 Vol.30 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the criteria by reviewing words to which multiple standard pronunciation has been added. Since 2016, there have been 20 words in which multiple standard pronunciation has been added, and multiple standard pronunciation has been recognized only in Phonetic Phenomenon related to tensification and /n/-insertion. As a result of reviewing these words, there are three criteria for multiple standard pronunciation processing. First, it does not violate the language norms. Second, it does not change the notation. Third, the realization rate of actual pronunciation is more than twice the realization rate of standard pronunciation Subsequently, the actual pronunciation surveyed by the National Institute of the Korean Language was divided by type to examine whether there were additional words that could be recognized according to the criteria for multiple standard pronunciation processing.. Through this, it was confirmed that Lateralization and nasalization occurring in the ‘n-l’ sequences should also be treated with multiple standard pronunciation. In addition, since the current multiple standard pronunciation processing standards are too conservative, it is suggested that more flexible and active multiple standard pronunciation processing is needed to get close to language norms and reality.

한국어교육에서의 비표준적 통용 발음에 대하여

정명숙(Myungsook Jung) 한국어문화교육학회 2026 한국어문화교육 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구는 학습자의 원활한 의사소통 능력 신장과 발화 자신감 도모를 위해 기존의 표준발음 중심 교육에서 벗어나 현실 언어생활에서 널리 쓰이는 비표준적 통용 발음의 교육 필요성을 강조하며, 통용 발음 교육 전후의 학습자 발화를 녹음하고 발화의 자연성을 평가하는 실험을 실시하여 통용 발음이 학습자의 발화를 자연스럽게 만드는 데 효과가 있다는 것을 밝혔다. This study emphasizes the necessity of teaching ‘non-standard commonly used pronunciation’ widely utilized in daily life to enhance Korean language learners' communicative competence and speech naturalness, and aims to verify its effectiveness. To this end, non-standard pronunciation was categorized into three distinct tiers: actual pronunciation, commonly used pronunciation, and dialectal pronunciation. Subsequently, the speech naturalness of 34 advanced Korean learners was evaluated before and after instruction in using commonly used pronunciation. The results demonstrated a significant increase in naturalness scores across all speech units following the instruction: dialogue (7.7 to 9.2), sentence (7.0 to 8.7), and vocabulary (8.1 to 8.9). By item, word-initial fortition, syllable contraction, and /ㅓ/ vowel raising contributed substantially to enhancing speech naturalness. In contrast, certain vowel variations and final consonant weakening exhibited stagnant or slightly lower scores. These findings confirm the need for a selective instructional approach rather than teaching all commonly used pronunciations indiscriminately: items with verified effectiveness should be taught for ‘production purposes’ to encourage active speech, whereas other items should be differentiated for ‘comprehension purposes.’

유음의 비음화에 대한 인식과 발음 실태

서윤정 국어문학회 2024 국어문학 Vol.86 No.-

본 연구에서는 유음의 비음화 현상이 실현되지 않고 유음이 그대로 표면형에 나타나는 변이의 요인을 화자의 인식 측면에서 찾고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 수도권 출신의 20대 표준어 화자 30명을 대상으로 44개 목표어에 대한 자기 발음 및 표준 발음 설문 조사를 진행하였으며, 이를 낭독 실험을 통한 산출 결과와 비교 검토하였다. 화자와 단어에 따라 설문 응답 및 산출 양상은 제각기 달랐으며, 유음의 비음화 현상에 대한 인식이 전반적으로 혼란한 것으로 드러났다. 더불어 자기 발음 및 표준 발음 인식 양상과 실제 발음 실태 사이의 연관성은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해, 젊은 화자들의 인식 속에서 유음의 비음화 현상은 영향력이 약해지고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 유음의 비음화의 변이가 계속될 것이라 전망할 수 있었다. This study aims to identify factors from the perspective of young Korean speakers' perception that cause the non-nasalization of /l/, where the liquid consonant remains unchanged in the surface form. For this purpose, a total of 44 words with the sequences /ㅁ+ㄹ/, /ㅇ+ㄹ/, /ㅂ+ㄹ/, and /ㄱ+ㄹ/ were selected as experimental words. A reading experiment and two surveys on self-pronunciation and standard pronunciation were conducted with 30 speakers in their 20s who use standard Korean. The results varied according to both speakers and words, with only a few speakers generally realizing the nasalization of /l/ and correctly identifying the standard pronunciation. Additionally, there was little correlation between the actual pronunciation and the patterns of self-perceived or standard pronunciation. This suggests that the influence of the nasalization of /l/ is weakening among young Korean speakers, indicating that variation in the nasalization of /l/ is likely to continue.

『표준국어대사전』의 복수 표준 발음 분석

차재은 한국사전학회 2025 한국사전학 Vol.- No.46

This paper analyzes the multiple standard pronunciations in the Standard Korean Dictionary and identifies several issues, proposing directions for revision. First, the phonetic transcription of the 'ㅚoe[ø/we]' type needs reconsideration. Since 'ㅚoe, ㅞwe, ㅙwae' all correspond to the sound [we], the use of the double vowel symbols 'ㅚoe' and 'ㅞwe' is incomplete. Furthermore, [wi] cannot show multiple standard pronunciations because it lacks the necessary Hanguel letters. Second, it is an error to list '되어doe-eo[tweʌ/twejʌ]' as a multiple standard pronunciation while listing '베어be-eo[peʌ]' as a single standard pronunciation. Both '되-doe[twe]' and '베-be[pe]' are stems ending in the vowel /e/. It is more rational to limit the insertion of the glide /j/ during conjugation to stems ending in /i/, such as '기어gi-eo[kiʌ/kijʌ]', and to present the others as '되어doe-eo[tweʌ]' and '베어be-eo[peʌ]'. Third, it is necessary to consider the intermediate form of derivation in the process of generating multiple standard pronunciations. For '법계beop-gye[pʌk*je/pʌk*e]', the multiple standard pronunciations are accepted by applying the /j/-deletion rule to the intermediate form. In contrast, only a single standard pronunciation, '곡예gok-ye[kokje]', is accepted. Since the [kje] in '시계sigye[sikje/sike]' and the [kje] in '곡예gok-ye[kokje]' are phonologically the same sound, a consistent treatment is required. Fourth, it is necessary to expand the range of multiple standard pronunciations by considering optional phonological rules. While surface forms resulting from the application of glide deletion or glide insertion rules are accepted as multiple standard pronunciations, those resulting from the application of /h/-deletion between sonorants, peripheralization, or obstruent deletion at the same place of articulation are not accepted as standard. Given that '기어gi-eo[kiʌ/kijʌ]' is a multiple standard pronunciation, '시험siheom[siɦʌm/siʌm]' and '신문sinmun[sinmun/simmun]' could also be multiple standard pronunciations.

음의 동화에 대한 실제 발음의 양적 연구

고도연(Ko, Do-yeon),엄홍준(Um, Hong-joon) 중앙어문학회 2017 語文論集 Vol.69 No.-

이 논문의 목적은 역행적 유음화와 ‘ㄹ’의 비음화와 관련된 표준 발음과 실제 발음의 차이를 비교하는 것이다. /ㄴㄹ/연쇄가 나타날 때 언중들은 [ㄹㄹ]발음과 [ㄴㄴ]발음을 선택적으로 발음하는데 이때 발음이 표준 발음법에서 제시된 것과 다를 수 있다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 선택적 교체에 대한 문제를 다시 한 번 검토하여 역행적 유음화와 비음화 모두가 표준 발음으로 인정될 필요가 있다는 것을 확인하고자 한다. 이렇게 하기 위해, 역행적 유음화와 ‘ㄹ’의 비음화가 선택적으로 발음되어 문제가 될 수 있는 단어들을 설정하고, 그 단어들에 대한 실제 발음을 조사한다. 이 후 양적 연구를 통해 두 발음의 차이를 비교 · 분석한다. This paper compares the differences between standard pronunciation and actual pronunciation in the regressive liquidization and the nasalization of liquid sound /l/. It is well known that the words with standard sound sequence [ll] can be pronounced with the sound sequence [nn] and vice versa. In this paper, we re-examine the problem of such selective substitution and suggest that both the regressive liquidization and the nasalization of liquid sound /l/ need to be treated as standard pronunciation. In order to do this, we select the words that show selective substitution between the regressive liquidization and the nasalization of /l/, and compare the standard and actual pronunciations of these words through quantitative research.

한국어 발음 교육에서 음운 규칙 선정 논의에 대한 비판적 고찰

고경재 한말연구학회 2025 한말연구 Vol.66 No.34

The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the debates on the selection of phonological rules in the context of Korean pronunciation instruction. In order to achieve this, Chapter 2 outlines the criteria employed in earlier studies for the selection of phonological rules, presents the rules chosen on the basis of these criteria, and raises critical issues concerning them. In Chapter 3, the criteria for phonological rule selection presented in previous studies are critically examined, and all phonological rules·phenomena of Korean related to these criteria are considered in order to discuss which rules·phenomena may be regarded as appropriate targets for teaching and learning. The main argument of this paper can be summarized as follows. First, although earlier research has tended to exclude from instructional content those phonological rules whose effects are directly represented in orthography, this study argues that these rules should also be included as necessary objects of teaching and learning. Second, although earlier research has advocated the exclusion of optional phonological rules, this study contends that, in view of the actual pronunciation patterns of Korean speakers, certain optional rules should nonetheless be included as targets of instruction. Third, while prior research has emphasized the selection of phonological rules that generate standard pronunciations—a stance this paper supports—the present study further contends that some non-standard pronunciations should also be incorporated into teaching and learning.