평창 두타산 산림식생의 군집유형과 입지환경요인의 상관관계

이정은,신재권,김동갑,윤충원,Lee, Jeong Eun,Shin, Jae Kwon,Kim, Dong Gap,Yun, Chung Weon 한국산림과학회 2017 한국산림과학회지 Vol.106 No.3

The purpose of this study was to analyze forest vegetation type classification and relationships between the type and environment factor in Mt. Dutasan. Data were collected by total of forty six plots using Z-M phytosociological method from June to October, 2016, and analyzed by vegetation classification, canopy layer structure and relationships between vegetation unit and environment factor using coincidence methods. As a result of vegetation type classification, Quercus mongolica community group was classified at a top level of vegetation hierarchy that was classified into Rhododendron schlippenbachii community and Betula costata community. R. schlippenbachii community was divided into Lychnis cognata group and R. schlippenbachii typical group. L. cognata group was subdivided into Veratrum oxysepalum subgroup and L. cognata typical subgroup. B. costata community was divided into Fraxinus mandshurica group and Betula schmidtii group. F. mandshurica group was subdivided into Weigela subsessilis subgroup and Cimicifuga heracleifolia subgroup. Therefore the forest vegetation was composed of six vegetation units with two kinds of bisected species groups and fourteen species groups. As the result of an analysis of canopy layer structure, there were two kinds of structures with monotonous structures V. oxysepalum subgroup (vegetation units 1), L. cognata typical subgroup (vegetation units 2), W. subsessilis subgroup (vegetation units 4) and complicated structures R. schlippenbachii typical group (vegetation units 3), C. heracleifolia subgroup (vegetation units 5), Betula schmidtii group (vegetation units 6). The vertical layer structure of vegetation unit 5 was the most developed and vegetation unit 6 had the lowest coverage of herb layer. According to the correlation between vegetation unit and environmental factor, R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) were classified based on 1,100 m of altitude, middle slope, twenty of slope degree, twenty percents of bare rock and thirty centimeters of DBH in tree layer. R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) showed positive correlation with altitude, topography and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) showed negative correlation tendency with them.

신안군, 무안군, 목포시 무인도서의 식생과 식생보전가치 등급

김하송(Ha Song Kim),조영준(Yeong Jun Cho),조장삼(Jang Sam Cho),곽수란(Su Ran Gark),김진식(Jin Sik Kim) 한국농어촌관광학회 2021 농어촌관광연구 Vol.24 No.1

2020년 4월부터 7월까지 전라남도 신안군 장산면 항도, 차돌이(타다도), 서도내기(삼승도), 진섬(장도), 신안군 팔금면 암치도, 일금도. 상납덕도, 넓은모래섬, 신안군 안좌면 산202도, 무안군 토끼섬, 저도(모도), 대섬(죽도), 목포시 별도, 맥도 등의 무인도서를 중심으로 현지 답사를 통하여 이루어졌다. 본 조사지역에서 나타난 주요 식물군락은 상록활엽수림 식생인 사스레피나무군락, 낙엽활엽수림 식생인 예덕나무군락, 소사나무군락, 말오줌때군락, 왕자귀나무군락, 음나무군락 등이, 상록침엽수림 식생인 곰솔군락, 곰솔-이대군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-소사나무군락, 곰솔-돈나무군락, 곰솔-꾸지뽕나무군락 등이, 조림 식생인 아까시나무군락, 삼나무-편백나무군락, 솜대군락, 초지 식생인 억새군락, 이대군락, 칡-이대군락, 원추리군락, 고사리군락, 밭풀고사리군락 등이, 해안 염습지에서는 주요 염색식물 식생으로 갈대군락, 모새달군락, 갯잔디군락, 갯메꽃군락, 나문재군락, 갯질경군락 등이 나타났다. 종합적으로 식생분야의 생태적 자연도 등급은 각 조사지점의 무인도 자연환경 가치 및 보존 필요성을 조사자가 임의로 설정한 무인도 생태적 보전가치 등급기준에 따라 Ⅰ등급, Ⅱ등급, Ⅲ등급을 판정한 후 이를 제시하였다. 조사지역의 무인도 생태자연도를 보전가치등급 평가 기준에 따라 Ⅰ등급(평가 항목별 합계 26점 이상)지역은 일금도, 서도내기도이며, Ⅱ등급(평가 항목별 합계 15점-25점)지역은 대섬, 저도, 토끼섬, 넓은모래섬, 맥도, 상납덕도, 암치도, 진섬, 차돌이, 항도 등이며, Ⅲ등급(평가 항목별 합계 14점 이하)지역은 별도, 산202도 등으로 나타났다. 또한 조사지역의 무인도서중에서 식생분야의 특정도서로서 지정이 가능한 도서는 일금도, 서도내기도 등으로 생각된다. 이들 도서는 남해안의 지리적 특성을 갖는 식생대가 형성되어 있고 그 보존가치가 높은 무인도서로 생각된다. This research was carried out from April to July 2020 to examine the conservaion value assessment class and vegetation of uninhabited islets on the Sinan-gun, Muan-gun, Mokpo-si, Jeollanam-do. The major plant communities found in this survey area Eurya japonica community, which is a vegetation of Evergreen broad-leaved forest, Mallotus japonicus community, which is a vegetation of Deciduous broad-leaved forest, Carpinus turczaninowii community, Euscaphis japonica community, Albizia kalkora community, and Kalopanax septemlobus community. There are the Evergreen coniferous forest vegetation such as Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Pseudosasa japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Carpinus turczaninowii community, Pinus thunbergii-Pittosporum tobira community, and Pinus thunbergii-Cudrania tricuspidata community. There are afforestation vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia community, Cryptomeria japonica-Trypodendron proximum community, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis community. There are grassland vegetation, such as Miscanthus sinensis community, Pseudosasa japonica community, Pueraria lobata-Pseudosasa japonica community, Hemerocallis fulva community, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum community, and Dicranopteris linearis community. In coastal salt marshes, Phragmites australis community, Phacelurus latifolius community, Zoysia sinica community, Calystegia soldanella community, Suaeda glauca community, and Staticobium loochooense community were found as major dyeing plant vegetation. The vegetation conservation value assessment class were divided 3 grades, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ according to the Vegetation conservation value class assessment criterion of uninhabited island by the investigator arbitarily set. In survey areas, the grade I area are Ilgeumdo and Seodonaedo. The II grade areas are Daeseom, Jedo, Tokkiseom, Neolb-eunmolaeseom, Maegdo, Sangnaedeokdo, Amchido, Jinseom, Chadol-i, Hangdo, and the III grade areas are Byeoldo, San202do. Also, among the uninhabited islands of the survey area, the islands that can be designated as specific islands in the vegetation field are considered to be Ilgeumdo and Seodonaegido. These islands are considered to be uninhabited islands with a high conservation value and a vegetation zone with the geographical characteristics of the southern coast.

전라북도 부안군ㆍ고창군 무인도서 식생에 관한 연구

이남숙 ( Lee Nam-sook ),김창환 ( Kim Chang-hwan ),이희철 ( Lee Hee-chul ),최영은 ( Choi Young-eun ),장수림 ( Jang Su-rim ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2016 한국도서연구 Vol.28 No.2

Six field surveys were conducted from May to September of 2013 in order to identify vegetation and develop the current vegetation map of uninhabited islands in Buan-gun and Gochang-gun of Jeollabukdo. In total there were 30 uninhabited islands in Buan-gun and Gochang-gun, and vegetation was formed in 20 of them. Among the 20 uninhabited islands, 18 were located in Buan-gun and two in Mandol-ri, Simwon-myeon of Gochang-gun. Main vegetation of 20 uninhabited islands was Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community of 15.87%, the Pinus thunbergii community 13.83%, and the Carpinus coreana community 6.00%. Those three communities accounted for 35.70% of the total area. The net vegetation area was 154,267.60m2, and was mostly dominated by these communities. Regarding vegetation diversity, Keunttanji Island had nine communities, and Jeungjo Island had five communities. Mogoe Island and Suribawi Island had four communities each. Since the number of communities in these islands ranged from one to five except for the Keunttanji Island, and the community diversity was relatively low. The Pinus thunbergii community and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community had a high origination rate. In the uninhabited islands where the Pinus thunbergii community was largely distributed, the distribution ratio of Pinus thunbergii community was high. A total of 22 communities were distributed in the 20 uninhabited islands. The number of herbaceous community, shrub community and subtree community were seven each, while the arboreal community was nine. Especially, in the Pinus thunbergii community most of those trees were planted and the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Miscanthus sinensis community were formed by grazing. The Pseudosasa japonica and Phyllostachys bambusoides were planted around a structure that was constructed before for the purpose of management including grazing. As for the characteristic of overall vegetation in the 20 uninhabited islands, warm temperature communities were rare. Also, the distribution rate of planted or disturbed communities like the Pinus thunbergii and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens was relatively high. Another characteristic was that the dune vegetation was rarely distributed. As the succession progresses, these uninhabited islands are expected to face an increase in the level of Eurya japonica, Camellia japonica, Raphiolepis umbellata and the Carpinus coreana community, all warm temperature species.

다도해해상 국립공원 대흑산도 삼림식생의 군락분포에 관한 연구

김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),조영준 ( Cho Yeong-jun ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2016 한국도서연구 Vol.28 No.2

This research was carried out from April to December 2014 in order to figure out the forest vegetation of Daeheuksan Island Forest``s vegetation. Forest vegetation is largely subdivided into the Evergreen Broad-forest, Coniferous forest, Deciduous broad-leaved forest, Plantation, Wetland vegetation, Rock vegetation, Forest edges-Shrub vegetation, Grassland vegetation and other areas that include 30 communities of forest vegetation and 4 communities of other areas. Thus in total, 34 communities were researched. Forest vegetations based on the physiognomy classification were 7 communities of Evergreen Broad-forest, 16 communities of Coniferous forest, 3 communities of Deciduous broad-leaved forest, 2 communities of Artificial afforestation, 2 communities of Wetland vegetation and 4 other areas vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community accounts for 34.28 % of the total forest vegetation. The Pinus densiflora-Carpinus turczaninowii community accounts for 8.83 % of the total forest vegetation, and the Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community accounts for 5.05 % of the total forest vegetation, while the Carpinus turczaninowii community accounts 3.11 % of total forest vegetation, and the Plantation, 0.09 % of total forest vegetation. In conclusion, minority species of the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Machilus thunbbergii were distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in the forest vegetation region of the Daeheuksan Island Forest. In addition, due to the vegetation succession and climate factors, one major area of potential natural vegetation species were estimated to gradually increase the distribution ratio of the Evergreen Broad-forest.

공주대학교 학술림(석장리동 일대)의 산림식생구조

김호진,송주현,이정은,윤이슬,윤충원 한국환경생태학회 2020 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.34 No.6

The study investigated the forest vegetation structure of Kongju National University Forests in the vicinity of Seokjangri-dong to provide the information needed for efficient use and management. It conducted a Z-M phytosociological vegetation survey in 60 quadrate plots in August 2019 and generated the actual vegetation map by analyzing the physiognomic community classification and mean importance value. The physiognomic community classification showed five vegetation community types: Quercus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus rigida community, and Quercus serrata community. The relative importance value in the Q. acutissima community was 31.4% for Q. acutissima, 9.6% for Prunus spp., and 9.0% for Q. variabilis. In the P. densiflora community, it was 24.9% for P. densiflora, 12.4% for Q. acutissima, and 11.5% for Q. serrata. In the Q. variabilis community, it was 25.3% for Q. variabilis, 9.8% for Prunus spp., and 8.5% for Q. acutissima. In the P. rigida community, it was 28.4% for P. rigida 28.4%, 10.0% for Q. acutissima, and 9.3% for P. densiflora. In the Q. serrata community, it was 27.0% for Q. serrata, 11.3% for Q. aliena, and 11.5% for Styrax japonica. The actual vegetation map based on the uppermost dominant species to identify the forest vegetation’s spatial distribution characteristics indicated that the natural vegetation covered the most with 87.5%, the number of vegetation patches was 87, and the average area per patch was 1.46㏊. 본 연구는 공주대학교 학술림(석장리동 일대)을 대상으로 효율적인 경영과 이용 및 관리에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위하여산림식생구조를 파악하였다. 2019년 8월에 식물사회학적으로 식생조사를 하였으며, 60개소의 방형구를 설정하여 상관식생유형분류와 중요치를 분석하고 현존식생도를 작성하였다. 상관식생유형분류 결과, 상수리나무군락, 소나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 리기다소나무군락, 졸참나무군락으로 구분되었으며, 평균상대중요치는 상수리나무군락에서 상수리나무 31.4%, 벚나무류9.6%, 굴참나무 9.0% 순으로 나타났으며, 소나무군락은 소나무 24.9%, 상수리나무 12.4%, 졸참나무 11.5% 순으로 나타났다. 굴참나무군락은 굴참나무 25.3%, 벚나무류 9.8%, 상수리나무 8.5% 순으로 나타났으며, 리기다소나무군락은 리기다소나무 28.4%, 상수리나무 10.0%, 소나무 9.3% 순으로 나타났고, 졸참나무군락은 졸참나무 27.0%, 갈참나무 11.8%, 때죽나무11.5% 순으로 나타났다. 산림식생의 공간분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 상층 우점종에 의해 현존식생도를 작성한 결과, 자연식생이 87.5%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었으며, 현존식생은 87개의 패치로 구분되었고, 패치당 평균면적은 1.46㏊로 나타났다.

제주시험림의 상록활엽수림 식생구조 특성 -한남시험림을 중심으로-

전철현 ( Chul Hyun Jeon ),원현규 ( Hyun Kyu Won ),김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),조영준 ( Yeong Jun Cho ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2016 한국도서연구 Vol.28 No.1

This research was carried out from July to December of 2015 in the evergreen broad-leaved forests around Hannam Experiment Forest in Jeju-do. A total of 9 plots were set up in this study area and the plant communities were divided into 5 communities of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Quercus acuta community, Quercus acuta-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus acuta-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus glauca-Pinus densiflora community. Overall, in order to extract the vegetation units based on the vegetation ecological information of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Korea, the distribution area, habitat characteristic and its main distribution of the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Quercus acuta community and Quercus glauca community were compared. The main plant communities of the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii forest in Jeju-do, were the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Ardisia japonica association, the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Arachniodes aristata association, the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Hosta minor association, the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Machilus thunbergii community, and the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Quercus glauca community. The Quercus acuta forest examined in Hannam Experiment Forest by any dominant species were Quercus acuta community, Quercus acuta-Carpinus tschonoskii community, and Quercus acuta-Pinus densiflora community. The Quercus glauca forest was distributed in the Quercus glauca-Cyrtomium fortunei association in Gotjawal around Jeju-do, which developed an unique vegetation due to the specific microclimate formed by its geographical features. Also the actual vegetation map produced by the main evergreen broad-leaved forest communities represented the survey area. The main evergreen broad-leaved forest communities represented in the vegetation map were divided into the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, the Quercus acuta community, the Quercus acuta-Carpinus tschonoskii community, the Quercus acuta-Pinus densiflora community and the Quercus glauca-Pinus densiflora community.

다도해 해상국립공원 대흑산도의 상록활엽수림 식생구조

조영준 ( Cho Yeong-jun ),김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),박정원 ( Park Jung-won ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2017 한국도서연구 Vol.29 No.1

This research was carried out from April of 2014 to January of 2017 in the evergreen broad-leaved forests around Daehuksan Island in Dadohaehaesang National Park. A total of 38 plots were set up in this study area, and plant communities were divided into 8 communities of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community and the Camellia joponica community. Overall, in order to extract vegetation units based on the vegetation ecological information of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Korea Peninsula, a comparasion study was conducted. The distribution area, habitat characteristic and its main distribution of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community and the Camellia joponica community were compared for this study. The investigated Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community is a community identified by the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii. It forms a community in the southwestern slope and valleys of the Daehuksan Island Yeri, Sari, Simri and Sorasi village. The investigated Machilus thunbergii community is a community identified by Machilus thunbergii. It forms a community in and around towns, mostly in Daehuksan Island Yeri, Sorasi and the Mari village. The investigated Quercus acuta community is a community identified by Quercus acuta, and it forms a community in the top of Mt. Munam and the upper part of Viri village. The investigated Camellia joponica community is a community identified by Camellia joponica, and it was distributed around Daehuksan Island Sari, Simri village, and lowlands and the hilly area. However, there were many areas where tree vegetation was disterbed due to human interference. The actual vegetation map produced by the main evergreen broad-leaved forest communities represented the survey area. The main evergreen broad-leaved forest communities represented in the vegetation map were divided into Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora- Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community and the Camellia joponica community. The area of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Daehuksan Island is 58.0% of the total forest area.

고흥군 무인도서의 식생과 식생보전가치등급

김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),조영준 ( Cho Young-jun ),조어진 ( Cho Eo-jin ),박정원 ( Park Jung-won ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 한국도서연구 Vol.30 No.1

This research was carried out from May to October 2017 to examine the conservation values assessment class and vegetation of uninhabited islets on the Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The physiognomic classification divided the area into the following 5 types: the deciduous broad-leaved forests, evergreen coniferous forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests, afforestationand herb vegetation. According to the resultsof this classification using the Braun-Branquet method, plant communities can be categorized into thirty different communities, such as the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Machilus thunbergii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Machilus thunbergii-Litsea japonica community, Machilus thunbergii-Camellia joponica community, Machilus thunbergii-Neolitsea sericea community, Neolitsea sericea community, Eurya emarginata-Pittoporum tobira community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus turczaninowii community, Platycarya strobilacea community, Carpinus turczaninowii community, Mallotus japonicus community, Sageretia theezans community, Celtis sinensis-Mallotus japonicus community, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora-Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus variabilis community, Pinus thunbergii -Platycarya strobilacea community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, Pinus densiflora community, Phyllostachys bambusoides community, Pinus rigida community, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis community, Alnus firma community, Pseudosasa japonica community, Pueraria lobata community, and Pueraria lobata-Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community. The grade Ⅰarea in uninhabited island ecological nature states of the survey region is Sochwido, Daechwido, Jundo, Buado, Goraeseom, Baraeseom, and Muhagdo.The grade Ⅱ area is Mumyeongdo, Gyedo, Gamnangyeo, Jageunbalseom, Anmogseom, and Hyeongjedo. The grade Ⅲ area is Dokdo. The following islands were designated as islands of vegetation areas: Sochido, Daechido, Jundo, Buado, Baraedo and Muhagdo. These islands are formed with specific geographical characteristics of the south coast and their conservation value is high to be uninhabited island.

전라남도 가거도 식생 분포 현황

이정윤 ( Jung Yun Lee ),명현호 ( Hyeon Ho Myeong ),이선미 ( Seon Mi Lee ),김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),오장근 ( Jang Geun Oh ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2015 한국도서연구 Vol.27 No.1

This study was performed to present Gegeo Island’s current distribution of vegetation by conducting a field survey from March to October in 2012. Vegetation can be classified into 16 communities, and among them, 12 communities, the Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii community(24.46%), Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii-Buxus community (0.17%), Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii- Carpinus community(0.30%), Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii- Neolitsea sericea community(0.58%), Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii- Machilus thunbergii community(1.86%), Machilus thunbergii community (38.50%), Machilus thunbergii- Carpinus community(0.18%), Machilus thunbergii - Camellia japonica community(0.09%), Quercus acuta community(0.58%), Neolitsea sericea community(0.29%) and Camellia japonica community(0.58%), Eurya emarginata community(0.13%), belong to the evergreen broad-leaved forest. In addition, 2 communities, the Mallotus japonicus community(0.20%) and Carpinus coreana community(15.28%) belong to the cool temperate deciduous forest while the other 2 communities, the Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis community(0.07%) and Pseudosasa japonica community(0.11%) belong to the afforestation vegetation.

신안군 칠발도 식생에 관한 연구

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2012 한국도서연구 Vol.24 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation of Chilbaldo, Jeollanam-do, South Korea from 17 May, to 20 August, 2011. According to the ZM school method, the vegetation can be classified into 7 communities which are as follows. The decideuous broad-leaved forest : Rubus schizostylus community, the afforest forest ; Ficus carica community, the herbaceous plants; Miscanthus sinensis community, Carex boottiana community, Artemisia princeps community, Achyranthes japonica community and Brassica juncea var. integrifolia community. This paper compares the change of major community in 2011 to the one in 2000. The result was that the Miscanthus sinensis community, Artemisia princeps community, Rubus schizostylus community, Ficus carica community, Achyranthes japonica community and Brassica juncea var. integrifolia community was gradually magnified. In contrast, the Carex boottiana community, Parthenocissus tricuspidata community and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. majus community were reduced. We described each community`s floristic, structural and environmental features closely. Based on the descriptions, the actual vegetation map was completed at a 1:5,000 scale. In order to conserve the vegetation of Chilbaldo, the most important thing is to establish an ecological learning area. By continuously monitering the ecosystem change, this will minimize human disturbance and attain effective management strategy.