교정프로그램에 대한 효과성 인식 조사: 교정 실무자와 외부 상담자를 대상으로

조윤오 한국교정학회 2013 矯正硏究 Vol.- No.61

This study aims at exploring the level of perception of correctional program effectiveness in order to measure the integrity and quality of the correctional programs among correctional practitioners in South Korea. It is crucial to examine the overall effectiveness of correctional programs by utilizing correctional program assessment inventory. The current study has modified three different instruments of South Australia University Inventory for assessing correctional programs, Pennsylvania Correctional Department tool for evaluating correctional programs, and Ohio State youth correctional programs assessment tool. The assessment questionnaire that current study had employed involved identifying seven categories such as (1)program setting environment, (2)specialty of staff, (3)the level of systematic organization, (4)strategy of enhancing effectiveness, (5)individualization, (6)evaluation, and (7)other items that are associated with program curricula. Futhermore, this study included numerous correctional programs that are related with vocational training, academic education, counselling, reasoning and rehabilitation, behavioral treatment, and faith-based correctional programs. This study conducted survey toward 515 correctional staffs and 491 volunteers who were in charge of implementing and monitoring correctional programs in prison facilities. As a process evaluation for the correctional programs, the current study used 43 questions which are based on seven key categories. The descriptive statistics demonstrated that overall satisfactory scores for the seven categories are beyond the middle in terms of five scale measurements. However, the result showed that the two factors of individualization and evaluation are more likely to have lower score among the seven effectiveness categories. Process evaluation in assessing correctional programs is a vital part to a successful program compared to outcome evaluation which are focused on simple recidivism rates. The two parts of process evaluation should be fundamental components assessed prior to a program being implemented in order to improve the effectiveness of correctional programs. Further policy implications will be discussed. 본 연구는 교정 실무자 및 외부 상담자들을 상대로 교정프로그램에 대한 효과성을 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 재범률을 기준으로 한 결과평가(outcome evaluation)도 의미 있는 평가 전략이지만, 실제 교정활동을 운영하는 실무자들을 대상으로 한 교정프로그램 인식 조사는 교정프로그램의 절차와 운영을 알아보는 중요한 과정평가(process evaluation) 방법에 속한다고 하겠다. 이에 본 연구에서는 일곱 가지 기본범주(환경여건, 전문성, 체계성, 효과성기법, 개별화, 평가여부, 기타 항목)를 가지고 실무자 1,006명이 생각하는 교정프로그램의 효과성 정도를 살펴보고자 하였다. 설문 응답 대상자로 515명의 교화상담 업무 교정공무원과 491명의 외부 상담자들이 포함되었다. 총 43문항에 대한 빈도분석 결과, 전반적으로 각 문항에 대해 “그렇다”와 “보통이다”라는 답변이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 세부적으로 보면, 개별화 항목과 평가여부 항목에서 “보통이다”라는 중립적 답변이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 즉, 환경여건과 전문성, 체계성, 효과성기법에서는 긍정적인 태도 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 개별화와 평가여부 항목에서는 상대적으로 중립적 답변 비율이 더 높게 나타났다. 효과성 인식이 부족한 개별화와 평가 부분을 집중적으로 개선할 필요가 있고, 향후 과학적인 효과성 측정 도구를 개발하여 교정 실무자들이 만족할만한 교정프로그램을 운영하도록 해야 할 것이다.

마약류 중독자를 위한 자기사랑하기 프로그램의 개발 및 효과

박상규 한국임상심리학회 2002 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this study was to develop a self-love program in order to investigate the effectiveness of the self-love program when applied for the treatment of drug abuse. The self-love program was administerd to fourteen drug-abusing criminals under supervision by the probation office. The main topics of the self-love program include the following: understanding, "Who am I?"; care of one's body; finding quality worlds and one's self merit; planning the future when one is aware of one's true self-wish; being able to forgive others; being able to forgive one's self; praising others and themselves for merit; to comprehend the positive and negative aspects of drug abuse; the management of stress and finding new pleasures; effective relationships with others; contemplating the meaning of life; and to be able to envision a mental picture of the patients' futures. The procedures for applying this self-love program included the use of breath-counting meditation, a lecture, individual group discussions related to the above topics, the concluding impressions about the program by group members, and finally, breath-counting meditation. The group was assessed during the pre and post periods of the program in order to verify the effectiveness of the program. The results showed that the self-love program reduced drug abuser's depression and increased the subjective well being and self-esteem of the drug abusers. In addition, the program determined that drug abusers exhibited signs of self-love, self-understanding, personal relationships, and an increased desire to abstain from the use of drugs. In conclusion, it was determined that the self-love program is an effective and viable treatment for drug abusers.

프로그램 재해석에 따른 공간구조의 분석 : 렘 쿨하스의 뉴욕 프라다 매장을 중심으로 Focused on New York PRADA designed by Rem Koolhaas

박진희,김영욱,장림종 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.19 No.11

A Program always has been the element of architecture, which has advented since 18C. And it has been changed simultaneously with the alteration of architecture. In modern architecture, the functionalism handles with a program as rational and functional side of architecture. When a social change progresses and gets complex, a program of architecture also gets complex. A new interpretation about program appeared in response to the functionalism, in which the form and the configuration of a building was decided with its use. One building denoted singular program, but now it includes diverse programs. The program itself shows not only with the function of a building but also with social sense. As a result, the form and the configuration of a space is closely related to a program. This paper considers alterations of program accompanied by social changes and finds out the relationship between new programs and space configurations. And also, we are trying to use space syntax which is a quantitative method to analyze physical space configurations. New York PRADA, designed by Rem Koolhaas, coexists with two programs such as commerce and culture, and shows the relationship between a contemporary society and a new program. Searching for the relationship of space configuration and program, we find out the alteration of space configuration in the contemporary society. In the future, this could develop a comparative study of space configuration in modernism buildings which are used with the same purpose. Also space analysis based on the scientific theory will be a foundation in understanding various complex spaces.

공예교육프로그램을 위한 수업모형 연구 개발 - 실습모형을 중심으로 -

최임정 한국디자인트렌드학회 2024 한국디자인포럼 Vol.29 No.4

연구배경 최근 대중들의 시각적 문화 수준이 높아지고, 전문적인 지식 획득을 위한 자기개발의 취미활동이 증가됨에 따라 공예교육프로그램에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에, 공예의 전문적이고, 교육을 위한 체계적인 프로그램 모색이 필요하다. 연구방법 공예교육프로그램을 위한 수업모형을 연구 제작함으로써, 실습모형의 필요성을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위한 방법으로 첫째, 이론적 고찰을 통하여 공예프로그램의 현황 및 수업모형의 사례를 조사하였다. 둘째, 실습모형은 섬유공예의 염색기법으로 선정하였고, 단기프로그램에 적합하게 제작하였다. 셋째, 실습모형의 객관적 타당성을 위해 ‘2024 공예주간 기획프로그램’에 적용하여 실습모형에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 공예교육프로그램을 위한 실습모형을 제작하여 프로그램에 적용함으로써, 교육 강사는 시각적인 자료의 제시로 원활하게 교육을 진행할 수 있었고, 교육생은 실습모형의 제공으로 단시간에 효율적인 성취감으로 프로그램에 대한 만족도를 상승시킬 수 있었다. 이에, 공예프로그램의 이해를 돕고 효율적인 교육프로세스를 위해 실습모형 제작의 필요성이 도출되었다. 결론 본 연구는 공예프로그램에 적합한 수업모형을 연구하여 실습모형을 제작하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 공예프로그램을 위한 실습모형을 제작하였고, 이를 단기교육프로그램에 적용함으로써, 다음과 같은 내용이 도출되었다. 첫째, 교육 강사의 역량이 강화되었다. 둘째, 교육생들의 학습 접근이 용이하였다. 셋째, 교육프로그램의 전문성이 향상되었다. 넷째, 실습모형의 활용방안이 확대되었다. 이는 향후 진행될 교육별 프로그램에 따른 실습모형의 개발을 위한 기초 자료로 활용되리라 기대한다. Background As the general public's visual cultural level has risen, there has been an increase in hobby activities aimed at self-development and the acquisition of professional knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to find a systematic program for professional education in crafts. Methods This study aims to develop and research class models for craft programs and to highlight the necessity of practical models. First, the current status of craft programs and examples of class models were investigated through theoretical considerations. Second, the practical model was selected based on the dyeing technique of textile crafts and was produced to suit the short-term program. Third, to ensure the objective validity of the practical model, a survey was conducted on the practical model by applying it to the ‘2024 Craft Week Program.’ Result By creating a practical model for the craft education program and applying it to the program, the instructor was able to smoothly conduct the education by presenting visual materials, and the trainees were able to increase their satisfaction with the program through an efficient sense of accomplishment in a short period of time by providing the practical model. Accordingly, the need for creating a practical model was identified to help understand the craft program and to create an efficient educational process. Conclusion This study aimed to study a class model suitable for a craft program and to create a practical model. To this end, a practical model for a craft program was created and applied to a short-term education program, resulting in the following results. First, the capacity of the instructors has been strengthened. Second, the students' access to learning has become easier. Third, the professionalism of the educational program has been improved. Fourth, the utilization of the practical model has been expanded. It is expected that this will be used as basic data for the development of the practical model according to the educational program to be conducted in the future.

청소년활동프로그램 공모사업 만족도 및 효과에 관한 연구

문성호,문호영 미래를 여는 청소년학회 2009 미래청소년학회지 Vol.6 No.2

This study examined the satisfaction and effectiveness of youth activity program. For this study, a survey of 1,181 adolescents who participated in the program was conducted. And the questionnaires returned by 1,132 participants were used for analysis. Most of the participants answered that youth activity program are necessary. Satisfaction levels were high in all sub areas. On average, satisfaction with the leader and program suitability was both 4.11, satisfaction with the program was 4.04, overall satisfaction was 4.03, satisfaction with the facilities was 3.89. Participants were positive about the effectiveness of program(M=3.84). Importance-satisfaction levels were also examined. The areas that need to be improved because of high importance but low satisfaction included ‘program purpose’ and ‘program schedule and time.’ The areas that need to be improved because of high importance but low program effectiveness included ‘participation in group activities’. Based on these analysis results, suggestions to develop youth activity program are presented.

감사프로그램이 예비유아교사의 감사성향 · 자아존중감 · 학습동기 · 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향 : 예비유아교사 인성함양을 위한 감사프로그램 개발 및 적용

박희숙,김보영 한국인격교육학회 2024 인격교육 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study was to develop an appropriate audit program focused on nurturing the character traits of prospective early childhood teachers. To confirm the effectiveness of the developed gratitude program, we aimed to measure changes in gratitude tendency, self-esteem, learning motivation, and life satisfaction before and after implementing the program. To this end, an audit program was developed by analyzing previous research, identifying key components of audit programs, and validating them with input from experts. The developed audit program was implemented over 11 sessions during liberal arts classes attended by 63 early childhood education students at junior colleges in the metropolitan area from March 1, 2023 to June 30, 2023. A pre- and post-survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the implemented audit program, and the data collected from the survey underwent statistical analysis using a paired-sample test. The developed gratitude program yielded positive results, with improvements in the post-test scores of gratitude disposition, self-esteem, learning motivation, and life satisfaction of the prospective early childhood teachers. These results are significant for several reasons. The gratitude program developed in this study is noteworthy for its creation of an integrated cognitive-emotional-behavioral stage model. This model helps prospective early childhood teachers understand the value of gratitude and apply it in their academic lives. Furthermore, it is anticipated that this audit program will serve as foundational material for character education aimed at cultivating the character of prospective early childhood teachers.

산후마사지프로그램이 제왕절개술 산모의 스트레스 반응에 미치는 효과

이성희 ( Lee Sung Hee ) 한국간호과학회 2000 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol.30 No.2

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of a postpartum massage program on stress response in the Cesarean section mothers. The study focused on evaluating the effect of postpartum massage program on mood, anxiety, skin temperature and concentration of saliva and breast milk immunoglobulin A in the Cesarean section mothers. This study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. Twenty-eight Cesarean section mothers were selected as experimental group, whereas twenty- seven were control group. The postpartum massage program consisted of 20 minutes of warm-up, massage and ending phases and used once a day. During each program, there were 4 minutes of warm-up, 14 minutes of massage on back, axillary and breasts, and 2 minutes of ending. Massage were used for the experimental group by the same investigator 20 times per minute. The massage technique used were efflurage, petrissage, accupressure, kneading and vibration. Skin temperature was monitored with YSI Tele-thermometer(Simpson electric Co., USA) before and after massage program. The concentration of immunoglobulin A in saliva and breast milk was analyzed by immunoturbididimeter assay (Cobas INTEGRA, Roche, Swiss) before and after massage program. Also at this time mood and anxiety were measured by self-report. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 7.5 and hypothesis was tested with ANCOVA analysis and Pearson coefficient correlation. The results were as follows : 1) Score of mood increased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 2) Level of anxiety decreased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 3) Skin temperature increased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 4) Concentration of saliva immunoglobulin A increased significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 5) Concentration of breast milk immunoglobulin A did not change significantly after use of postpartum massage program. 6) After use of postpartum massage program, there was significant correlation between psychological stress response and physiological stress response. The results suggest that postpartum massage program can be effective nursing intervention to reduce stress response in the postpartum mothers under stress.

교과연계 국가자격증 비교과프로그램이 현장중심 직무역량과 맞춤형 취.창업역량간의 관계 연구

이철우(Lee Chul Woo),장원혁(Jang Won Hyuk),심재형(Sim Jae Hyeong) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.3

목적 본 연구는 최근 대학에서 활발히 논의되고 있는 교과연계 비교과프로그램을 통해 역량중심 기반 교육과정의 방향성과 교육지원체계를 확대 강화하기 위한 것이다. 기존연구와 다르게 역량기반 교과연계 비교과프로그램을 통해 비교과과정의 연계성을 체계적으로 분석한다는 차별성을 가지며, 최종적으로는 대학생의 현장중심 직무역량과 취⋅창업역량을 높이기 위해 효과적인 비교과프로그램 운영방안을 모색하고 역량기반 비교과프로그램의 성과모델을 제시하고자 한다. 방법 부산소재 K대학의 국가자격증 비교과프로그램을 이수한 재학생 975명을 대상으로 프로그램 만족도와 현장중심 직무역량, 맞춤형 취⋅창업역량 및 하위요인간의 관계를 분석하였다. 측정은 K대학에서 개발한 FOCUS 역량 진단도구(행동진술문 BARS)를 사용하였으며, 일반적 특성에 따른 평균차이 분석과 국가자격증 프로그램 효과성 검정을 위해 paired t-test를 실시했다. 국가자격증 프로그램과 현장중심 직무역량 및 맞춤형 취⋅창업역량간 영향관계를 규명하기 위해 상관분석 및 회귀분석을 실시했다. 분석은 SPSS ver.26.0 통계프로그램을 활용하였다. 결과 전공계열별로 국가자격증 프로그램 만족도와 연계된 역량에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 국가자격증 프로그램의 사전-사후 역량평가 결과 효과성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 국가자격증 프로그램 만족도는 현장중심 직무역량과 하위역량인 전공실무능력, 자기주도성에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 국가자격증 프로그램의 만족도가 높으면 맞춤형 취⋅창업역량과 하위역량인 진로설계능력에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으나 경력개발능력에는 유의하지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 결론 교과과정 연계 국가자격증 비교과프로그램 활성화를 통해 현장중심 직무역량과 맞춤형 취⋅창업역량을 높일 수 있으며, 프로그램에 참여한 학생들의 전공실무능력과 자기주도성, 진로설계능력을 높이는데 국가자격증 비교과프로그램의 지속적 운영이 중요함을 시사한다 하겠다. Objectives The purpose of this study is to expand and strengthen the direction of the competency-based curriculum and the educational support system through the subject-related extracurricular program that is being actively discussed in universities. Unlike previous studies, it has a differentiation in that it systematically analyzes the linkages of extracurricular courses through competency-based, subject-related extracurricular programs. Finally, in order to enhance the Field-training job competency and Specific customized job and start up competency of college students, it is intended to find an effective extracurricular program operation plan and to present a performance model of the competency-based extracurricular program. Methods The relationship between program satisfaction, Field training job competency and Specific customized job and start up competency, and sub-factors was analyzed for 975 students who completed the national qualification extracurricular program at K college in Busan. For measurement, the FOCUS competency diagnostic tool(behavioral statement BARS) developed by K college was used, and a paired t-test was performed to analyze the average difference according to general characteristics and to test the effectiveness of the national qualification extracurricular program. Regression analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to identify the impact relationship between the national qualification extracurricular program, Field training job competency and Specific customized job and start up competency. For analysis, SPSS ver.26.0 statistical program was used. Results There was a statistically significant difference in competency related to the satisfaction of the national qualification extracurricular program by major, and the effectiveness of the pre-post competency evaluation of the national qualification extracurricular program was confirmed. Satisfaction with the national qualification extracurricular program had a significant positive(+) effect on Field training job competency, sub-competence, major practical ability, and self-direction. When the satisfaction level of the national qualification extracurricular program was high, it was analyzed that it had a significant positive(+) effect on Specific customized job and start up competency and career design capability, which is a sub-competence, but was not significant on career development capability. Conclusions According to this study, by activating the national qualification extracurricular program, Field training job competency, and Specific customized job and start up competency can be increased.

소셜 빅데이터를 활용한 참여형 스포츠프로그램 인식 분석 : 코로나19 확산 이전과 이후의 소비자 인식변화를 중심으로

이희지(Lee, Hee Ji),김지훈(Kim, Ji Hoon),이준성(Lee, Joon Sung) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2022 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.27 No.3

본 연구는 소셜 빅데이터를 통해 참여형 스포츠프로그램에 대한 대중들의 인식을 파악하고 정책수립을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2018년 04월 01일부터 2022년 03월 31일까지 총 4년을 연구대상 기간으로 선정하였으며 ‘스포츠프로그램’을 키워드로 사용하여 네이버(Naver)와 다음(Daum)의 수집채널을 통해 빅데이터 자료를 수집하였다. 본 연구에서는 소셜 매트릭스 프로그램인 Textom과 Ucinet6.0을 활용하여 텍스트마이닝, TF-IDF, 감성분석, 연결중심성, 의미연결망분석, CONCOR 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 스포츠프로그램에 관련한 단어들 중 유사성을 가진 군집(스포츠복지 프로그램, 스포츠체험 프로그램, 생애주기별 맞춤형 스포츠프로그램, 학교스포츠 프로그램, 대상 맞춤형 스포츠프로그램, 실버스포츠 프로그램, 장애인스포츠 프로그램, 뉴스포츠 프로그램)을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 참여형 스포츠프로그램에 대한 국민들의 인식과 반응을 파악할 수 있었으며 스포츠프로그램 정책과 관련한 시사점 및 제언을 제시하였다. The current study aims to identify the public awareness of participatory sport programs and to provide preliminary data for the policy development by analyzing social big data. For the big data analysis, Naver and Daum were selected as data collection channels while employing ‘sport programs’ as a keyword. Moreover, the data collection period was from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2022, a total of four years. Text mining, TF-IDF, emotional analysis, connection degree centrality, semantic network analysis, and CONCOR analysis were conducted using social matrix programs TEXTOM and Ucinet6.0. As a result of the analysis, clusters having similarities among words related to sport programs (sport welfare program, sport experience program, sport program customized by life cycle, school sport program, sport program customized by target, silver sport program, sport for the disabled program, and new sport program) were identified. Results showed perceptions and responses of the general public to sport programs, and these results provide several implications regarding future policy development for sport programs.

체질에 맞는 명상 프로그램(β-버전)을 구안하기 위한 탐색적 고찰

김병수(Kim, Byeong-Soo),박성식(Park, Seong-Sik),김지환(Kim, Ji-Hwan) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2016 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.75

본 연구는 체질에 맞는 명상프로그램을 구안하기 위해서 2014년 3월 20일~2014년 6월 18일 OO대학 OO학과 재학생 83명을 대상으로 명상프로그램 α-버전의 심리적ㆍ신체적 만족도에 영향을 미치는 명상 방법적 요인을 탐색하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 명상프로그램 β-버전을 구안 할 경우 제안할 점은 다음과 같다. 먼저, 심리적 변화 측면을 목적으로 한다면, 소음인의 경우 명상방법 관련 요인이 명상프로그램 α-버전의 심리적 반응에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났기 때문에, 명상프로그램 β-버전을 구안 시 기존 명상프로그램 α-버전이 반영하지 못한 소음인의 특성을 파악하여 새롭게 구성해야 할 것이다. 소양인의 경우 호흡명상의 효과를 극대화 하는 차원에서 동작명상과 이완명상을 추가한 호흡명상 중심의 명상프로그램 β-버전 구안을 제안해 본다. 태음인의 경우 이완명상의 효과를 극대화 하는 차원에서 동작명상과 호흡명상을 추가한 이완명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있다. 다음으로, 신체적 변화 중 신체적 편안함을 목적으로 한다면, 소음인의 경우 이완명상의 효과를 극대화 하는 차원에서 동작명상과 호흡명상을 추가한 이완명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있다. 소양인의 경우 몸의 이완과 기의 순환 측면을 목적으로 할 때는 호흡명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있고, 몸의 편함을 목적으로 할 때는 동작명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있다. 태음인의 경우 신체적 변화 중 몸의 이완 측면에서는 이완명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있고, 몸의 편함과 기의 순환을 목적으로 할 때는 동작명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 신체적 편안함 중 통증 완화를 목적으로 한다면, 소음인과 태음인의 경우 동작명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안할 수 있다. 반면에 소양인의 경우 호흡명상 중심의 명상프로그램을 구안 할 수 있다. This study explored the methodological factors of meditation which influence the degree of physical and psychological satisfaction of α-version meditation program for the purpose of designing meditation program suitable for constitution. This study was conducted with 83 participants who undertake undergraduate courses in OO department of OO University during 20 March to 18 June in 2014. The findings of the study have drawn the following suggestions that can be applied to design of β-version meditation program. Firstly, the findings of the study indicate that the factor related to meditation method has no significant influence on psychological reaction of the α-version, in case of Soeumin. Therefore if the program is intended to focus on the perspective of psychological changes, β-version is required to be designed to adopt the characteristics of Soeumin which were not properly reflected in α-version by identifying it. In case of Soyangin, it is suggested that β-version should be designed to focus on a breathing meditation by adding a movement meditation and a relax meditation to the α-version for maximizing the effect of breathing meditation. In case of Taeeumin, it is suggested that β-version should be designed to focus on a relax meditation by adding a movement meditation and a breathing meditation to the α-version for maximizing the effect of relax meditation. Secondly, if the program is intended to focus on physical comfort rather than other physical changes, the meditation program would be designed with focus on a relax meditation by adding a movement meditation and a breathing meditation for maximizing the effect of a relax meditation, in case of Soeumin. In case of Soyangin, the meditation program can be designed with focus on a breathing meditation for the purpose of enhancing bodys relaxation and Kis circulation, whereas the meditation program can be designed with focus on a movement meditation for the purpose of physical comfort. In case of Taeeumin, the meditation program can be designed with focus on a relax meditation from the perspective of bodys relaxation among physical changes, whereas the meditation program can be designed with focus on a movement meditation for the purpose of bodys comfort and Kis circulation. Finally, if the purpose is to relieve the body pain rather than other physical comfort, a movement meditation-focused program can be designed in case of Soeumin and Taeeumin, whereas a breathing meditation-focused program can be designed in case of Soyangin.