행정학을 중심으로 본 빅데이터와 경험적 현상학적 접근을 통한 빅데이터 활용 제고

김선영 한국지방정부학회 2020 지방정부연구 Vol.24 No.1

This study examined the use of big data in Public Administration, a study field that emphasizes practicality among various research fields of social science. First of all, based on the understanding of the academic meaning of public administration, this study reviewed the use of big data in public administration. And then, to improve the academic practicality, it is presented an empirical phenomenological approach as a method for understanding the meaning from using big data. This seems like a critical discussion of empirical research based on positivism in public administration but a study with using big data differs in that it can automate simple administration procedures and administrative services through using the big data. The research using big data is grafted onto an empirical phenomenological approach is as follows. Above all, the unfiltered big data set is premised as a living society in the phenomenological perspective. And then, because a researcher selects the research group from groups that experience a same social phenomenon in a society depending on the research question and aim in a study with an empirical phenomenological method same like that a researcher filters the big data set and designs research approach depending on the research purpose in a positive study through using big data, by putting the two processes on the same line the researcher understands and interprets the use of big data through an empirical phenomenological approach. Finally, this study suggested a procedure of a study with using big data through an empirical phenomenological approach consisting of meaning unit analysis, contextual and general structuring process from describing the analysis result of filtered big data based on positivism on the certain phenomena in a society.

고려상품군을 반영한 준거가격효과의 모형화:Empirical Bayes & Latent Class Approach

장광필 한국마케팅학회 2006 아시아마케팅저널 Vol.8 No.1

A couple of previous studies have warned against the use of homogeneous choice models in assessing the effect of reference price since unaccounted for response heterogeneity may result in spurious reference price effects(Chang, Siddarth and Weinberg 1999; Bell and Lattin 2000). According to Meyer and Kahn(1991), not accounting for consideration set heterogeneity may also bias the effect parameters in the choice model. Therefore, failure to account for these two sources of bias, in fact, have cast doubt on the empirical support for reference price effects in general. In view of aforementioned potential sources of bias, the author investigates the robustness of loss aversion effect in the reference-dependent model after accounting for heterogeneity in response as well as consideration set. The proposed model defines individual household's consideration set based on the posterior distribution of preference obtained from the Empirical Bayes approach. In addition, the same posterior distribution is used to form household-specific reference prices. Response heterogeneity correction is carried out via the Latent Class approach. The proposed model outperforms the Reference-Dependent model that includes the reference price measure most often employed in the previous studies. This implies that as a way of simplifying decision task, consumers restrict their consideration set to a subset of available brands not only in making a brand choice but also in forming reference prices. 다양한 선행연구에서 준거가격효과는 실증적 지지를 받아온 것이 사실이다. 그러나 대부분의 선행연구에서 간과된 부분은 설명되지 않은 소비자 반응의 이질성이 준거가격에 반영되어 실재하지 않는 효과가 마치 유의한 것으로 나타날 수도 있다는 것이다(Chang, Siddarth, and Weinberg 1999; Bell and Lattin 2000). 또 다른 차원의 이질성으로서, 고려상표군의 이질성이 반영되지 않을 경우 모델에 포함된 변수의 모수추정치에 왜곡현상이 나타날 수 있음을 Meyer and Kahn(1991)이 지적한 바 있다. 이러한 선행연구의 문제점을 고려하여 이 연구에서는 반응의 이질성과 고려상표군의 이질성을 모두 반영한 모델을 적용함으로써 보다 정확한 준거가격효과의 추정을 시도하였다. 또한 소비자별 고려상표군의 이질성을 반영한 준거가격 측정치를 새롭게 제안하여 검증하고자 하였다. 실증분석결과, 제안된 준거가격 측정치가 선행연구에서 사용한 측정치에 비해 모델적합도와 예측타당성을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 준거가격 형성과정에도 고려상표군의 이질성이 반영됨을 실증하는 것이다. 고려상표군의 이질성이 반영될 경우, 선행연구의 준거가격 측정치에 비해서, 제안된 준거가격 측정치의 평균이 높게 나타났으며, 표준편차는 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구에서 제안된 측정치의 실제적인 적용 측면을 본다면, Greenleaf(1995)의 연구에서처럼, 최적의 가격정책이 손실회피(loss aversion)의 크기, 즉, 준거의존(reference-dependent) 모델상의 준거가격에 의존한다면 제안된 측정치가 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 최대화해야 할 이익함수에 포함된 준거가격 측정치의 정확성이 최적가격결정을 좌우하기 때문이다. 따라서, 준거가격모델에 근거하여 최적가격을 추정할 경우, 모델자체에 고려상표군과 반응의 이질성을 반영할 뿐만 아니라, 준거가격 측정치 또한 고려상표군의 이질성을 반영하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

독일 내재적 접근의 한국적 수용과 오해 -북한연구에 대한 함의-

이국영 평화문제연구소 2008 통일문제연구 Vol.20 No.2

This article aims to critically review misperception on immanent approach that Song Doo-Yul had introduced as a new approach of North Korea Studies in 1988, in terms of semantic analysis and methodology. Thus, the primary purpose of the work is not only to rectify equivocal vocabulary that Song had heedlessly interpreted, but also to think better of immanent approach in North Korea Studies. Firstly, Song may fall in etymologic inaccuracy that had not made a distinction between ``transzendental`` and ``transznedent`` in the German language: Song had contrasted ``immanent`` with ``transzendental``, but semantically ``tranzendent`` rather than ``transzendental``. So to speak, theantonym of ``immanent`` is not external, but ``transcendent`` in English. Secondly, Immanent approach that presented in South Korea has made a false representation of its meanings and subject matters in terms of approach. In this regard, Song``s works could not help being insufficient owing to lack of references and adequate understanding to immanent approach. Finally, many researches wrapped around immanent approach can be quasi-totalitarian approach as a transmitted form in terms of the classification of approach. Because it is exhausting in internal disputesthat researchers shall tell ``immanent`` from ``transcendent``, the works that reclassifies approaches are an unproductive endeavor. Different theorists, however, need to reflect what they are doing. As a authority cited, North Korea Studies in South Korea must reconsider meta-theoretical approach: Ontological-Normative, Empiricalanalytical, Dialectical-Critical. In brief, this request may be confuted as eurocentric or German-centric, but it is convinced that meta-theoretical deliberation should be the only alternatives to surmount underdeveloped tendency of the theory in North Korea Studies.

Developing and Validating Empirically-Derived Diagnostic Descriptors in ESL Academic Writing

Youn-Hee Kim 아시아영어교육학회 2019 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.16 No.3

Despite the increasing interest in and need for developing empirical and diagnostic assessment schemes in L2 assessment and testing, very little research has been devoted to it. The literature in this area is scant, and only a handful of studies (e.g., Fulcher, 1993; Knoch, 2009; North & Schneider, 1998; Upshur & Turner, 1995) have attempted to explore such possibility. In response to this need for research, this two-phase study developed and validated empirically-derived diagnostic descriptors for use in small-scale classroom assessment in English as a second language (ESL) academic writing. In Phase 1, descriptors that are relevant to the construct of ESL academic writing were developed, and in Phase 2, the use of the descriptors was validated through the multiple analyses. The results indicated that 35 empirically-derived descriptors addressed all aspects of ESL writing skills, including content fulfillment, organizational effectiveness, grammatical knowledge, vocabulary use, and mechanics. In addition, teachers were able to use the descriptors in a consistent manner. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of an empirical approach to assessment scheme development, and underscore the importance of its use for diagnostic purposes.

영제국에 대한 식민주의와 반식민주의 논쟁과 ‘균형적 접근’과 탈식민주의 교육

강선주 조선대학교 국제문화연구원 2024 국제문화연구 Vol.17 No.2

This article has examined the issues of imperial defence and imperial criticism of the British Empire and how it is actually taught in the UK. Mainstream British historians characterise the British Empire as a violent and aggressive imperialism, arguing that the land confiscation, slavery, genocide and oppression it perpetrated in its colonies should be properly assessed. However, the British public perception is different. Over 30 per cent of Britons are nostalgic for the British Empire, believing that it made a significant contribution to the development of the colonies. Fewer criticise and shame the British Empire for its misdeeds. The challenge for imperialists is to emphasise the British Empire's contribution to world history in the context of political change and economic development in its former colonies. There is a growing movement in history education to teach a ‘balanced’ view of the British Empire, both its positive and negative aspects. The idea of teaching the British Empire in a ‘balanced’ way is to ensure that it is not seen only through the eyes of its critics.

Developing and Validating Empirically-Derived Diagnostic Descriptors in ESL Academic Writing

김연희 아시아테플 2019 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.16 No.3

Despite the increasing interest in and need for developing empirical and diagnostic assessment schemes in L2 assessment and testing, very little research has been devoted to it. The literature in this area is scant, and only a handful of studies (e.g., Fulcher, 1993; Knoch, 2009; North & Schneider, 1998; Upshur & Turner, 1995) have attempted to explore such possibility. In response to this need for research, this two-phase study developed and validated empirically-derived diagnostic descriptors for use in small-scale classroom assessment in English as a second language (ESL) academic writing. In Phase 1, descriptors that are relevant to the construct of ESL academic writing were developed, and in Phase 2, the use of the descriptors was validated through the multiple analyses. The results indicated that 35 empirically-derived descriptors addressed all aspects of ESL writing skills, including content fulfillment, organizational effectiveness, grammatical knowledge, vocabulary use, and mechanics. In addition, teachers were able to use the descriptors in a consistent manner. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of an empirical approach to assessment scheme development, and underscore the importance of its use for diagnostic purposes.

교차로 신호위반 단속카메라 설치가 차량사고에 미치는 영향

이상혁,이용두,도명식 대한교통학회 2012 대한교통학회지 Vol.30 No.6

The frequency and severity of traffic accidents related to signalized intersections in urban areas have been more serious than those in both arterial segments and crosswalks. Especially, traffic accidents involved with injuries and fatalities have caused by traffic signal violations within intersections. Therefore, many countries including Korea have installed the red light enforcement camera (RLE) to reduce traffic accidents associated with the traffic signal violation. Meanwhile, many methodologies have been studied in terms of safety impacts estimation of red light enforcement, which, however, cannot be easy to conduct. In this study, safety impacts was estimated for intersections of Chicago downtown area using SPF models and EB approach. As a result, for all crash types and target traffic accident types such as “angle”, “rear end”, “sideswipe in the same and other directions”, “turn”, and “head on”, fatal crashes were reduced by 26% and 38%. However, RLE may increase property-demage-onlycrashes by 3.23% and 1.16%, respectively. 도시지역의 교통사고 중 교차로와 관련한 교통사고가 교통사고 건수와 교통사고 심각도에서 가로구간이나 횡단보도 관련 교통사고에 비해 높게 나타나고 있다. 특히 교차로에서 신호위반으로 인한 교통사고는 다른 교통사고유형과는 달리 중상과 경상에 관련된 교통사고비율이 높은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이에 우리나라는 물론이고 많은 외국에서 신호위반으로 인한 교차로 교통사고를 줄이기 위하여 교차로 신호위반 단속카메라를 설치하고 있다. 이와 더불어교차로 신호위반 단속카메라의 교통사고 감소에 미치는 효용에 대한 연구가 계속 이루어지고 있으나 신호위반 단속카메라만의 효과를 분석하기란 쉽지가 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 미국 Illinois주 Chicago시의 다운타운의 교차로관련 데이터를 이용하여 SPF모형을 개발하고 개발된 모형을 활용하여 EB방법으로 교차로 신호위반 단속카메라의효용에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 목표로 지정한 교통사고 유형(측면직각추돌, 후방추돌, 같은 방향 측면추돌,반대 방향 측면추돌, 회전시 추돌, 그리고 정면충돌)과 전체 교통사고유형 모두가 교차로 신호위반 단속카메라의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 전반적으로 신호위반 단속카메라 사망사고가 약 26% 감소한 것으로 나타났으며, 전체사고는 5.49% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대물교통사고의 경우 3.23% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 목표로한 사고유형에 대한 교통사고효과 분석에서는 사망사고는 약 38% 감소한 것으로 나타났으며 전체 사고의 경우1.46% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대물교통사고의 경우 1.16% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

1618년 혜성에 대한 근대 초 독일인들의 인식— 혜성의 상징적 의미에 대한 고찰 —

황대현 수선사학회 2022 사림 Vol.- No.80

The comets that suddenly appeared and crossed the night sky were mysterious phenomena as well as natural incidents for the early modern Europeans. Aristotle’s meteorological theory that was closely connected with his dichotomous cosmology and had decisively affected the European perceptions of comets since the ancient era encountered a serious challenge in the sixteenth century. In 1577, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe demonstrated through empirical-quantitative observation and calculation that the comets must be not sublunary meteorological phenomena, but superlunary celestial bodies, and therefore posed a serious problem for the paradigm of the invariability of the celestial sphere. A series of comets of 1618 that motivated many Protestant authors in Germany to write pamphlets on the theme were considered omens indicating imminent catastrophes like a devastating war. Although these comets were the first to be observed through a telescope in the history of astronomy, the new images of special celestial bodies acquired through modern observational instrument could not yet replace the old symbolism. One of the most interesting incidents regarding the symbolic implications of the comets of 1618 was the so-called ‘Ulmer comets debate’, which was inspired by the eschatological interpretation of Ulmer mathematician J. Faulhaber. His millenarian opinion was criticized by both intellectuals and ministers of the city who regarded the comets as sign of God’s punishments, which could be reversible through believers’ tears of repentance.

경험적 접근과 지각 내용

한우진(Han, Woo-Jin) 새한철학회 2019 哲學論叢 Vol.95 No.1

전도 문제는 하나의 지각에 대응하는 복수의 외부 자극 중에서 지각자는 무엇이 실재인지 구분할 수 없다는 문제이다. 이를 심각하게 여긴 퍼브스(Purves, D.)는 지각 내용이 외부대상이 아니라 누적된 내적 지각의 빈도에 의해 결정된다는 경험적 접근을 제안했다. 워타치(Wojtach, W.)는 이를 목적론적 표상 이론에 접목하여 경험 외재론으로 발전시켰다. 그에 따르면, 오표상이란 없으며 유기체는 성공적인 행위를 위해 높은 빈도로 나타났던 외부 자극에 대응하는 내적 표상을 만들어 낸다. 그러나 표상 이론가들은 오표상 없는 표상이론을 용인하지 않을 것이다. 본 연구는 퍼브스의 경험적 접근을 적절히 반영하는 대안으로서 간접 외재론을 제안한다. 경험 외재론은 특정 지각 내용과 높은 빈도의 외부 자극을 인과적으로 연결하는 표상 개념을 가정한다. 반면에 간접 외재론은 특정 지각 내용이 직접적으로는 누적된 내부 지각의 영향으로 결정되며, 자주 나타났던 외부 환경은 특정 지각이 아니라 내부 지각의 역사성에 기여함으로써 지각 내용에 간접적인 영향을 미친다고 주장한다. The inverse (optics) problem means that a perceiver cannot discriminate what correctly corresponds to her perception among multiple distal stimuli. Taking it seriously, Purves proposed an empirical approach that perceptual content is determined not by external objects but by the frequency of accumulated internal perceptions. Wojtach presents empirical externalism which combines Purves’ empirical approach and a teleological theory of representation. According to him, there is no misrepresentation, and a perceiver creates an internal representation which corresponds to the most frequent distal stimulus. However, theorists of representation would not endorse an explanation which denies misrepresentation. This study aims to supply indirect externalism as an alternative to empirical externalism. Indirect externalism is different from empirical externalism in that it does not assume representation that causally connects particular perceptual content to the most frequent distal stimulus. Instead, indirect externalism, which appropriately reflects empirical approach, argues that an individual perception is directly determined by accumulated internal perceptions, while the environment that has been frequently met by a perceiver indirectly affects perceptual content by contributing to the history of internal perceptions.

Development of methodology for design of grade slab using numerical approach

M.K. Sharma,s. Dauji,P.K. Srivastava,K. Bhargavaa 아시아콘크리트학회 2021 Journal of Asian Concrete Federation Vol.7 No.1

Presently, the design of grade slab for heavy industrial floors is generally carried out by empirical approaches, as provided in different national or international literature. With advances in numerical methods and computational resources, efforts have been made to apply numerical approaches in analysis of grade slab or pavements; however, such applications have been primarily restricted to the research area. For practical industrial implementation, numerical analysis methodology for design of grade slab is scarce in literature. In this article, a methodology for analysis of grade slab for practical design is developed with parametric analysis using commercial finite element software SAP2000® . The results are compared with empirical approaches for validation. The method proposed would be useful for practicing engineers for the design of grade slabs using numerical analysis.