한국사 서술에서 근현대 사진의 史料化 과정과 그 한계- 한국사 개설서와 교과서를 중심으로 -

김태웅 서울역사편찬원 2021 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.109

이 논문은 한반도 주민들이 최초의 피사체로 촬영된 1871년 신미양요 이래 필름 시대를 거쳐 오늘날 디지털 사진 시대에 이르기까지 개별 사진과 사진집의 사진이 사료화 과정을 거쳐 한국사 개설서와 교과서 등 국사 교재에 수록되는 양상을 고찰한다. 사진은 19세기 중엽 발명된 이래 예술 사진은 물론 기록 사진으로서 점차 활용되기 시작했다. 사진이 일상생활은 물론 역사적 사건도 시각적으로 생생하게 전달한다는 강점을 지니고 있기 때문이다. 특히 제국주의는 자신의 지배 욕망을 사진에 투사하여 식민지・반식민지의 주민을 문명과 야만의 이분법적 시각에 가둘뿐더러 자신의 지배를 정당화하는 데 사진을 적극 활용했다. 따라서 이들 제국주의 국가와 사진 관련 종사자들은 상업용 사진과 함께 정치선전용 사진이나 사진집을 대량으로 생산하고 제작하여 제국의 위광을 드높이고 이윤을 추구하였다. 나아가 식민 통치를 정당화하고 식민지 민중의 내면세계를 체제 내로 포섭하기 위해 일반 사진집을 제작하는 단계를 넘어 각종 개설서와 교과서에 사진을 수록하기 시작하였다. 물론 사진 제판 비용의 고가로 인해 제약이 따랐다. 아직 사진 촬영과 인화, 제판이 만만치 않은 비용을 소요했기 때문이다. 이러한 사정은 일본제국주의가 물러간 1945년 8월 이후에도 크게 바뀌지 않았다. 정치선전물로서 사진은 주목되었지만 당시 인쇄시설과 기술 수준의 미흡으로 국사개설서나 교과서에 수록하기에는 비용이 만만치 않았기 때문이다. 따라서 정부가 정치선전물로서 사진을 활용하는 경우가 종종 있어 왔으나 한국사 개설서나 국사교과서에서는 적극 활용되지 않았다. 더욱이 사진에 대한 무관심으로 인해 근대 사진이 별로 수집되지 않았고 정보조차 불명확하여 적극 활용하는 데는 애로가 따랐다. 그러나 1990년대 초반 역사의 대중화가 본격화되면서 일부 연구자와 민간출판사가 협업하여 사진과 그림을 통해 역사를 재미있고 생생하게 읽을 수 있는 개설서들을 개발하기 시작했다. 나아가 사진이 사료화 과정을 거쳐 사료로써 활용되기 시작하였다. 다만 사진 집성 열기에 비해 사진에 대한 사료 비판이 수반되지 않음으로써 오류가 시정되지 않고 반복되기 일쑤였다. 이러한 한계는 작업 공정의 복잡함과 고비용으로 소량 생산되는 필름 사진 시대에서 공정의 단순함과 저비용으로 대량 생산되는 디지털 사진 시대로 전환하였음에도 여전히 극복되지 못하고 있었다. 21세기에 들어와 디지털 시대가 도래함과 함께 무수한 정체불명의 기록사진들이 급속하게 대량으로 생산되고 유통되고 있다. 그러나 대다수 사진들은 아키비스트와 역사연구자의 손길을 기다리고 있다. 또한 정체 불명 사진들이 사료 비판과 고증을 거치지 않은 채, 가짜 뉴스를 뒷받침하는 증거물로 악용되고 있다. 출처의 확인과 대조를 통한 확증, 촬영의 역사적・사회적 맥락 등을 비롯한 각종 정보 사항의 정확한 등재가 가능할 때 사진에 대한 신뢰도가 제고되고 활용 범위가 넓어질 것이다. 사진이 사료로써 적극 활용되기 위해서는 이러한 작업이 선행되어야 한다. This paper examines the aspects of individual photos and photographs of photobooks being included in Korean history textbooks through the process of historicization from the film era to the digital photography era. Since its invention in the mid-19th century, photography has gradually begun to be used as a recording photograph as well as art photography. This is because photography has the strength of delivering not only daily life but also historical events visually. In particular, imperialism not only used photographs to project its desire for domination and trap the residents of colonial and semi-colonial lands in a dichotomous view of civilization and barbarism, but also actively used photographs to justify its domination. Therefore, these imperialist countries and photo-related workers produced and produced large quantities of photos and photo books exclusively for political propaganda along with commercial photos, raising the prestige of the empire and pursuing profits. Furthermore, in order to justify colonial rule and embrace the inner world of the colonial people within the system, photos were included in various general books beyond the stage of producing general photo books. Of course, there were restrictions due to the high cost of making photographs. This is because photography, printing, and photoengraving still cost a lot of money. This situation has not changed significantly since August 1945, when Japanese imperialism retreated. Photographs were noted as a political propaganda, but it was expensive to include them in national history books or textbooks due to the lack of printing facilities and technology at the time. Therefore, although the government has often used photographs as a political propaganda, they have not been actively used in Korean history books or national history textbooks. Moreover, due to indifference to photography, modern photographs were not collected much, and even information was unclear, so it was difficult to actively utilize them. However, as the popularization of history began in earnest in the early 1990s, some researchers and private publishers began to collaborate to develop opening books that could read history fun and vividly through photos and paintings. Furthermore, photographs began to be used as historical material through the process of historicization. However, compared to the photo collection fever, errors were often repeated without correction because there was no criticism of the photo. This limitation has not been overcome even though it has shifted from the era of film photography produced in small quantities at high cost and complexity of the work process to the era of digital photography produced in large quantities at low cost. With the advent of the digital era in the 21st century, countless unidentified recording photos are rapidly being produced and distributed in large quantities. However, most of the photos are waiting for the touch of the archivist and historical researcher. In addition, unidentified photos are being abused as evidence to support ‘fake news’ without going through criticism and historical evidence. When it is possible to accurately register various information items, including confirmation and contrast of sources, historical and social contexts of photography, reliability of photography will be improved and the scope of use will be expanded. In order to use photographs actively as historical material, these tasks must be preceded.

소비자혁신성에 따른 이용동기와 이용의도와의 관계 연구

정찬구(Jung, Chan-Koo),정진도(Chung, Jin-Do) 한국산학기술학회 2008 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.9 No.1

본 연구에서는 디지털사진의 등장과 더불어 변화하는 시장 환경에 대응하기 위한 새로운 비즈니스 모델 구축을 위해 이용충족이론과 기술수용모텔을 적용하여 소바자혁신성에 따른 디지털사진 이용동기와 디지털사진 인화서 비스의 이용의도와의 관계모형과 가설을 설정하였다. 이에 대한 연구결과는 첫째, 혁신성과 이용풍기와의 관계모형에서는 혁신성이 오락성, 사회성, 경제성에 정적인 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 둘째, 혁신성과 이용의도와의 관계모형에서는 혁신성이 이용의도에 정적인 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 이용동기와 이용의도와의 관계모형에서는 편리성, 오락성, 경제성, 사회성이 이용의도에 정적인 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. This study set up a relational model and an assumption concerning how consumer innovativeness could affect the usage motive of digital photos and the usage intention of digital photo printing service, by utilizing the theory of Uses and Gratification(U&G) and Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) so as to cope with the changes in market environment and to construct a new business model. The results for the study were as below. First, innovativeness had a positive effect on convenience, entertaining element and sociality in the relational model of overall innovativeness and usage motive of digital photos. Second, it has been noted that innovativeness had a positive effect on the usage intention of digital photo printing service in the relational model between overall innovativeness and its usage intention. Third, it has been demonstrated that convenience, entertaining element, economic feasibility and sociality had a positive effect on its usage intention in the relational model between overall usage motive of digital photos and the usage intention of digital printing service.

대학생들의 디지털 사진에 관한 Q 방법론적 연구 -디지털 사진 관련 과목 수강생들을 중심으로-

정일형 ( Il Hyoung Chung ) 한국사진학회 2010 AURA Vol.0 No.22

This study examined the structure of digital photo users` subjectivity by focusing on their beliefs, values, and attitudes with Q methodology. After constituting 36 Q samples and 41 P samples, data were collected from November 2, 2009 to 13th. There are 3 types of subjectivity structures showed by PC QUANL program. The types are "the digital technology seeking type", "the digital convenience seeking type", and "analog photos seeking type". These types of users actively accept the positive aspects, while they denying the negative aspects of digital photos. Then these findings applied to educating digital photos and advertising digital camera in the future. And I hope these study continues in various digital pictures and camera industries.

디지털 시대 사진이미지의 존재론:사진인덱스와 시뮬라크르

홍창호(Hong, Chang Ho) 한국미술교육학회 2021 美術敎育論叢 Vol.35 No.3

본 연구는 오늘날 디지털 시대에 새롭게 진화하는 사진의 존재의미를 기존의 사진해석 담론인 사진인덱스론과 해체적 사유와 맞닿아 있는 시뮬라크르‘ 개념을 중심으로 접점을 찾아봄으로써 디지털 사진의 존재론을 정초하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 사진인덱스론은 70년대 전개된 사진담론으로 모더니즘의 흐름을 후기구조주의적 인식의 틀로 전환시킨 사진해석론이다. 더불어 디지털 매체에 의한 디지털 사진이미지의 가상성을 둘러쌓고 있는 해체담론의 주된 이론으로 시뮬라크르론을 논의할 것이다. 이를 통해 오늘날 아날로그 사진의 혼돈과 위기에 어떠한 의미를 확보할 수 있으며 디지털 사진이 지닌 새로운 존재론의 가능성을 가늠해보고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to focus on the existence of digital photography by finding a point of contact with the Simulacre theory, which is in contact with the existing photographic interpretation discourse, the photographic index, and the dismantling reason. Photo-Index theory is a photographic analysis that transformed the trend of modernism into a framework of post-structuralism with photographic discourse developed in the 1970s. Simulacre will also be discussed as the main theory of dissolution discourse surrounding the virtuality of digital photographic images by digital media. Through this, we can secure some meaning to the chaos and crisis of analog photography today, and we want to assess the possibility of a new ontology of digital photography.

자연광원(自然光源) 분석을 통한 Multi- Digital Lighting 적용과 3D-Photo Realism 출력(出力)에 관한 연구

엄영식 한국일러스아트학회 2010 조형미디어학 Vol.13 No.2

This paper is about the advanced digital technology of digital composition and application of digital lighting for the realization of ultimate reality in three-dimensional virtual reality. In order to print out ultimately realistic 3-D images, a logical analysis and observations on natural light sources are necessary. Based on the analysis and observations, 3-D lighting for the print-out of the ultimate reality becomes materialized, making the ultimately realistic images possible through the process of final composition. Photo images or video images, which have gone through the step-by-step processes, will give more realistic virtual reality to movies, TVs, and games. 본 논문은 가상 3D상에서 극사실적 표현을 수행하기위한 디지털 라이팅(Digital Lighting) 적용과 디지털컴파지팅(Digital-Compositing)의 보다 진보적인 디지털기술에 관한 내용이다. 극 사실적 3D이미지를 출력(出力)하기위해서는 자연광원(自然光源)에 대한 논리적인 분석과 관찰을 필요로 한다. 이를 바탕으로 극 사실 출력을 위한 3D상의 Lighting을 구현하는 기반이 되며, 최종 Composition(합성)을 통하여 극사실적 이미지를 구현한다. 단계적인 프로세스를 거친 이미지 또는 영상은 영화, TV 및 게임 등의 실제적인 현장감을 더해 줄 것이다.

항공사진을 이용한 DEM 제작에 관한 연구

박충선 ( Park Chung-sun ),이광률 ( Lee Gwang-ryul ) 한국지형학회 2018 한국지형학회지 Vol.25 No.3

This study estimates possibility and limitation on production of DEM using aerial photo by comparison of DEMs using aerial photo and digital map. Mountain and urban areas show higher elevation in DEM using aerial photo than in DEM using digital map, due to height of vegetation cover and buildings, respectively. However, artificial affects due to bridge, embankment and road construction are responsible for areas with higher elevation in DEM using digital map than in DEM using aerial photo. This difference in elevation between DEMs seems to be caused by rapid change in real elevation that is not reflected in digital map. There is little difference in elevation between DEMs in plain and area with little or no vegetation cover. This study suggests that problems associated with vegetation cover and error by GCP should be fixed, although DEM using aerial photo can quantitatively and 3-dimensionally reconstruct topography with a high resolution.

디지털 홀로그램 현미경을 이용한 위상차 포토마스크 결함 측정

조형준,임진웅,김두철,유영훈,신상훈,Cho, Hyung-Jun,Lim, Jin-Woong,Kim, Doo-Cheol,Yu, Young-Hun,Shin, Sang-Hoon 한국광학회 2007 한국광학회지 Vol.18 No.5

디지털 홀로그래피 현미경을 이용하여 반도체 공정에 사용되는 위상차 포토마스크의 결함을 측정하였다. 이러한 위상차 포토마스크는 위상차를 이용하여 반도체 문양을 만들기 때문에 일반 현미경으로는 패턴을 알 수 없을 뿐 아니라 위상마스크의 결함은 더욱더 찾기 어렵다. 디지털 홀로그래피 현미경을 이용하면 한 장의 홀로그램을 이용하여 위상차 포토마스크의 3차원 구조와 결함을 동시에 측정할 수 있다.

머신러닝과 KSCA를 활용한 디지털 사진의 색 분석 -한국 자연 풍경 낮과 밤 사진을 중심으로-

권희은,구자준 성균관대학교 트랜스미디어연구소 2022 트랜스- Vol.12 No.-

This study investigates the methods for deriving colors which can serve as a reference to users such as designers and or contents creators who search for online images from the web portal sites using specific words for color planning and more. Two experiments were conducted in order to accomplish this. Digital scenery photoswithin the geographic scope of Korea were downloaded from web portal sites, and those photos were studied to find out what colors were used to describe daytime and nighttime. Machine learning was used as the study methodology to classify colors in daytime and nighttime, and KSCA was used to derive the color frequency ofdaytime and nighttime photos and to compare and analyze the two results. The results of classifying the colors of daytime and nighttime photos using machine learning show that, when classifying the colors by 51~100%, the area of daytime colors was approximately 2.45 times greater than that of nighttime colors. The colors of the daytime class were distributed by brightness with white as its center, while that of the nighttime class was distributed with black as its center. Colors that accounted for over 70% of the daytime class were 647, those over 70% of the nighttime class were 252, and the rest (31-69%) were 101. The number of colors in the middle area was low, while other colors were classified relatively clearly into day and night. The resulting color distributions in the daytime and nighttime classes were able to provide the borderline color values of the two classes that are classified by brightness. As a result of analyzing the frequency of digital photos using KSCA, colors around yellow were expressed in generally bright daytime photos, while colors around blue value were expressed in dark night photos. For frequency of daytime photos, colors on the upper 40% had low chroma, almost being achromatic. Also, colors that are close to white and black showed the highest frequency, indicating a large difference in brightness. Meanwhile, for colors with frequency from top 5 to 10, yellow green was expressed darkly, and navy blue was expressed brightly, partially composing a complex harmony. When examining the color band, various colors, brightness, and chroma including light blue, achromatic colors, and warm colors were shown, failing to compose a generally harmonious arrangement of colors. For the frequency of nighttime photos, colors in approximately the upper 50% are dark colors with a brightness value of 2 (Munsell signal). In comparison, the brightness of middle frequency (50-80%) is relatively higher (brightness values of 3-4), and the brightness difference of various colors was large in the lower 20%. Colors that are not cool colors could be found intermittently in the lower 8% of frequency. When examining the color band, there was a general harmonious arrangement of colors centered on navy blue. As the results of conducting the experiment using two methods in this study, machine learning could classify colors into two or more classes, and could evaluate how close an image was with certain colors to a certain class. This method cannot be used if an image cannot be classified into a certain class. The result of such color distribution would serve as a reference when determining how close a certain color is to one of the two classes when the color is used as a dominant color in the base or background color of a certain design. Also, when dividing the analyzed images into several classes, even colors that have not beenused in the analyzed image can be determined to find out how close they are to a certain class according to the color distribution properties of each class. Nevertheless, the results cannot be used to find out whether a specific color was used in the class and by how much it was used. To investigate such an issue, frequency analysis was conducted using KSCA. The color frequency could be measured within the range of images used in the experiment. The resulting valu...

디지털항공사진영상을 이용한 객체기반 토지피복분류

이현직(Lee Hyun Jik),유지호(Lu Ji Ho),김상연(Kim Sang Youn) 대한공간정보학회 2011 대한공간정보학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Since existing thematic maps have been made with medium- to low-resolution satellite images, they have several shortcomings including low positional accuracy and low precision of presented thematic information. Digital aerial photo image taken recently can express panchromatic and color bands as well as NIR (Near Infrared) bands which can be used in interpreting forest areas. High resolution images are also available, so it would be possible to conduct precision land cover classification. In this context, this paper implemented object-based land cover classification by using digital aerial photos with 0.12m GSD (Ground Sample Distance) resolution and IKONOS satellite images with 1m GSD resolution, both of which were taken on the same area, and also executed qualitative analysis with ortho images and existing land cover maps to check the possibility of object-based land cover classification using digital aerial photos and to present usability of digital aerial photos. Also, the accuracy of such classification was analyzed by generating TTA(Training and Test Area) masks and also analyzed their accuracy through comparison of classified areas using screen digitizing. The result showed that it was possible to make a land cover map with digital aerial photos, which allows more detailed classification compared to satellite images.

Multifunctional polymer micropattern for integrated digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Yunho Choi,Younseong Song,Yong Tae Kim,Seok Jae Lee,Kyoung G. Lee,Sung Gap Im 한국진공학회 2021 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2021 No.2

The digital nucleic acid assay is a precise, sensitive, and accurate method for nucleic acid analysis based on digitized amplification and detection. Here, we propose a multifunctional polymer micropattern enabling nucleic acid partitioning and direct DNA extraction and digitized quantification thereof. The multifunctional polymer micropattern is fabricated by the deposition of a copolymer film, poly(2-dimethylaminomethyl styrene-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pDH), via photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition (piCVD) process, followed by hydrophobic microcontact printing (µCP) to obtain partitions for nucleic acid isolation. With intrinsic positive charge of pDH, it enables bacteria lysis and DNA capture, while showing exceptional water stability for more than 24 h. µCP-treated pDH surface is also stable under aqueous conditions at high temperature (70°C) for 1 h. Using multifunctional polymer micropattern, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in each partition can detect DNA templates over a concentration range of 0.01 ― 2 ng/µL. The untreated bacteria cells can also be detected by direct compartmentalization, followed by on-site cell lysis and digital LAMP. For Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus cells, cell numbers ranging from 1.4 x 10⁴ to 1.4 x 10⁷ can be quantitatively detected using the multifunctional polymer micropattern. The suggested multifunctional polymer micropattern provides a novel multifunctional compartmentalization method for rapid, simple, and accurate digital LAMP.