생태계서비스 가치평가 분석을 통한 산림유전자원보호구역 재고찰 -희귀식물, 서식처 질, 탄소저장량을 중심으로-

윤호근 강원대학교 대학원 2022 국내박사

본 연구는 산림유전자원보호구역의 가치를 과학적인 방법으로 정량적인 가치를 도출하고자 수행되었다. 연구는 자연환경에서 인간이 얻는 편익을 가치로 표현할 수 있는 생태계서비스(Ecosystem Service) 가치평가에 기반하여 산림유전자원보호구역에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 유전자원보호구역 가치평가는 총 3가지 방법으로 구분하여 수행되었다. 첫 번째는 멸종위기 등급의 식물 분포에 따른 보전 가치평가로 국제자연보전연맹(IUCN)의 희귀식물 등급에 따라 보호지역에 대한 가중치를 설정하고 가치를 평가하였다. 두 번째는 생물 종의 생육환경 또는 서식처에 대한 가치평가로 생태계서비스 개념으로 접근하여 해석하였다. 평가는 생태계서비스 분석프로그램인 InVEST 서식처 질(Habitat Quality) 분석을 수행하였다. 세 번째는 산림유전자원보호구역의 공익적 기능과 같은 잠재적인 가치를 발굴하고자 생태계서비스 개념으로 접근하였다. 평가는 InVEST 탄소저장량(Carbon Storage) 분석을 수행하였으며 탄소 총량을 도출하였다. 가치평가 결과, 희귀식물에 대한 가치는 평균 0.570, 최소 0.1, 최대 1.0으로 구분되었으며 서식처 질 분석을 통해 도출된 보호구역 가치는 평균 0.848, 최소 0.788, 최대 1.0으로 확인되었다. 탄소저장량은 약 11,875,500.00 tC/yr, 경제적 가치는 약 4,923억 원으로 구분된다. 생태계서비스 평가 결과, 희귀식물 가치에 대한 편차가 큰 것으로 보인다. 이는 산림유전자원보호구역의 지정목적 상 소나무 대경목 또는 마을 숲과 같은 우수한 유전자의 보전을 위해 일반식물이 서식하는 산림을 지정했기 때문으로 판단된다. 일반적으로 서식처 질은 0.7 이상일 때, 우수한 생태계로 구분되므로 보호구역은 전반적으로 우수한 환경을 지니고 있음을 알 수 있다. 탄소저장량은 지정 면적에 따라 저장량이 비례하므로 가치를 비교하기에는 어려우나 산림의 공익적 기능 중 하나인 대기 중 탄소 저감 및 흡수에 긍정적인 임무를 수행하고 있다. 생태계서비스 평가를 통해 도출된 산림유전자원보호구역의 가치는 과학적인 방법으로 자연환경에 대한 정량적인 가치를 도출했다는 측면에서 긍정적이며, 향후 보호지역 지정 및 해제, 관리를 위한 지침이 될 것으로 기대된다. This study was carried out to measure the quantitative value of forest genetic resource reserve(FGRR) based on the scientific method. The FGRR was evaluated based on ecosystem service valuation which assigns values to various services for human well-being provided by nature. A valuation on FGRR consists of three parts. The first is to evaluate using endangered plant's distribution data and weight value according to International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) Red List. The second is to analyze habitat quality using software, Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST). The third is to calculate the total amount of carbon stock using InVEST Carbon storage analysis to find potential values such as public interest functions of the FGRR in terms of ecosystem services. As results of valuation by rare plant, average, minimum, and maximum were 0.570, 0.1, and 1.0 relatively. The FGRR value was 0.848 on average and ranged from minimum 0.788 to maximum 1.0 according to habitat quality analysis. The total amount of carbon stock was around 11,875,500.00 tC/yr, which had the same economic value as about 492.3 billion KRW. The results of ecosystem service evaluation showed the value by rare plants had wide variation as protected areas designated to preserve superior genetic resources conserved large-diameter trees and village groves not rare plants. Most protected areas had above 0.7 habitat quality which indicated a superior ecosystem. It is difficult to compare the amount of carbon stock by each protected area because it differs in proportion to designated areas. However, they have played key roles in carbon emission reduction and absorption, one of the public benefits of the forest. The values of FGRR derived from ecosystem service evaluation have quantitative values on a scientific base and can be applied to guidelines for designation, cancellation, and management of protected areas.

창원시 정병산의 관속식물상과 생태적 특성

이기숙 경상국립대학교 대학원 2022 국내박사

Abstract 1. Flora The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information for rational management plans for sustainable conservation and utilization by comprehensive analyzing the flora distributed in Jeongbyeongsan(Mt.), Changwon-city. 1) Vascular flora The flora of Jeongbyeongsan(Mt.) was summarized as 464 taxa including 107 families, 275 genera, 404 species, 5 subspecies, 10 forms and 45 varieties. The pteridophyte coefficient, which indicates the degree of destruction of the natural ecosystem, was confirmed to be 0.7. 2) Endemic plants The endemic plants were 14 taxa such as Impatiens koreana, Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Lespedeza maritima, Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum, and Weigela subsessilis etc.. The proportion of endemic plants to the total flora was 3.01% and 3.89% of 360 taxa of Korean endemic plants. 3) Rare plants A total of 13 taxa were found for rare plants, critically endangered species (CR) were 3 taxa including Prunus x yedoensis(planted), Impatiens koreana and Magnolia kobus, endangered species (EN) were 2 taxa including Jeffersonia dubia and Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, vulnerable species (VU) was 1 taxa including Iris minutiaurea, least Concerned species (LC) were 6 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Lilium distichum, Chionanthus retusus, Trigonotis icumae, Scutellaria insignis, and Tricyrtis macropoda, and data deficient species (DD) was 1 taxa including Chloranthus fortunei. The rare plants was 2.8% of the total plant taxa and 2.28% of the 571 taxa of rare domestic plants. 4) Naturalized plants The naturalized plants identified in Jeongbyeongsan (Mt.) were 19 taxa including Solanum americanum, Aster pilosus, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Conyza sumatrensis, Erigeron annuus, Erechtites hieracifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Cerastium glomeratum, Fallopia dumetorum, Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Rumex crispus, Senecio vulgaris, Trifolium repens, Erigeron strigosus, Oenothera biennis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens pilosa, and Crassocephalum crepidioides, etc.. The naturalization rate and urbanization index were analyzed to be 4.09% and 5.9%, respectively. Ecosystem disturbance wildplants were 2 taxa, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Aster pilosus. 5) Floristic special plants There were a total of 61 taxa of floristic special plants identified in Jeongbyeong(Mt.), accounting for about 13.1% of the total 464 taxa. Grade I was 37 taxa such as Betula schmidtii, Aconitum jaluense and Ajuga spectabilis, etc., Grade II was 3 taxa including Caryopteris incana, Lilium distichum, and Viola orientalis, Grade III was 12taxa including Acer palmatum, Adoxa moschatellina, and Camellia sinensis, etc., Grade IV was 4 taxa such as Fallopia sachalinensis(planted) and Prunus davidiana ,etc., and Grade V was 5 taxa including Impatiens koreana, Jeffersonia dubia, Magnolia kobus, Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, and Prunus x yedoensis(planted). This was confirmed to be 4.85% of 1,257 taxa of floristic special plants. 6) Target plants adaptable to climate change Target plants adaptable to climate change were 13 taxa including Ajuga spectabilis, Chloranthus fortunei, Corydalis turtschaninovii, Idesia polycarpa, Impatiens koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Ligustrum japonicum, Meliosma myriantha, Quercus glauca, Toxicodendron sylvestre, Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Salvia japonica and Scutellaria insignis, etc., among these, Endemic plant groups were 4 taxa including Lespedeza maritima, Impatiens koreana, Ajuga spectabilis, and Scutellaria insignis, Northern plants was 1 taxa including Corydalis turtschaninovii, and southern plants were 8 taxa including Quercus glauca, Chloranthus fortunei, Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Toxicodendron sylvestre, Meliosma myriantha, Idesia polycarpa, Salvia japonica ,and Ligustrum japonicum. 2. Rare plants The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for the establishment of a systematic plan for conservation and restoration of rare plants, prevention of damage to their natural habitats, and maintenance, providing comprehensive research data, such as the relationship between the ecological characteristics of the natural habitats and environmental factors, which are lacking in existing genetic and breeding-related research. 1) Ecological environment of the natural habitats of rare plants (1) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Chionanthus retusus, 22 taxa including Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum, Viburnum wrightii, Euonymus alatus. etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 167 m above sea level, and it was located at the foot of the mountain near Yongchu valley, the direction was on the southeastern slope, and the crown density was found to be 35%. The soil environment was 80% of sand, 12% of silt, and 8% of clay. The soil was sandy loam, solid 39.5%, liquid 12.0%, gaseous 48.6%, and porosity 61%. The soil pH was 4.16, organic content 10.9%, total nitrogen content 0.48%, the effective phosphorus was 6.20 ppm, the exchangeable cation content was Ca²⁺ 3.55 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 1.05 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.27 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.13 cmol⁺/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was 23.92 cmol⁺/kg. (2) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitat of Chloranthus fortunei, 25 taxa including Cornus walteri, Lindera erythrocarpa, Lindera glauca, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitat was 134m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope, and the crown density was found to be 60%. The soil environment was sand 74.0%, silt 24.0%, clay 2.0%. The soil was sandy loam, solid 35.5%, liquid 13.1%, gaseous 51.4%, and porosity 60%. The soil was sandy loam, the soil pH was 4.29, organic matter content 7.3%, total nitrogen content 0.49%, effective phosphorus 5.82 ppm, exchangeable cation content Ca²⁺ 1.03 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.87 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.25 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.14 cmol⁺/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was 19.99 cmol⁺/kg. (3) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Aristolochia contorta, 20 taxa including Weigela subsessilis, Securinega suffruticosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 142 mand it was located at the edge of the downstream of Yongchu valley, the direction was on the southeastern slope and the crown density was found to be 20%. The soil environment was sand 40%, silt 40%, and clay 20%, and the soil was loam, solid 44.9%, liquid 10.7%, gaseous 44.4%, and porosity 51%. Soil pH was 4.25, organic content 10.9%, total nitrogen content 0.47%, effective phosphorus 5.34 ppm, and the content of exchangeable cations was Ca²⁺ 2.77 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.65 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.22 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.15 cmol⁺/kg, the cation sexchange capacity was 23.81 cmol⁺/kg. (4) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Impatiens koreana, 16 taxa including Lindera erythrocarpa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Viburnum erosum and Ligustrum obtusifolium, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 215 m, and it was located in the tattered area at the middle of the Yongchu valley. The direction was on the southeastern slope, and the crown density was found to be 40%. The soil environment was sand 78%, silt 19%, and clay 3%. The soil was loamy sand, solid 20.2%, liquid 14.4%, gaseous 65.4%, and porosity 80%. Soil pH is 4.28, organic content 7.3%, total nitrogen content 0.56%, effective phosphorus 9.66 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²⁺ 1.94 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.51 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.23 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.13 cmol⁺/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was found to be 18.87 cmol⁺/kg. (5) For the distribution of plants in the native habitat of Jeffersonia dubia, 12 taxa were including Acer pseudosieboldianum, Corylus heterophylla and Quercus mongolica, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 310m above sea level, and the direction was on the eastern slope . It was located at the foot of the mountain near the middle and upper stream of Yongchu valley, and the crown density was found to be 50%. Soil environment was sand 58%, silt 32%, and clay 10%. The soil was sandy loam, with a solid 33.0%, liquid 15.3%, and gas phase 51.7% porosity 67%. Soil pH is 4.23, organic content 6.85%, total nitrogen content 0.40%, effective phosphorus is 9.33 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²⁺ 1.45 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.42 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.19 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.13 cmol⁺/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was 18.26 cmol⁺/kg. (6) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Lilium distichum, 16 taxa including Toxicodendron sylvestre, Securinega suffruticosa and Ligustrum obtusifolium, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 210 m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope and it was located at the foot of a nearby mountain in the middle of Yongchu valley, and the crown density was 60%. The soil environment was sand 84%, silt 14%, clay 2%, and the soil was loamy sand, solid 23.5%, liquid 15.1%, gaseous 61.4%, and porosity 76%. Soil pH is 4.29, organic content is 6.7%, total nitrogen content is 0.78%, effective phosphorus is 8.80 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²⁺ 1.37 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.47 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.20 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.14 cmol⁺/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was found to be 20.66 cmol⁺/kg. (7) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Magnolia kobus, 19 taxa including Viburnum wrightii, Euonymus alatus and Cornus walteri, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 120 m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope, and it was located at the downstream of Yongchu valley and the crown density was 60%. The soil environment was sand 40%, silt 48%, clay 12%, and the soil was loam, 33.0% solid, 9.9% liquid, 57% gaseous, and 67.0% porosity. Soil pH is 4.26, organic content 11.2%, total nitrogen content 0.80%, effective phosphorus 11.56 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²⁺ 3.82 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.99 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.39 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.17 cmol⁺/kg, and the cation exchangeable capacity was 24.07 cmol⁺/kg. (8) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, 23 taxa including Viburnum wrightii, Euonymus alatus and Styrax japonicus, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 350 m, the direction was on the eastern slope, it was located at the foot of the mountain near the upstream of the Yongchu Valley and the crown density was 50%. The soil environment was sand 82%, silt 12%, clay 6%, and the soil was loamy sand, solid 25.0%, liquid 13.2%, gaseous 61.8%, porosity 75.0%. Soil pH was 4.26, organic matter content 8.6%, total nitrogen content 0.45%, effective phosphorus 7.92 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²⁺ 1.11 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.48 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.21 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.15 cmol⁺/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 18.24 cmol⁺/kg. (9) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Scutellaria insignis, 24 taxa including Toxicodendron sylvestre, Euonymus alatus and Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-dentatus, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 340m above sea level, the direction was on the southeastern slope, it was located at the foot of the mountain upstream of the Yongchu valley and the crown density was 30%. The soil environment was sand 64%, silt 32%, clay 4%, and the soil was sandy loam, solid 33.0%, liquid 15.6%, gas phase 51.3%, and porosity 67%. The soil pH was 4.17, organic matter content 7.8%, total nitrogen content 0.55%, effective phosphorus 14.81 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²⁺ 1.36 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.57 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.29 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.15 cmol⁺/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 15.34 cmol⁺/kg. (10) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Trigonotis icumae, 24 taxa including Alnus sibirica, Carpinus turczaninowii and Euonymus alatus, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 248m, the direction was on the eastern slope, it was located near the hiking trail near the Yongchu valley, and the crown density was 30%. The soil environment was sand 90%, silt 6%, clay 4%, and the soil was sand, solid 27.1%, liquid 11.0%, gaseous 61.9%, porosity 73%. Soil pH was 4.23, organic content 5.6%, total nitrogen content 0.78%, effective phosphorus 5.46 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²⁺ 0.70 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.30 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.15 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.13 cmol⁺/kg the cation exchange capacity was 15.35 cmol⁺/kg. (11) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Tricyrtis macropoda, 21 taxa including Toxicodendron sylvestre, Diospyros lotus and Quercus aliena, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 345 m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope, it was located near a valley where water flows only in rainy weather, and the crown density was 50%. The soil environment was sand 84%, silt 12%, clay 4%, and the soil was loamy sand, solid 31.0%, liquid 10.9%, gas phase 58.1%, porosity 69%. soil pH was 4.24, organic content 6.8%, total nitrogen content 0.64%, effective phosphorus 7.60 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²⁺ 1.06 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.53 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.26 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.14 cmol⁺/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 17.17 cmol⁺/kg. (12) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Iris minutiaurea, 32 taxa including Carpinus tschonoskii, Carpinus turczaninowii and Viburnum erosum, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 200 m, the direction was on the eastern slope, it was located near a small valley with a small amount of water, and the crown density was 40%. The soil environment was sand 60%, silt 35%, and clay 5%. The soil was sandy loam, solid 31.6%, liquid 16.8%, gaseous 51.6%, and porosity 68%. Soil pH was 4.17, organic content 10.8%, total nitrogen content 0.56%, effective phosphorus 8.80 ppm, and the content of exchangeable cations was Ca²⁺ 0.79 cmol⁺/kg, Mg²⁺ 0.27 cmol⁺/kg, K⁺ 0.16 cmol⁺/kg, Na⁺ 0.13 cmol⁺/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 15.43 cmol⁺/kg. 3. Ecological characteristics of forest vegetation For the coexistence of humans, animals, and natural ecosystems, forest ecosystems must prioritize systematic management. This study was conducted to prepare the basis for establishing a plan for future forest management by classifying the vegetation types of the forest ecosystem and analyzing the relationship between the characteristics of each community and environmental factors. 3.1 Vegetation structure analysis 1) Species-area curve Through the species-area curve, the exact number of the survey sites was found to be 80, and it was found to satisfy the appropriate number of survey sites to represent the vegetationof Jeongbyeongsan(Mt.) 2) Importance values The importance values of the tree layer were high in the order of Pinus densiflora 25.7, Quercus aliena 6.0, Quercus dentata 5.8, Lindera erythrocarpa 5.8, etc., and Lindera erythrocarpa 8.1, Styrax japonicus 5.8, Lindera obtusiloba 5.0, etc., in the subtree layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum 6.8, Stephanandra incisa 6.1 and Lespedeza maximowiczii 6.0, etc., in the shrub layer, and Oplismenus undulatifolius 38.1, Artemisia keiskeana 11.7 and Onoclea sensibilis var. interrupta 7.2, etc., in the herb layer. The average relative importance of tree layer was found in the order of Pinus densiflora 85.8, Lindera erythrocarpa 34.1, Quercus dentata 27.1, and Quercus aliena 26.4, etc., 3) Species diversity The diversity of the tree layer was 2.876, the maximum diversity was 4.159, the ratio of evenness was 0.691, and the dominance was 0.308. The diversity of the subtree layer was 3.545, the maximum diversity 4,357, the ratio of evenness 0.814, and the dominance 0.186. The diversity of shrub layer was 3.569, the maximum diversity 4.615, the ratio of evenness 0.773, and the dominance 0.227. The diversity of herb layer was 3.195, the maximum diversity 5.037, the ratio of evenness 0.634 and the dominance 0.366. 4) Distribution of the DBH(Diameter at Breast Height) Through the DBH analysis of the major tree species of the tree layer including Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus dentata, Lindera erythrocarpa and Carpinus turczaninowii, it was found that Pinus densiflora was of type J, and Quercus aliena, Quercus dentata, Lindera erythrocarpa and Carpinus turczaninowii were of inverse type J. 5) Interspecies association of major species As a result of analyzing the interspecies association of major species based on the crosssectional area of breast height by selecting 29 species with a high average relative importance, the species showing the strongest positive relationship were Neoshirakia japonica-Quercus mongolica, Albizia julibrissin-Carpinus turczaninowii, Carpinus tschonoskii-Quercus acutissima, Aria alnifolia-Quercus mongolica, Pinus rigida-Robinia pseudoacacia and the species having the direct proportionality have the same ecological status and the same growing space. The tree species that showed the strongest negative relationship were Neoshirakia japonica-Lindera erythrocarpa, Robinia pseudoacacia-Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora, Prunus sargentii-Quercus aliena, Robinia pseudoacacia-Quercus dentata. 3.2 Forest Community Structure 1) Plant community analysis As a result of analyzing the community structure of the forest vegetation of Jeongbyeong(Mt.), it was classified into four communites. Community I was Lindera erythrocarpa-Styrax japonicus, Community II Quercus dentata-Pinus densiflora, Community III Pinus densiflora-Carpinus turczaninowii, and Community IV Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica. The number of the survey sites was 47 in community l, 5 in community ll, 37 in community lll, and 11 in community IV. 2) Importance Values (1) In Community I appeared with a total of 47 survey sites, and in the tree layer, the importance values of Pinus densiflora was 9.6, Lindera erythrocarpa 8.7, Pinus thunbergii 7.8, Quercus aliena 7.5, and Robinia pseudoacacia 7.4. etc., In the Subtree layer, the importance values of the birch tree was 16.0, which was very high, followed by Styrax japonicus 8.8, Lindera obtusiloba 5.6, and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Lindera glauca 5.2 and 4.1 for Carpinus turczaninowii, etc., In the Shrub layer, the importance values of Ligustrum obtusifolium were found to be 8.3, Lindera erythrocarpa 7.4, Zanthoxylum schinifolium 7.2, and Zanthoxylum piperitum 5.3, etc., and in the herb layer, 14.8 for Oplismenus undulatifolius and 3.7 for Isodon inflexus. (2) In Community II appeared with 5 survey sites and in the tree layer, the importance values of Quercus dentata was dominant at 53.4, followed by Pinus densiflora 13.6, Carpinus turczaninowii 7.2, and Lindera erythrocarpa 5.0, etc.. In the Subtree layer, the importance values of Quercus dentata was the highest at 35.8, followed by Ligustrum obtusifolium 8.0, Lindera erythrocarpa 6.3, Fraxinus rhynchophylla 5.3, etc.. in the shrub layer, the importance values of Callicarpa japonica was 13.6, Lindera obtusiloba 12.0, Quercus dentata 12.0 etc. and in the herb layer, it was found in the order of 18.8 of Oplismenus undulatifolius, and 8.1 of Potentilla freyniana, etc.. (3) In community III appeared with 37 survey sites and in the tree layer, the importance values of Pinus densiflora was significantly higher at 46.5, followed by Carpinus turczaninowii 5.9 and Quercus aliena 5.7, etc.. In the Subtree layer, the order was Carpinus turczaninowii 7.4, Pinus densiflora 6.8, and Quercus aliena 6.1, etc.. In the Shrub layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum 7.6, Indigofera kirilowii 7.6, Lespedeza maximowiczii 6.1, and Toxicodendron sylvestre 4.3, etc.. appeared in the order. In the herb layer, it appeared in the order of Oplismenus undulatifolius 18.6, Artemisia keiskeana 9.0 and Disporum smilacinum 5.5. (4) In community IV appeared with 11 survey sites and in the tree layer, Pinus densiflora had the highest importance values of 38.1, followed by Quercus mongolica 31.5, Styrax japonicus 3.4, and Aria alnifolia 3.4, etc.. In the subtree layer, the importance values of the Quercus mongolica was found to be 13.6, followed by Neoshirakia japonica 9.6 and Styrax japonicus 7.7, etc.. and Rhododendron mucronulatum 18.1, Lespedeza maximowiczii 8.5, and Stephanandra incisa 8.4, etc.. in the shrub layer. As for the herb layer, the importance values of Artemisia keiskeana was significantly higher at 16.7, followed by Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica 6.3 and Oplismenus undulatifolius 5.8, etc.. in the order. 3) Species diversity (1) The overall diversity of the community was 1.248 in the tree layer, 1.434 in the subtree layer, and 1.608 in the shrub layer. As for the ratio of evenness, the tree layer was 0.691, the subtree layer 0.749, and the shrub layer 0.793, and for the dominance, the tree layer was 0.309, the subtree layer 0.251 and the shrub layer 0.207. (2) In community I, the diversity of the tree layer was 1.336, the subtree layer 1.433, and the shrub layer 1.546. As for the ratio of evenness, the tree layer was 0.764, the subtree layer 0.806, and the shrub layer 0.810, and the dominance was 0.236 for the tree layer, 0.194 for the subtree layer, and 0.190 for the shrub layer. (3) In community II, the diversity of the tree layer was 0.488, the subtree layer 1.013, and the shrub layer 1.075. As for the ratio of evenness, the tree layer was 0.415, the subtree layer 0.725, and the shrub layer 0.914 and the dominance was 0.585 for the tree layer, 0.275 forsubtree layer, and 0.086 for shrub layer. (4) In community III, the diversity of the tree layer was 0.872, the subtree layer 1.484, and the shrub layer 1.632, the ratio of evenness of the tree layer was 0.560, the subtree layer 0.861, and the shrub layer 0.890, and the dominance was 0.440 for tree layer, the subtree layer 0.139 for subtree layer, and 0.110 for the shrub layer. (5) In community IV, the diversity of the tree layer was 0.698, the subtree layer 1.298, and the shrub layer 1.278, the ratio of evenness of the tree layer was 0.520, the subtree layer 0.848, and the shrub layer 0.926, and the dominance was 0.480 for the tree layer , 0.152 for the subtree layer and 0.07 for the shrub layer. 4) Environmental factor analysis (1) Community I consisted of 47 survey sites, and the direction was as diverse as the number of natural habitats. The average cross-sectional area at breast height was 31.2 m²/ha, and the average height above sea level was 267.9 m, and the average slope was 28.2°. (2) Community II consisted of 5 survey sites, the direction was the southern slope, the western slope, and the northern slope, and the average cross-sectional area of breast height was 13.6 m²/ha, and the average elevation was 407 m above sea level and the average slope was 22.0°. (3) Community III consisted of 37 survey sites and all directions were uniformly displayed, the average cross-sectional area at breast height was 13.9 m²/ha, the average elevation was 360.8 m, and the average slope was 29.2°. (4) Community IV consisted of 11 survey sites and the directions are eastern slope, southern slope, northern, slope, etc.. the average cross- sectional area at breast height was 14.5 m²/ha, the average elevation was 463.8 m, and the average slope was 32.9°.

지리산국립공원 10개소 습지의 식물상 특성 분석

윤용환 경상국립대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

This study was conducted to analyze the flora and vegetation characteristics of 10 wetlands scattered in Jirisan National Park. In order to analyze the flora within the wetland and the vegetation outside the wetland, the flora and vegetation were divided into each wetland and investigated. In the vascular plants of 10 wetlands, 84 families, 228 genera, 319 species, 4 subspecies, 39 varieties, 7 variety, and 369 taxa appeared. Vascular plants for each wetland appeared as follows. In the vascular plants of Seseok wetland, 25 families, 43 genera, 50 species, 7 varieties, 1 variety and 58 taxa appeared. There are 4 taxa of rare plants such as Abies koreana, Gentiana jamesii, Allium microdictyon, Tripterospermum japonicum, etc., Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa such as Abies koreana, Pseudostellaria okamotoi, Filipendula formosa, Saussurea seoulensis, Allium thunbergii, Heloniopsis tubiflora, etc. and 17 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants have appeared. In the vascular plants of Yeongsinbong wetland, 28 families, 45 genera, 51 species, 1 subspecies, 5 varieties, 1 variety and 58 taxa appeared. There are 4 taxa of korean endemic plants such as Salix koriyanagi, Filipendula formosa, Weigela subsessilis, Allium thunbergii, etc. were 17 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants have appeared. In the vascular plants of Manbokdae wetland, 37 families, 66 genera, 71 species, 1 subspecies, 12 varieties, 3 variety and 87 taxa appeared. There are 6 taxa of rare plants such as Daphne pseudomezereum var. koreana, Lysimachia leucantha, Gastrodia elata, Pogonia japonica, Viola albida, Iris ensata, etc., Korean endemic plants were 2 taxa such as Salix koriyanagi, Pseudostellaria okamotoi etc. and 19 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants have appeared. In the vascular plants of Deokpyeongbong wetland, 24 families, 33 genera, 33 species, 1 subspecies, 3 varieties, 3 variety and 38 taxa appeared. There are 2 taxa of rare plants such as Abies koreana, Viola albida, korean endemic plants were 2 taxa such as Abies koreana, Heloniopsis koreana, Carex okamotoi, etc. and 10 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants have appeared. In the vascular plants of Jeongryeongchi wetland, 28 families, 45 genera, 51 species, 1 subspecies, 5 varieties, 1 variety and 58 taxa appeared. Rare plants were Iris ensata, and korean indigenous plants were Pseudostellaria okamotoi and Philadelphus schrenkii. In the vascular plants of Seongsamjae wetland, 39 families, 59 genera, 60 species, 7 varieties, 1 variety and 70 taxa appeared. There were 3 taxa such as Viola albida, Lilium distichum and Lysimachia leucantha for rare plants, Pseudostellaria okamotoi for korean endemic plants, and 14 taxa for phylogenetic specific plants. In the vascular plants of Wangdeungjae wetland, 28 families, 36 genera, 42 species, 4 varieties, 1 variety and 47 taxa appeared. There are 4 taxa of rare plants such as Lysimachia leucantha, Tricyrtis macropoda, Acorus calamus, etc., korean endemic plants were 3 taxa such as Salix koriyanagi, Miscanthus changii, Carex sabynensis var. leiosperma, etc. and 7 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants have appeared. In the vascular plants of seolsan wetland, 46 families, 72 genera, 80 species, 2 subspecies, 6 varieties, 3 variety and 91 taxa appeared. There were 3 taxa such as Tricyrtis macropoda, Iris ensata, and Pogonia japonica for rare plants, 3 taxa for korean endemic plants such as Salix koriyanagi, Weigela subsessilis, Arundinaria munsuensis, Floristic regional indicator plants for 4 taxa, and invasive alien plants for Stellaria media. In the vascular plants of Oegok wetland, 52 families, 99 genera, 106 species, 2 subspecies, 18 varieties, 3 variety and 129 taxa appeared. There were 3 taxa such as Tricyrtis macropoda, Iris ensata, and Acorus calamus for rare plants, 7 taxa for korean endemic plants such as Salix koriyanagi, Thalictrum actaeifolium, Philadelphus schrenkii, Fraxinus chiisanensis, Weigela subsessilis, Saussurea seoulensis, Carex sabynensis var. leiosperma, etc. Floristic regional indicator plants for 6 taxa, and invasive alien plants for Erigeron annuus. In the vascular plants of Hwangjeon wetland, 34 families, 63 genera, 72 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties, 1 variety and 84 taxa appeared. Korean endemic plants were Salix koriyanagi, phylogenetic specific plants are 3 taxa, and invasive alien plants are 5 taxa, Phytolacca americana, Veronica arvensis, Bidens frondosa, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Festuca arundinacea, etc.. The species diversity within the wetland ranged from 0.7988 to 1.3870, with Oegok wetland the highest and Deokpyeongbong wetland the lowest. The species diversity outside the wetland ranged from 0.2235 to 1.0726, with the snow mountain wetland the highest and the Seseok wetland the lowest. 본 연구는 지리산국립공원 10개소 습지의 식생과 식물상을 조사하여 향후 기후변화에 대한 습지식물의 동태와 위협요소를 파악하여 산지 습지 생태계의 보전과 체계적인 관리, 습지의 생물 다양성 연구, 습지의 교육 및 홍보를 위한 자료를 얻고자 수행하였다. 본 연구의 데이터는 지리산의 습지를 건강하게 유지하고 보전하는 데 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. 10개소 습지의 관속식물은 84과 228속 319종 4아종 39변종 7품종 369분류군이 출현하였다. 희귀식물은 9과 13속 11종 2변종 13분류군이 출현하였고, 이들 중 CR등급은 비로용담과 산마늘, EN등급은 두메닥나무와 물까치수염, LC등급은 구상나무, 태백제비꽃, 말나리, 뻐꾹나리 등의 6분류군, VU등급은 덩굴용담, 천마, 큰방울새란 등의 3분류군이 출현하였다. 한국특산식물은 구상나무, 키버들, 지리산개별꽃 등의 12과 14속 13종 3변종 16분류군이 출현하였다. 식물구계학적 특정식물은 29과 52속 56종 1아종 3변종 60분류군이 출현하였다. 이들 중Ⅰ등급은 관중, 잣나무, 동자꽃 등의 16분류군, Ⅱ등급은 퍼진고사리, 가래고사리, 동의나물 등의 21분류군, Ⅲ등급은 진저리고사리, 구상나무, 산오이풀 등의 12분류군, Ⅳ등급은 지리터리풀, 두메닥나무, 곤달비 등의 9분류군, Ⅴ등급은 비로용담과 덩굴용담이 출현하였다. 세석습지의 관속식물은 25과 43속 50종 7변종 1품종 58분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 구상나무, 비로용담, 산마늘, 덩굴용담 등의 4분류군, 한국특산식물은 구상나무, 지리산개별꽃, 지리터리풀, 분취, 둥근산부추, 숙은처녀치마 등의 6분류군, 구계학적 특정식물은 17분류군이 출현하였다. 영신봉습지의 관속식물은 28과 45속 51종 1아종 5변종 1품종 58분류군이 출현하였고, 한국특산식물은 키버들, 지리터리풀, 병꽃나무, 둥근산부추 등의 4분류군, 구계학적특정식물은 18분류군이 출현하였다. 만복대습지의 관속식물은 37과 66속 71종 1아종 12변종 3품종 87분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 두메닥나무, 물까치수염, 천마, 큰방울새란, 태백제비꽃, 꽃창포 등의 6분류군, 한국특산식물은 키버들, 지리산개별꽃 등 2분류군, 구계학적특정식물은 19분류군이 출현하였다. 덕평봉습지의 관속식물은 24과 33속 33종 1아종 3변종 1품종 38분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 구상나무와 태백제비꽃 2분류군, 한국특산식물은 구상나무, 처녀치마, 지리대사초 등의 3분류군, 구계학적특정식물은 10분류군이 출현하였다. 정령치습지의 관속식물은 33과 52속 51종 10변종 2품종 63분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 꽃창포, 한국특산식물은 지리산개별꽃과 고광나무가 출현하였다. 성삼재습지의 관속식물은 39과 59속 60종 7변종 3품종 70분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 태백제비꽃, 말나리, 물까치수염 등의 3분류군, 한국특산식물은 지리산개별꽃, 구계학적특정식물은 14분류군이 출현하였다. 왕등재습지의 관속식물은 28과 36속 42종 4변종 1품종 47분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 물까치수염, 뻐꾹나리, 꽃창포, 창포 등의 4분류군, 한국특산식물은 키버들, 장억새, 지리실청사초 등의 3분류군, 구계학적특정식물은 7분류군이 출현하였다. 설산습지의 관속식물상은 46과 72속 80종 2아종 6변종 3품종 91분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 뻐꾹나리, 꽃창포, 큰방울새란 등의 3분류군, 한국특산식물은 키버들, 병꽃나무, 문수조릿대 등의 3분류군, 구계학적특정식물은 4분류군, 침입외래식물은 별꽃이 출현하였다. 외곡습지의 관속식물은 52과 99속 106종 2아종 18변종 3품종 129분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 뻐꾹나리. 꽃창포, 창포 등의 3분류군, 한국특산식물은 키버들, 은꿩의다리, 고광나무, 물들메나무, 병꽃나무, 분취, 지리실청사초 등의 7분류군, 구계학적특정식물은 6분류군, 침입외래식물은 개망초가 출현하였다. 황전습지의 관속식물은 34과 63속 72종 1아종 10변종 1품종 84분류군이 출현하였고, 한국특산식물은 키버들, 구계학적특정식물은 3분류군이 출현하였으며, 침입외래식물은 미국자리공, 선개불알풀, 미국가막사리, 주홍서나물, 큰김의털 등의 5분류군이 출현하였다. 귀화식물은 설산습지, 외곡습지, 황전습지 등지에서 출현하였다. 습지 내의 종다양도는 0.7988∼1.3870으로 외곡습지가 가장 높게 나타났고, 덕평봉습지가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 습지 외부의 종다양도는 0.2235~1.0726으로 설산습지가 가장 높게 나타났으며 세석습지가 가장 낮게 나타났다.

석회암지대 자병산 일대의 식물상 및 식생 : 생계령~백복령 구간을 중심으로

남현경 강원대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

자병산은 강원도 남부 영동과 영서를 가르는 백두대간의 경계에 있으며, 석회암지대이다. 석회암지대는 비석회암지대와는 이질적인 생태계를 형성하고 있어 생물다양성이 비교적 높은 독특한 식물상을 이루고 있다. 하지만 자병산은 현재까지도 석회석 채굴이 진행되어 산 정상부가 훼손된 상태이다. 따라서 본 연구는 자병산의 식물상을 파악하여 주요 식물들에 대한 적절한 관리방안과 훼손된 석회암지대의 식생 복원을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고, 식생 분석을 통해 자병산의 산림생태계와 생물다양성 현황을 파악하고자 한다. 생계령부터 백복령까지 백두대간 등산로와 카르스트 지형 일대를 대상으로 2021년 4월부터 2022년 9월까지 계절별 현지 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 자병산 지역에서 발견된 관속식물은 84과 244속 353종 10아종 36변종 2품종으로 총 401분류군으로 조사되었다. 이 중 한국특산식물은 총 21분류군, 희귀식물은 총 20분류군, 석회암지대 식물은 총 29분류군, 식물구계학적 특정식물은 총 109분류군, 기후변화 취약식물은 총 31분류군, Amarsanaa et al.의 북방계식물은 총 89분류군으로 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 총 12분류군, 귀화율은 3%, 도시화지수는 4.8%로 나타났으며, 생태계교란식물은 4분류군이 확인되었다. 자병산 내 백두대간 등산로를 중심으로 조사한 20개의 방형구를 대상으로 군집 분석을 실시한 결과, 군집Ⅰ은 신갈나무_노루오줌 군집, 군집Ⅱ는 신갈나무-찰피나무 군집, 군집Ⅲ은 신갈나무 군집, 군집Ⅳ는 신갈나무-소나무 군집, 군집Ⅴ는 일본잎갈나무 군집으로 확인되었다. 군집의 층위별 상대우점치 분석 결과, 자병산에서 조사된 군집Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ는 백두대간 내에 인접한 산들과 큰 차이 없이 신갈나무가 주로 우점하는 식생 구조를 이루는 것으로 확인되었다. 종다양성지수는 1.3518∼1.5249로 나타났고, 균등도는 0.9245∼0.9468, 우점도는 0.0532∼0.0755로 나타났다. 자병산 내에 돌리네 지형이 발달한 16개의 방형구를 대상으로 군집 분석을 실시한 결과, 군집Ⅰ은 신갈나무 군집, 군집Ⅱ는 신갈나무-물푸레나무 군집, 군집Ⅲ은 가래나무 군집, 군집Ⅳ는 일본잎갈나무 군집으로 확인되었다. 군집의 층위별 상대우점치 분석 결과, 전체적으로 자병산 내 백두대간 등산로의 식생 군집과 비슷한 구조를 보였지만, 군집Ⅲ의 식생 군집은 차이를 보였다. 종다양성지수는 1.3117∼1.4427로 나타났고, 균등도는 0.9055∼0.9211, 우점도는 0.0789∼0.0945로 나타났다. 해발고도, 방위, 수관울폐도, 상대조도, 토양함수율, 토양경도, 출현종수 총 8가지 입지환경 요인과 군집 간의 관계를 파악하기 위해 Ordination 분석을 실시한 결과, 출현 종수와 해발고도, 동쪽방위, 상대조도가 높은 곳에는 대체적으로 군집Ⅰ과 군집Ⅱ가 위치하였고, 낮은 곳에 군집Ⅲ과 군집Ⅳ가 위치하였다. 토양경도가 높은 곳에는 군집Ⅳ가 위치하였고, 낮은 곳에 군집Ⅲ이, 가운데에 군집Ⅰ과 군집Ⅱ가 위치하였다. 본 조사지역은 백두대간의 한 축을 이루고 있는 석회암지대로 특산식물 및 희귀식물을 다수 포함하고 있고 석회암지대 식물 및 북방계식물의 생육지로서 보존 가치가 매우 높다고 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 훼손되고 있는 석회암지대의 복원대책 및 보호방안을 강구하는 데에 기초 자료로 유용하게 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다. Mt. Jabyeong is located between Sangye-ri, Okgye-myeon, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, and Jinsa-ri, Imgye-myeon, Jeongseon-gun. The bedrock layer is mostly limestone, but limestone mining started in 1985 damaged the natural landscape, and part of the main ridge of Baekdudaegan Mountain Range disappeared. The soil in the limestone area has the characteristic that it dries more easily than other soils due to the development of the crumbled structure. Therefore, it forms a unique ecosystem compared to non-limestone areas. The study results can be used as a reference for the preparation of biodiversity conservation and the establishment of management measures for restoring damaged limestone areas. Seasonal field surveys were conducted from April 2021 to September 2022, targeting the Baekdudaegan hiking trails and karst topography from Saenggyeryeong to Baekbokryeong. The flora of vascular plants in this area was recorded as 401 taxa; 84 families, 244 genera, 353 species, 10 subspecies, 36 varieties, and 2 forms. Korean endemic plants were 21 taxa, rare plants were 20 taxa, limestone plants were 29 taxa, floristic target plants were 108 taxa, threatened plants for climate change were 31 taxa, and northern lineage plants were 89 taxa. Twelve taxa of naturalized plants were found in the area. The naturalized and urbanization indexes were 3% and 4.8%, respectively. Invasive alien plants were 4 taxa. As a result of cluster analysis for 20 plots surveyed centering on the Baekdudaegan hiking trails in Mt. Jabyeong, this area’s vegetation is divided into five communities; Quercus mongolica_Astilbe chinensis community, Quercus mongolica-Tilia mandshurica community, Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Larix kaempferi community. Quercus mongolica was a dominant species in most communities based on the importance value, similar to the mountains in Baekdudaegan. Species diversity index (H’) was 1.3518∼1.5249, evenness (J’) was 0.9245∼0.9468, dominance (D) was 0.0532∼0.0755. As a result of cluster analysis for 16 plots surveyed centering on the doline topography in Mt. Jabyeong, this area’s vegetation is divided into four communities; Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Juglans mandshurica community, Larix kaempferi community. As a result of the importance percentage analysis, most of the communities were like hiking trail communities. However, Juglans mandshurica community showed a difference. Species diversity index (H’) was 1.3117∼1.4427, evenness (J’) was 0.9055∼0.9211, dominance (D) was 0.0789∼0.0945. As a result of ordination analysis, Quercus mongolica community and Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community were located where the species number, altitude, easting, and illumination were high, and Larix kaempferi community was located where the hardness was high. Mt. Jabyeong contains many endemic plants and rare plants and has a very high conservation value as a natural habitat for limestone plants and northern lineage plants. Therefore, restoration and protection measures are needed.

경상남도 의령군의 식물자원에 관한 연구 : 자굴산, 한우산, 의령군 남강을 대상으로

김정수 경상국립대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

1. This study was carryed out for the vegetation structure of Mt. Jagul, Ui ryeong-gun, 30 square plots (200㎡) were set on three slopes and the vege tation was investigated. The plant community was classified into two cluster s: Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum community and Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora community. In the correlation between spe cies, Q. aliena and Lindera glauca, Rhus tricocarpa. and Pinus densiflora; Rhu s tricocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium: Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa and Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Q. mongolica; Fraxinus rhyncho phylla and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Pinus densiflora; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Q. mongoli ca. and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Lespedeza maximowiczii and Rhododen dron mucronulatum had a high positive correlation, Q. aliena and Q. mongolic a; Lindera glauca and Q. mongolica; Rhus tricocarpa and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Pinus densiflora; Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense A stron g negative correlation was recognized. The species diversity index for each c luster in the survey site ranged from 0.535984 to 0.960824. Vascular plants in the 4 sections of the survey area, 101 families, 286 genera, 398 species, 3 subspecies, 35 variants, 8 varieties and 444 taxa were appeared. For rare plants, 6 taxa of 6 species in 5 families and 6 genera appeared. In Korean e ndemic plants were 9 taxa appeared of 8 families, 8 genera, 9 species, 1 var iants. Floristic regional indicator plants were 35 taxa appeared of 26 familie s, 34 genera, 33 species, 1 subspecies, and 1 variety appeared. As for natur alized plants, 28 taxa of 28 species in 10 families and 23 genera appeared. 2. The vegetation structure on the southwestern slope of Mt. Hanwoo, Uiryeong-gun, 20 square plots (200㎡) were set and the vegetation was invest igated. As a result of classified into three groups: Pinus densiflora-Quercus dentata-Lindera erythrocarpa community, P. densiflora-Q. dentata, communit y and P. densiflora-Q. mongolica. community. Correlation among tree specie s is as follows; Acer pictum subsp. Mono and Prunus sargentii, Albizia julibr issin; Staphylea bumalda and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Morus bombycis; Stephanandra incisa and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Alnus sibirica; Ulmus davi diana var. japonica and Albizia julibrissin; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Alnu s sibirica; Q. dentata and P. densiflora; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendr on schlippenbachii; A high positive correlation was recognized for Q. dentata and Morus bombycis, and a strong negative correlation for Staphylea bumald a and Q. dentata, P. densiflora; Stephanandra incisa and Q. dentata; Morus b ombycis and P. densiflora have a strong negative correlation. The species di versity index for each cluster in the survey site ranged from 0.6292 to 1.17 13. In order to understand the vegetation structure on the northeastern slop e of Mt. Hanwoo, Uiryeong-gun, 26 quadrilaterals (200㎡) were set and the vegetation was investigated. As a result of classifying the plant community, it was classified into three groups: P. densiflora-Platycarya strobilacea–Q. s errata. community, Platycarya strobilacea community, and Q. serrata commun ity. In the correlation between species, Lindera glauca and Lindera obtusilob a, Zanthoxylum piperitum; Carpinus tschonoskii and Styrax japonicus, Quercu s serrata; Rhus tricocarpa and Lindera obtusiloba; Acer pictum subsp. Mono and Staphylea bumalda; Diospyros lotus and Q. serrata; Staphylea bumalda a nd Zanthoxylum piperitum, Celtis sinensis; Styrax japonicus and Q. serrata; Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Prunus sargentii; Weigela subsessilis and Boehm eria spicata; Lindera erythrocarpa and Chamaecyparis obtusa; Morus bombyci s and Boehmeria spicata, Zanthoxylum piperitum High positive correlations w ere recognized for and Acer pictum subsp. Mono Platycarya strobilacea nega tive correlations were recognized. The species diversity index for each cluster in the survey site ranged from 0.1636 to 1.1901. 555 taxa of 102 famili es, 324 genera, 493 species, 5 subspecies, 49 varieties, 8 varieties, and 55 5 taxa of vascular plants appeared in the Mt. Hanwoo flora survey site. For rare plants, 5 families, 6 genera and 6 species, appeared, and for Korean en demic plants, 10 families and 13 genera, 13 species, appeared. As for natur alized plants, 39 taxa of 14 families, 34 genera, 37 species, 1 subspecies, a nd 1 variety appeared. 3. The study aims to identify the flora and influx of exotic plants along th e riverside of the lower Namgang River in Uiryeong-gun. The flora survey was divided into three sections(I: Jangbak Bridge∼Jeongam Bridge, Section II: Jeongam Bridge∼Baekgok Bridge, Section Ⅲ: Baekgok Bridge∼Nakdong River Confluence). As for the vascular plants in the survey site, 95 familie s, 279 genera, 405 species, 1 subspecies, 38 variants, 7 forma, and 451 tax a appeared. Among them, pteridophyta were 7 families, 11 genera, 14 speci es, 1 variety, 15 taxa, gymnospermae were 5 families, 7 genera, 8 species, 8 taxa, and angiospermae were 83 families, 261 genera, 383 species, 1 subs pecies, 37 varieties, 7 forma, 428 taxa, and dicotyledons were 73 families, 200 genera, 287 species, 1 subspecies, 23 varieties, 7 forma, 318 taxa, and for monocotyledons, 10 families, 61 genera, 96 species, 14 varieties, and 11 0 taxa. Angiosperms accounted for the most significant number of taxa with about 95%, among which dicotyledons accounted for about 71% and monocot yledons with about 24%. Rare plants were 8 taxa of 8 families 8 genera 8 species, and Celtis choseniana, Penthorum chinense, Melothria japonica appea

거제도 노자산의 관속식물상 및 멸종위기 식물 Ⅱ급 대흥란 자생지의 생태적 특성

정명희 경상국립대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

본 연구는 거제시 노자산의 관속식물상 및 환경부 지정 멸종위기 식물 Ⅱ급 대흥란 자생지의 생태적 특성 연구를 통해 노자산의 생물다양성과 생태계 보전을 위한 기초자료를 제공함과 동시에 노자산에 자생하는 멸종위기 식물 대흥란 자생지의 입지 및 토양환경과 식생 구조 분석, 종간 상관관계 분석 등을 통하여 자생지의 보전과 복원을 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 수행되었다. 1. 노자산의 식물상 1) 식물상 본 연구에서 밝혀진 노자산의 관속식물상은 125과 390속 634종 5아종 66변종 14품종으로 총 719분류군으로 확인됐다. 환경의 비옥함 정도를 알 수 있는 양치식물 계수는 1.6으로 확인되었다. 2) 특산식물 출현 식물 종 가운데 특산식물은 변산바람꽃, 새끼노루귀, 은꿩의다리, 개족도리풀, 노각나무, 지리대사초 등 17과 25속 22종 5변종 27분류군으로 확인되었다. 특산율은 3.8%이고, 우리나라 특산식물 360분류군을 기준으로 한 본 조사지의 특산식물 출현율은 7.5%였다. 3) 희귀식물 희귀식물은 멸종위기종(Critically Endangered / CR) 왕벚나무(식재), 애기송이풀 등 2분류군이었고, 위기종(Endangered Speices / EN)은 백운기름나물, 백양꽃, 대흥란, 갈매기난초 등 4분류군으로 나타났고, 취약종(Vulnerable / VU)은 느리미고사리, 백작약, 애기등, 두메대극, 등 11분류군이었다. 약관심종(Near Threatened / NT)은 왜구실사리, 변산바람꽃, 수정난풀 등 6분류군으로 나타났고 18과 23속 22종 1변종 합계 23분류군으로 확인되었다. 희귀율은 3.2%, 국내 희귀식물 571분류군을 기준으로 한 본 조사지의 희귀식물 출현율은 4.0%였다. 4) 식물구계학적 특정식물 식물구계학적 특정식물은 5등급에 단풍박쥐나무, 애기송이풀, 갯취, 대흥란 등 8분류군으로 확인되었다. 4등급은 섬딸기, 비진도콩, 먼나무, 백양꽃 등 13분류군이었고, 3등급은 느리미고사리, 육박나무, 생달나무, 솜분취 등 35분류군으로 확인되었다. 2등급은 각시고사리, 백작약 등 22분류군이었고, 1등급은 실고사리, 풀고사리 등 50분류군으로 나타나 모두 53과 108속 120종 8변종 등 128분류군으로 확인되었다. 특이율은 17.8%, 식물구계학적 특정식물 1,257분류군을 기준으로 한 본 조사지의 식물구계학적 특정식물 출현율은 10.2%였다. 5) 귀화식물 귀화식물은 닭의덩굴, 소리쟁이, 돌소리쟁이. 미국자리공 등 16과 38속 42종 1변종 합계 43분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화율은 6.0%, 한국 내 귀화식물을 기준으로 한 도시화 지수는 13.4% 6) 기후변화 적응대상 식물 기후변화 적응대상 식물은 특산식물로 지리고들빼기, 갯취, 두메대극, 변산바람꽃, 등 13분류군, 남방계 식물로 나도밤나무, 남오미자, 참식나무 등 37분류군, 북방계 식물로 참쑥과 왜미나리아재비 2분류군, 모두 31과 48속 48종 4변종으로 합계 52분류군이 나타났다. 산림청과 국립수목원이 제시한 기후변화 적응대상 식물 300분류군을 기준으로 한 본 조사지의 기후변화 적응대상 식물 출현율은 17.3%였다. 7) 국외반출 승인대상 식물 국외반출 승인대상 식물은 고비, 봉의꼬리, 넉줄고사리, 소나무 등 76과 161속 184종 3아종 18변종 3품종 208분류군으로 확인되었다. 환경부의 국외반출 승인대상 식물 1,117분류군을 기준으로 한 본 조사지의 국외반출 승인대상 식물 출현율은 18.6%였다. 2. 멸종위기 식물 Ⅱ급 대흥란 자생지의 생태적 특성 1) 입지 환경 노자산 대흥란 자생지 6개 조사지점의 입지환경을 분석한 결과 고도 평균은 112m, 사면은 남향~남서향, 경사 평균은 6o,, 노암율 평균은 16%, 유효 토심 평균은 19.38cm, 낙엽층 평균은 10.9cm, 교목층 식피율 평균은 83%, 아교목층 식피율 평균은 57%, 조사지점 별 대흥란 개체수 평균은 115개체로 나타났다. 2) 토양 환경 노자산 대흥란 자생지 6개 조사지점의 토양환경을 분석한 결과 토양수분은 평균 25.9% 정도였고 대흥란의 개화에 아주 중요한 인자인 것으로 판단된다. 토양 pH는 평균 5.76, 토양유기물 함량은 평균 6.86%로, 전질소는 평균 0.34%, 유효인산 함량은 평균 5.53 ppm으로 나타났다. 치환성양이온 함량은 Mg2+ 함량이 1.20 cmol+/kg, K+ 함량 0.68 cmol+/kg로 Ca2+ 함량 0.52 cmol+/kg보다 높게 나타나 일반적인 산림토양의 치환성양이온 함량 Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+ 순과 다른 경향을 보였다. C.E.C는 평균 16.9 cmol+/kg로 비교적 양호한 토양이라 판단되었다. 본 연구에서 조사된 대흥란 자생지의 토양 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 토양은 습한 편이고, 인산함량이 다소 낮게 나타났으며 유기물이 풍부하고 양이온치환용량과 질소의 함량이 높은 약산성토양으로 판단된다. 3) 식생 구조 노자산 대흥란 자생지 6개 조사지점의 식생구조를 분석한 결과, 교목층에서는 곰솔의 우점치가 가장 높게 나타났다. 아교목층에서는 1번과 3번, 4번 조사지에서는 때죽나무, 2번 조사지에서는 사스레피나무, 5번과 6번 조사지에서는 비목나무의 중요치가 가장 높게 나타났다. 관목층에서는 덜꿩나무, 사스레피나무, 작살나무, 비목나무 등의 중요치가 가장 높게 나타났고 교목층과 아교목층의 높은 울폐도로 관목층 출현종수는 상대적으로 적게 나타났다. 초본층은 전 조사지에서 주름조개풀의 중요치가 가장 높게 나타났다. 대흥란은 1번 조사지와 5번 조사지에서 각각 5.8, 6.0의 높은 중요치 값을 보였다. 조사지별 출현종수는 교목층에서 조사지에 따라 4종에서 13종, 총 27종이 나타났으며, 아교목층은 37종 관목층은 36종으로 확인되었으며 아교목의 개체수가 가장 많이 나타난 것으로 확인되었다. 종다양도는 교목층에서 0.730, 아교목층에서 0.899, 관목층에서 1.06으로 나타났다. 출현종수로 산출되는 최대종다양도는 교목층에서 0.95, 아교목층과 관목층에서 1.24로 나타났다. 각 종의 개체수 분포 정도를 의미하는 균재도는 관목층에서 0.853으로 가장 높았으며, 이어 교목층 0.774, 아교목층 0.734의 순이었다. 층위별 균재도 값에서 알 수 있듯이 관목층이 교목층과 아교목층에 비해 상대적으로 안정된 상태에 접어들고 있는 것으로 판단되며, 관목층에 대해 외부의 교란이 가해지지 않으면 노자산 대흥란 자생지는 앞으로도 유지될 가능성이 높을 것으로 사료된다. 층위별 평균 우점도를 살펴보면 각각 교목층 0.226 아교목층 0.266, 관목층 0.146으로 나타났다. 또한 대흥란 개체수가 많이 확인된 1번, 6번 조사구에서도 출현종수와 개체수 등에 있어서 다른 조사구와 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 4) 수종 간 상관관계 대흥란은 가지청사초, 옥녀꽃대와 1% 수준에서 정의 상관관계가 나타났고, 계요등과는 5% 수준에서 정의 상관관계가, 마, 산족제비고사리, 둥근털제비꽃, 그늘사초, 우산나물과는 5% 수준에서 부의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 거제도 노자산의 식물상 연구를 통해 노자산에는 특산식물과 희귀식물, 식물구계학적 특정식물 등 보호 가치가 높고 생태적으로 중요한 식물의 출현율이 매우 높다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 노자산의 생태적 가치를 지키고 보호하기 위한 특별 대책이 필요하다고 사료된다. 또한, 멸종위기 식물 Ⅱ급 대흥란 자생지의 생태적 특성 분석을 통해 얻은 결과를 토대로 대흥란의 자생지 보전뿐만 아니라 자생지 외 복원에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted with the aim of providing basic data for the biodiversity and ecosystem conservation of Mt. Noja by conducting an investigation of vascular plants in Mt. Noja, Geoje City. And the purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the conservation and restoration of the Cymbidium macrorrhizum habitat through the analysis of the location, soil environment, Plant structure, and Correlation between species of the Cymbidium macrorrhizum habitat. 1. Flora of Mt. Noja 1) vascular plants In this study, the flora of Mt. Noja showed a total of 719 taxa including 125 families, 390 genuses, 634 species, 5 subspecies, 66 variants and 14 forms. The Pteridophyta Index, which indicates the degree of the fertility in the environment, turned out to be 1.6 percent. 2) The Korean endemic plants The Korean endemic plants found in Mt. Noja were a total of 27 taxa including 17 families, 25 genuses, 22 species, 5 variants including Eranthis byunsanensis, Hepatica insularis, halictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, halictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Carex okamotoi, and so on. The Korean endemic index was 3.8 percent. The appearance rate of Korean endemic plants in the survey site based on the 360 taxa of Korean endemic plants in Korea was 7.5 percent. 3) The rare plants The rare plants designated were total of 23 taxa including 18 families, 23 genuses, 22 species, 1 variants. Among the rare plants, Critically endangered plants were 2 taxa including Prunus yedoensis, Pedicularis ishidoyana, and so on. The endangered speices plants were 4taxa including Peucedanum hakuunense, Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, Cymbidium macrorrhizum, Platanthera japonica. The vulnerable plants were 11 taxa including Dryopteris tokyoensis, Paeonia japonica, Millettia japonica, Euphorbia fauriei, and so on. The near threatened plants were 6 taxa including Selaginella helvetica, Eranthis byunsanensis, Monotropa uniflora, and so on. The rare plants index was 3.2 percent. The appearance rate of rare plants in the survey site based on the 571 taxa of rare plants in Korea was 4.0 percent. 4) The floristic regional indicator plants The floristic regional indicator plants were 128 taxa comprising 8 taxa of grade V including Alangium platanifolium, Pedicularis ishidoyana, Ligularia taquetii, Cymbidium macrorrhizum, and so on; 13 taxa of grade IV including Rubus ribisoideus, Dumasia truncata, Ilex rotunda, Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, and so on; 35 taxa of grade III including Dryopteris tokyoensis, Actinodaphne lancifolia, Cinnamomum japonicum, Saussurea eriophylla, and so on; 22 taxa of grade II including Thelypteris torresiana var. calvata, Paeonia japonica, and so on; and 50 taxa of grade I including Lygodium japonicum, Gleichenia japonica, and so on. The naturalized plants were 43 taxa including 16 families, 38 genuses, 42 species, 1 variants including Fallopia dumetorum, Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius, Phytolacca americana, and so on. The specific index was 17.8 percent. The appearance rate of floristic regional indicator plants in this survey site based on the 1,257 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants in Korea was 10.2 percent. 5) The naturalized plants The naturalized plants were 43 taxa including 16 families, 38 genuses, 42 species, 1 variants including Fallopia dumetorum, Rumex crispus , Rumex obtusifolius, Phytolacca americana, and so on. The naturalized index was 6.0 percent. The urbanized index was 13.4 percent. 6) The target plants adaptable to climate change The target plants adaptable to climate change were 52 taxa comprising 13 taxa of Korean endemic plants including Crepidiastrum koidzumianum,Ligularia taquetii, Euphorbia fauriei, Eranthis byunsanensis, and so on; 37 taxa Southern plants including Meliosma myriantha, Kadsura japonica, Neolitsea sericea, and so on; 2 taxa Northern plants including Artemisia dubia, Ranunculus franchetii, and so on. The appearance rate of target plants adaptable to climate change in the survey site based on the 300 taxa of target plants adaptable to climate change in Korea was 17.3 percent. 7) approved foreign export plants The list of approved foreign export plants were 208 taxa including 76families, 161 genuses, 184 species, 3 subspecies, 18 variants 3forms including Pteris multifida, Davallia mariesii, Pinus densiflora, Thuja orientalis, Cephalotaxus koreana, Platycarya strobilacea, and so on. The appearance rate of approved foreign export plants in the survey site based on the 1117 taxa of appearance of approved foreign export plants in Korea was 18.6 percent. 2. Ecological Characteristics of Endangered Plant Class Ⅱ Cymbidium macrorrhizum Habitats. 1) Location environment According to an analysis of the location environment of the six surveyed sites of Cymbidium macrorrhizum in Mt. Noja, it is 112m on average in altitude; SW in Aspect; 6o in slope; 16% in rock exposure rate; 19.38cm in available soil depth; 10.9cm in litter depth; 83% in tree coverage; and 57% in subtree coverage. And the average number of C. macrorrhizum population of the surveyed sites is 115. 2) Soil chemical properties According to an analysis of the soil chemical properties at the 6 surveyed areas of C. macrorrhizum in Mountain Noja, the average soil moisture of 25.9 percent is considered a very important factor in the flowering of C. macrorrhizum. The average soil pH is 5.76; average soil organic matter 6.86%; average total nitrogen 0.34% and average available phosphorus 5.53 ppm. The exchangeable cation is: Mg2+ 1.20 cmol+/kg; K+ 0.68 cmol+/kg; Ca2+ 0.52 cmol+/kg. The Mg2+ and K+ are higher than Ca2+. This indicates a different trend from the normal exchangeable cation of the forest soil: Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+. With the average cation exchange capacity of 16.9 cmol+/kg, it can be considered the soil is relatively good. According to the soil analysis results of C. macrorrhizum habitat investigated in this study, the soil is considered to be humid, somewhat low in phosphoric acid content, rich in organic matter, of high cation exchange capacity and high nitrogen content. On the whole, the soil of C. macrorrhizum habitat is low acidic soil. 3) Plant structure As a result of analyzing the vegetation structure of the six survey sites in C. macrorrhizum, Mt. Noja, the Importance value of Pinus thunbergii was the highest among the tree layer. In the subtree layer, the importance value of the Styrax japonicus was highest in the first, third, and fourth survey sites, and the Eurya japonica trees in the second, and the Lindera erythrocarpa in the fifth and sixth survey sites. In the shrub layer, the importance of Viburnum erosum, Eurya japonica, Callicarpa japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa were the highest, and the number of shrub trees appeared relatively low due to the high crown density of the tree layer and subtree layer. The herb layer showed the highest importance of Oplismenus undulatifolius in the all survey sites. C. macrorrhizum showed high importance values of 5.8 and 6.0, in survey No.1 and survey No.5, respectively. The average number of species that appeared was 27 species of Tree layer, 37 species of subtree layer, and 36 species of shrub layer. The average species diversity index was priced at 0.730 in the tree layer, 0.899 in the subtree layer, and 1.06 in the shrub layer, respectively. The average maximum species diversity index was 0.95 in the tree layer, and 1.24 in the subtree layer and shrub layer. The average evenness index of plants in this study was 0.774 in the tree layer, 0.734 in the subtree layer and 0.853 in the shrub layer, which was the highest in the shrub layer. The average dominance index was 0.226 for the tree layer, 0.266 for the subtree layer, and 0.146 for the shrub layer, It is believed that the shrub layer is entering a relatively stable state compared to the tree layer and subtree layer, and if there is no external disturbance on the shrub layer, C. macrorrhizum habitat on Mt. Noja is likely to be maintained in the future. 4) Correlation between species C. macrorrhizum showed a 1% definition correlation with Carex polyschoena and Chloranthus fortunei, and 5% definition correlation with Paederia scandens var. scandens, and 5% wealth correlation with Dioscorea batatas, Dryopteris bissetiana, Viola collina, Carex lanceolata, and Syneilesis palmata. Through the flora study of Mt. Noja in Geoje island, it was confirmed that Mt. Noja have high protective value and and the emergence rate of ecologically high, such as the Korean endemic plants, the rare plants, and the floristic region plants. Therefore, special measures are considered necessary to protect and protect the ecological value of Mt. Noja. In addition, based on the results obtained through the analysis of the ecological characteristics of endangered plant class Ⅱ C. macrorrhizum habitats, it is believed that it can be used not only for preservation of C. macrorrhizum habitats but also for restoration.

남해 금산의 식생구조 분석과 식물상 및 애기등의 특성에 관한 연구

이민숙 경상국립대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

Ⅰ. Vegetation structure of Mt. Geumsan, Namhae In order to research the vegetation structure of Geumsan, Namhae, 75 square districts (400㎡) were divided into 3 sections in direction, ridges, and forest physiognomy, and vegetation was investigated. As a result of classifying the plant communities, the 1 section was found in the 21 survey districts: Quercus serrata - Eurya japonica- Cornus kousa community, Quercus serrata - Styrax japonicus - Cornus kousa community, Pinus thunbergii - Prunus sargentii - Quercus serrata community in 3 clusters. the 2 Section has 2 clusters in 27 survey districts, including Quercus serrata – Pinus thunbergii – Pinus densiflora community, and Quercus serrata - Styrax japonicus - Pinus thunbergii community and 3 Section has 2 cluster in 27 survey districts, including Quercus serrata – Carpinus turczaninovii - Pinus thunbergii community, and Quercus mongolica - Styrax japonicus- Acer pseudosieboldianum community. In most surveys, Quercus serrata and Pinus thunbergii were dominant, while hillside was dominated by Cornus kousa and Styrax japonicus. In the correlation between tree species in section 1, Lindera glauca and Pinus thunbergii, Pourthiaea villosa;; Toxicodendron trichocarpum and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Pinus thunbergii and Ligustrum japonicum, Pourthiaea villosa; Ligustrum japonicum and Styrax japonicus, Prunus sargentii; Stephanandra incisa and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Stewartia koreana and Aria alnifolia; Lindera obtusiloba and Styrax obassia; Carpinus laxiflora and Quercus serrata have strong positive correlations. A strong negative correlation was established between Pinus thunbergii and Quercus serrata; Ligustrum japonicum and Quercus serrata; Prunus sargentii and Carpinus laxiflora and Quercus serrata. The species diversity index for each cluster was relatively low in 0.6827 to 0.7748 in Section 1 In the correlation between tree species in section 2, Pinus thunbergii and Eurya japonica; Ligustrum japonicum and Callicarpa japonica; Stephanandra incisa and Acer pseudosieboldianum; Styrax japonicus and Neoshirakia japonica, Cornus kousa; Eurya japonica and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Smilax china have strong positive correlations. A strong negative correlation was established between Acer pseudosieboldianum and Eurya japonica; Eurya japonica and Cornus kousa, Lindera obtusiloba; Cornus kousa and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Lindera obtusiloba and Smilax china. The species diversity index for each cluster was 0.8072 to 0.8860 in Section 2 Section 3 consists of Lindera glauca and Viburnum erosum, Lespedeza maximowiczii; Pinus thunbergii and Symplocos sawafutagi, Cornus kousa; Stephanandra incisa and Pourthiaea villosa; Quercus variabilis and Prunus sargentii; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Lindera erythrocarpa; Viburnum erosum and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Lindera erythrocarpa and Pourthiaea villosa; Lindera obtusiloba and Callicarpa japonica; Carpinus laxiflora and Pourthiaea villosa; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Lespedeza maximowiczii have strong positive correlations. A strong negative correlation was established between Lindera erythrocarpa and Quercus serrata; Lindera obtusiloba and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata.The species diversity index for each cluster was relatively low in 0.9183 to 0.7323 in Section 3. Ⅱ. Flora of Mt. Geumsan As a result of investigating the plant distribution of Mt. Geumsan, Namhae, considering the direction, topography, altitude, and accessibility, etc., a total of 693 taxa of vascular plants, including 117 families, 373 genera, and 602 species, 5 subspecies, 72 varieties, and 14 forma were appeared in 7 sections. Among them, a total of 46 taxa of pteridophyta, including 11 families, 24 genera, 45 species, 1 variety, a total of 15 taxa of gymnospermaes, including 4 families, 6 genera, 12 species, 3 varieties, and a total of 632 taxa of angiosperms , including 102 families, 343 genera, 545 species, 5 subspecies, 68 varieties, 14 forma were appeared. As for rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, a total of 21 taxa, including 18 families, 18 genera, 20 species, 1 varieties were appeared By type, for rare plants, the CR grade was 6 taxa with Isoetes japonica, Magnolia kobus, Prunus × yedoensis , Utricularia uliginosa, Metanarthecium luteoviride, Dendrobium moniliforme etc., the EN grade is Cymbidium macrorhizon and the VU grade is Taxus cuspidata, Drosera rotundifolia, Wisteriopsis japonica, Utricularia bifida etc. in 4 taxa, LC The grades are Selliguea hastata, Abies koreana, Asarum maculatum, Corylopsis coreana, Viola albida, Chionanthus retusu, Utricularia caerulea, Arisaema heterophyllum etc. 8 taxa, Alangium platanifolium and Scrophularia koraiensis appeared in DD grade, so 18 families, 18 genera, 20 species, 1 variety, 21 taxa appeared. Three taxa, Cymbidium macrorhizon, Metanarthecium luteoviride and Utricularia uliginosa which were designated as Class II organisms, appeared. Korean endemic plant incorporated 18 taxa, including 14 families, 17 genera, 17 species, 1 variety. Floristic regional indicator plant incorporated 107 taxa, Grade Ⅴ was 11 taxa such as Isoetes japonica , Millettia japonica, Metanarthecium luteoviride etc., Grade Ⅳ was 11 taxa such as Drosera rotundifolia, Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana, Sanguisorba longifolia etc., Grade Ⅲ was 23 taxa such as Selaginella involvens, Dryopteris fuscipes, Scrophularia koraiensis etc., Grade Ⅱ was 13 taxa such as Equisetum hyemale , Crypsinus hastatus, Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata etc., Grade Ⅰ was 49 taxa such as Lygodium japonicum, Dicranopteris pedata, Euonymus macropterus etc., including 58 families, 91 genera, 102 species, 1 subspecies, 4 variety were appeared. Exotic plants incorporated 65 taxa, including 28 families, 55 genera, 64 species, 1 subspecies, and the urbanization index was 11.2% and the naturalization rate was 6.1%. This was lower than Korea's average naturalization rate of 10.3%. Ⅲ. characteristics of Wisteriopsis japonica A rare plant, Wisteriopsis japonica, around Mt. Geumsan, Namhae, is a deciduous plant with a length of about 3m and a stem with a thickness of about 5.5cm. Flowering is in July-August, and fruiting is in October-November. It is mainly distributed in the altitude of 18~107m and grows in a place with a lot of sunlight. The pollen is monad, trigonal spherical, and the surface pattern is reticular. As a result of analyzing the soil of the habitat, Organic matter content was 24.80±18.70%, Effective phosphoric acid 23.00±13.06 mg/kg, Exchangeable Cation K+ was 0.33±0.097 cmol+/kg, Exchangeable Cation Ca2+ was 3.30±2.16 cmol+/kg, Exchangeable Cation Mg2+ was found to be 1.10±0.78cmol+/kg, soil pH was 4.8±0.25, and Electrical conductivity was 0.52±0.46dSm-1. Seed germination was 100% in the Geumpyeong Bridge area, 90% in Wolgok Village, 85% in Woncheon Village and Gwangdu Village, and 75% in Beopmunsa after 40 days of germination test, with an average of 87%. Number of leaflet was the most common in Woncheon Village with 7, and significant differences were shown by regions. Length of terminal leaflet petiole was high in Beopmunsa and Gwangdu Village, and showed a significant difference from the rest of the surveyed areas. Width of terminal leaflet was the widest in Wolgok and Gwangdu villages, and showed significant differences from the rest of the surveyed areas. In the case of number of inflorescence flower there were at least 2 to a maximum of 24, which was found to be large in Beopmunsa and Woncheon Village, and significant differences were found by region. Length of fruit was 54.48mm at least and 122.32mm at maximum, showing a higher average than other survey areas in Woncheon Village and Gwangdu Village, and there was a significant difference compared to other survey areas.

함안군 말이산고분군과 성산산성의 관속식물상 분포와 외래식물 유입에 관한 연구

안상주 경상국립대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 함안군 말이산고분군 및 성산산성의 식물상과 외래식물에 대한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 두 구간을 나누어 조사를 실시하였다. 조사 결과 말이산고분군의 관속식물은 97과 310속 485종 4아종 54변종 11품종으로 554분류군이 출현하였으며, 성산산성의 관속식물은 76과 203속 268종 3아종 26변종 3품종으로 300분류군이 출현하였다. 따라서 2 조사지역의 관속식물은 101과 327속 523종 5아종 55변종 12품종 595분류군이 출현하였다. 이는 우리나라 관속식물 4,881종류의 약 12.19%에 해당된다. 이들 중 양치식물은 8과 11속 13종 1변종의 14분류군, 나자식물은 4과 7속 13종 1품종 14분류군, 피자식물은 90과 309속 497종 5아종 54변종 11품종의 567분류군, 쌍자엽식물은 80과 245속 393종 4아종 40변종 10품종의 447분류군, 단자엽식물은 10과 64속 104종 1아종 14변종 1품종의 120분류군이 출현하였고, 희귀식물은 8과 8속 8종 8분류군으로 취약종(VU)은 주목, 약관심종(LC)은 측백나무, 쥐방울덩굴, 새박, 이팝나무, 개지치 등의 5분류군, 멸종위기종(CR)은 목련과 왕벚나무 2분류군이 출현하였으며, 한국특산식물은 은사시나무, 외대으아리, 고광나무, 나래완두 등의 8분류군이 출현하였고, 식물구계학적 특정식물은 58분류군, 귀화식물은 21과 53속 74종 2변종 76분류군이 출현하였으며, 귀화율은 12.7%이고, 도시화지수는 23.6%로 나타났다. 식물들의 생활형은 귀화식물의 휴면형으로 일년생식물이 28분류군으로 36.8%, 일년생식물(겨울형)이 22분류군으로 26.3%, 지중식물은 5분류군으로 5.3%, 반지중식물은 18분류군으로 25.0%로 나타났다. 지표식물은 2분류군으로 2.6%, 대교목은 2분류군으로 2.6%으로 나타났다. 생태계교란식물은 돼지풀, 가시상추, 양미역취, 환삼덩굴 등의 2과 4속 4종 4분류군이 출현하였다. 이들은 번식력이 왕성하여 자생식물의 생육에 방해가 될 뿐만 아니라, 사람들에게 있어 화분으로 인한 알러지를 유발하며, 일부 종들은 가시로 인하여 피부에 상처를 생기게 할 우려가 있다. 이 지역은 도심공원이자 유적지로써 많은 탐방객들의 왕래가 잦은 지역임에 따라 이러한 식물들의 제거를 우선적으로 해야 하며 관리방안이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to obtain basic data on the distribution of vascular flora and the inflow of exotic plants along in the Malisan-ancient-tombs and Seongsan-mountain-fortress in Haman-gun. As for the vascular plants in the survey area, 595 taxa of 101 families, 327 genera, 523 species, 5 subspecies, 55 variants, and 12 forma appeared. Among them, 14 taxa of 8 families, 11 genera, 13 species, and 1 varieties appeared in pteridophyta, 14 taxa of 4 families, 7 genera, and 3 species and 1 varieties in gymnospermae, appeared. Angiosperms were appeared as 567 taxa including 90 families, 309 genera, 497 species 5 subspecies, 54 varieties and 11 forma. Among the angiosperms, 80 families, 245 genera, 393 species, 4 subspecies, 40 varieties, 10 forma, and 447 taxa appeared in dicotyledonous plants and monocotyledonous plants appeared as 120 taxa of 10 families, 64 genera, 104 species, 1 subspecies, 14 varieties, and 10 forma. Rare plants species were 8 taxa including 8 families, 8 genera, 8 species, and they appeared as 1 taxa(Taxus cuspidata) in VU grade, 5 taxa(Platycladus orientalis, Aristolochia contorta, Melothria japonica, Chionanthus retusus, Lithospermum arvense) in LC grade, and 2 taxa (Magnolia kobus and Prunus yedoensis) in CR grade. Korean endemic plant species were appeared as 8 taxa including 8 families, 8 genera, 8 species, and Populus tomentiglandulosa, Clematis brachyura, Philadelphus schrenkii, Vicia hirticalycina etc. Floristic regional indicator plant species were appeared as 31 taxa, included 25 families, 29 genera, 31 species. Naturalized plants were appeared as 76 taxa including 21 families, 53 genera, 74 species and 2 varieties, the urbanization index and naturalization rate were 12.7% and 23.6%, respectively. Life type is the dormant type of naturalized plants were appeared as therophyte was 28 taxa(36,8%), therophyte(winter annual) was 22 taxa(26.3%) and geophyte was 5 taxa(5.3%). And hemicryptophyte was 18 taxa(25.0%), chamaephyte was 2 taxa(2.6%), megaphanerophyte was 2 taxa(2.6%) also appeared. Ecosystem disturbance plants appeared in 4 taxa, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Lactuca scariola, Solidago altissima, and Humulus japonicus.

사천시 昆陽川邊의 管束植物相 분포와 외래식물 유입에 관한 연구

김규헌 경상국립대학교 산업복지대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 사천시 곤양천변의 관속식물상의 분포와 외래식물의 유입에 관한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다. 관속식물은 112과 328속 524종 4아종 46변종 11품종으로 585분류군이 출현하였다. 벼과와 국화과가 각 62분류군으로 가장 많이 출현하였고, 콩과 34분류군, 장미과 31분류군, 사초과 22분류군 등의 순으로 출현하였다. 희귀식물은 11과 12속 10종 2변종 12분류군으로 CR등급은 목련과 왕벚나무 2분류군, EN등급은 눈향나무, LC등급은 새박, 이팝나무, 섬초롱꽃 등의 5분류군, VU등급은 세뿔투구꽃, 모감주나무, 범부채 등의 4분류군이 출현하였다. 한국특산식물은 은사시나무, 키버들, 세뿔투구꽃 등의 8과 9속 10종의 10분류군이 출현하였다. 식물구계학적 특정식물은 38과 56속 62종 3변종의 65분류군이 출현하였다. 귀화식물은 17과 50속 65종의 65분류군이 출현하였으며, 생태계 교란종은 애기수영, 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀 등의 8분류군이 출현하였다. 귀화율은 11.1%이고 도시화지수는 20.2%였다. 염생식물은 돌가시나무, 갯잔디, 큰비쑥 13과 26속 24종 2변종 1품종 27분류군이 출현하였다. This study was conducted to obtain basic data on the distribution of vascular flora and inflow of exotic plants along the Gonyangcheon stream in Sacheon. Vascular plants were investigated a total of 535 taxa including 112 families, 328 genera, 524 species, 4 sub-species, 46 varieties, and 11 forms. Gramineae and Asteraceae were the most abundant as 62 taxa, followed by Leguminosae as 34 taxa, Rosaceas as 31 taxa and Cyperaceae as 22 taxa. Rare plants were 11 families, 12 genera, 10 species, 2 variants, 12 taxa, CR grade was 2 taxa (Magnolia kobus and Prunus yedoensis), EN grade was Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, LC grade was 5 taxa (Melothria japonica, Chionanthus retusus, Campanula takesimana etc.), and VU grade was 4 taxa (Aconitum austrokoreense, Koelreuteria paniculata, Belamcanda chinensis etc.). Korean endemic plants (Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Aconitum austrokoreense etc.) were investigated into 8 families, 9 genera, 10 species, and 10 taxa. Special flower plants were investigated as 38 families, 56 genera, 62 species, 3 varieties, and 65 taxa. Naturalized plants (Fallopia dumetorum, Rumex acetosella, Rumex crispus etc.) were in 65 taxa including 17 families, 50 genera and 65 species, and ecological disturbance species (Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Lactuca scariola etc.) were in 7 taxa. The naturalization rate and urbanization index were 11.1% and 20.2%, respectively. Halophytes (Rosa wichuraiana, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia fukudo etc.) were investigated in 13 families, 26 genera, 24 species, 2 varieties, 1 variety, and 27 taxa.

거창군 加川川邊의 식물사회학적 관속식물상 분포와 외래식물 유입에 관한 연구

임채옥 경상국립대학교 산업복지대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 거창군 가천천의 식물상 조사를 통해 식물사회학적 관속식물상의 분포와 외래식물 유입에 관한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다. 관속식물은 전체 99과 323속 512종 3아종 69변종 10품종 594분류군이 출현하였다. 이는 우리나라 관속식물 4,881종류의 약 12.1%에 해당된다. 벼과가 64분류군으로 가장 많이 출현하였고, 국화과 63분류군, 장미과 34분류군, 콩과 32분류군, 사초과 27분류군, 마디풀과 22분류군 등의 순이다. 희귀식물은 검팽나무, 매미꽃, 꽃창포 등의 5분류군이 출현하였고, 한국특산식물은 10과 12속 11종 1변종 12분류군이 출현하였으며, 식물구계학적 특정식물은 29과 39속 38종 5변종으로 43분류군이 출현하였다. 귀화식물은 18과 46속 58종 1변종 59분류군이 출현하였으며, 귀화율은 9.9%, 도시화지수는 17.2%였다. 귀화식물의 생활형으로 일년생식물이 20분류군, 일년생식물(겨울형)이 15분류군, 지중식물은 2분류군 반지중식물은 16분류군, 지표식물은 2분류군, 지표식물인 관목은 1분류군, 대교목은 2분류군, 수생식물(일년생)은 1분류군이 출현하였다. 생태계 교란종은 환삼덩굴, 애기수영, 돼지풀, 미국쑥부쟁이, 가시상추 등의 5분류군이 출현하였으며, 이중 환삼덩굴과 미국쑥부쟁이는 전체조사구간에서 출현하여, 가천천 수변의 생태교란종에 대한 관리방안을 마련해야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to collect basic data necessary for the study on the distribution of vascular flora and the inflow of exotic plants through a flora survey of Gacheoncheon Stream in Geochang-gun. As for vascular plants, 99 families, 323 genera, 512 species, 3 subspecies, 69 varieties, 10 forma, 594 taxa appeared. This is about 12.1% of 4,881 kinds of vascular plants in Korea. By department, gramineae appeared the most in the 64 taxa, followed by the 63 taxa Compositae, the 34 taxa Rosaceae, the 32 taxa leguminosae, the 27 taxa cyperaceae, and the 22 taxa polygonaceae. As for rare plants, five taxa appeared, Celtis choseniana, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, Iris ensata var. spontanea etc., Korean endemic plants appeared as 12 taxa of 10 families, 12 genera, 11 species, and 1 varieties. Floristic regional indicator plants appeared as 43 taxa of 29 families, 39 genera, 38 species, and 5 varieties. Naturalized plants appeared as 59 taxa of 18 families, 46 genera, 58 species, and 1 varieties, and of therophyte in the 20 taxa, of therophyte (winter annual) in the 15 taxa, of geophyte in the 2 taxa, and of hemicryptophyte in the 16 taxa., of chamaephyte appeared in the 2 taxa, of shrub in 1 taxa, of megaphanerophytes in the 2 taxa, of hydrophyte (therophyte) appeared in the 1 taxa. The naturalization rate was 9.9% and the urbanization index was 17.2%. As for the ecological disturbance species, 5 taxa appeared, Humulus japonicus, Rumex acetosella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus, Lactuca scariola. Among them, Humulus japonicus, and Aster pilosus appear in the entire survey section, so it is judged that it is necessary to establish a management plan for the ecological disturbance species along the Gachon-river.