호남지방 장승신앙과 조형미에 관한 연구

최정화 경희대학교 교육대학원 2001 국내석사

80년대 민족·민중 문화에 대한 의식이 고취되면서 장승 문화의 본질적 가치가 새롭게 조명되었으며 전통 문화로서 보호받기에 이르렀다. 뿐만 아니라 요즘에는 신앙적 성격과 기능이 소멸된 탈 민속적 장승마저 도처에서 쉽게 만날 수도 있다. 이와 같은 장승의 형태에서 벗어나기 위해서는 자연에 거스르지 않고 융화를 통해서 고유한 미를 창조함으로써 기교에 치우치지 않는 소박성과 뛰어난 독창성이 담긴 한국적인 독특한 조형 세계를 이룩해야 한다고 본다. 특히 호남지방은 넓은 평야와 해안지역이 많아서 풍농·풍어·안전을 비는 수호신이나 나라의 기틀을 굳게 하고 고을의 지맥을 다스리며 재앙과 역병을 막아주는 풍수 비보적인 성격을 띤 다양한 형태와 기능을 가진 장승들이 잔존해 있다. 타 지역보다 옛 사찰들이 많아서 사찰 장승이 많이 소재하고 있고 돌장승의 초기 형태인 선돌과 함께 돌장승이 집중적으로 분포되어 있으므로 한국 장승 문화 연구의 중요한 대상 지역이 되고 있다. 이렇게 세워진 장승에게 내포된 신앙의 배경을 학술적으로 단정하기 어렵지만 장승 신앙은 인간의 한계로는 극복할 수 없는 일들을 신력(神力)과 초자연적인 힘에 의존하여 해결해 보고자 하는 믿음의 표현인 것이다. 또한 부락 공동제의 하나인 장승제는 부족·부락간에 단결을 도모하고 '우리' 라는 공동 의식을 갖게 되는 중요한 요소로 작용하고 있다. 이러한 장승 신앙에 내포된 이론인 음양관에 의하면 장승은 인간 조건의 이분법 중에서 특히 성적(性的) 이분법이 가장 잘 드러나 있으며 형상화하는데 있어서도 성(聖)도 속적(俗的)인 것에 의거하여 표현될 수밖에 없으므로 남·여로 표현되어져 있음을 볼 수 있다. 장승의 기능은 명문을 통해 알 수 있으나 이를 종합하여 볼 때 장승을 세우는 주목적이 수호신격의 양신인 장승으로 하여금 사악한 음귀를 압승토록 하여 벽사 하고자 한 것이며 초자연력을 지닌 남·여 장승의 상생(相生)에서 빚어지는 생생력으로 생식의 풍요를 누리고자 한 것이다. 이러한 음양상징성을 내포한 호남지방 장승은 기발한 발상과 대담하고 다양한 형태로 우리 조상들의 심미적 미의식을 가장 잘 나타내주고 있는 한 상징물로서 사람의 형상을 모방하여 의도적으로 왜곡·과장하여 단순화하였다. 자연 상태인 돌과 나무의 원형을 많이 살려서 조형화 하였음을 볼 수 있다. 또한 조선후기의 민중들이 전래되어 온 수호신상을 자기 양식화시켜 놓았으며 유교·불교·도교의 독특한 신상 양식이 나타나거나 신앙형태가 혼합된채 표현되어있다. 뿐만 아니라 우리 민족 정서에 깃들여 있는 풍자와 해학을 나름대로 투박하게 표현하였다. 그러므로 본고에서는 호남지방 장승에 내포된 신앙인 음양상징성을 고찰해 보고 잔존하는 장승에 나타난 조형미를 살펴봄으로써 장승에 숨어있는 미적 가치와 사회적 관심을 음미해 현대 조소에 접목시킬 수 있는 계기를 마련해 보는데 목적을 두었으며 연구 방법은 호남지방의 장승신앙에 내포된 음양상징성에 관하여 민속학의 문헌자료를 바탕으로 고찰해보고 현존하는 장승의 지역별 분포와 장승에 표현된 조형 미감을 파악하기 위해 각종 문헌과 현지 답사하여 조형성이 비교적 뚜렷하며 그 특성을 밝힐 수 있는 장승을 표집 하여 수호신적 이미지, 해학미, 자연미, 단순미로 구분하여 분석하는데 비중을 두었다. 본 연구의 결론은 장승은 생명력을 소유한 본능적인 표현 방식으로 대상의 구체적인 재현보다는 내면 정서의 자유로운 표출에 의해서 다양한 형태를 만들어냈음을 알게 되었다. 앞으로 지속적인 연구와 장승에 현대적 감성을 접목시켜서 장승의 맥을 이어나가는 것이 필요하다고 본다. The present work was carried out to examine the mechanism of costunolide-induced anti-cancer effects in human leukemia cell lines such as HL-60 and U937. Costunolide is a sesquiterpene lactone compound isolated from stem bark of Magnolia sieboldii and has anti-viral, anti-ulcer and chemopreventive activity. Costunolide differentiated HL-60 to monocyte and granulocyte-like cells. Differentiation inducing effect of costunolide was associated with the increase of p21^(cip1) and decrease of c-myc protein. Costunolide also produced a potent apoptosis induction in HL-60 and in U937 with a time and concentration dependent manners. Treatment with costunolide produced a intracellular ROS, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, released cytochorome c from mitochondria to cytosol and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 in HL-60 cells. Reversal of its effects on apoptosis was obtained with pretreatment by sulfur containing compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreotil as well as thiol antioxidant such as glutathione, NAC. Moreover, it was found that costunolide rapidly concentration - and time - dependent depleted intracellular GSH and protein thiols. From these results, we could consider depeletion of intracellular thiol as a major cause to increase of ROS in leukemia cell line. Since costunolide-induced apoptosis was completely prevented in Bcl-2 overexpressed cells, these apoptosis was associated with Bcl-2. Furthermore, we demonstrated a requirment for c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family in mediating cosunolide-induced apoptosis of human leukemia U-937 cells as transdominant-negative JNK significantly blocked costunolide-induced cell death. In pursuit to find functional exomethylene group on costunolide, we synthesized two new costunolide-derived products, dihydrocostunolide (2) and saussurea lactone (3). Costunolide showed strong cytotoxic and apoptotic activities in contrast to compound 2 and 3. These results suggest that ROS and caspase-3 protease mediated signal transduction are essential for costunolide-induced apoptosis. In the in vivo experiments, costunlide apparently increased the life span and decrease the tumor size of mice bearing 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma, as well as cisplatin, positive control. Consequently, a variety of apoptosis inducing effects by costunolide demonstrated that costunolide can become effective anti-cancer drug.

湖南地方 靑銅器時代의 住居址硏究

김규정 목포대학교 2000 국내석사

본 硏究는 湖南地方에서 조사된 靑銅器時代 住居址의 性格에 대하여 살펴 본 것이다. 湖南地方에서 조사된 住居址를 錦江 ⦁ 萬頃江流城, 榮山江流城, 蟾津 ⦁ 寶城江地方, 高敞 ⦁ 靈光地城 등 4개 지역으로 나우너 검토하고 거기에서 출토되는 유물들을 석기와토기로 나누어 살펴보았다. 湖南地方에서 조사된 靑銅器時代 住居址의 性格에 대하여 살펴본 결과 다음과 같다. 첫째, 湖南地方에서 조사된 靑銅器時代 住居址는 평면형태에 따라 세장방형과 장방형(Ⅰ유형), 방형(Ⅱ유형), 원형(Ⅲ유형)으로 분류된다. 둘째, 湖南地方에서 조사된 住居址를 각 지역별로 나누어 살펴보았다.錦江 ⦁ 萬頃江流城에서 조사된 주거지는 장방형, 방형, 원형이 모두 조사 되었으며 주거지의 평면형태에 따라출토유물에서 차이를 보인다. 장방형과 방형주거지 중에 타원형수혈이 없는 주거지의 경우 주거지 내부에 爐址가 설치되고 벽면에는 溝施設이 있으며 溝施設 내부에 일정한 간격의 柱孔이 배치되었다. 出土遺物은 可樂洞式土器와 半月形石刀, 이단경 식석초과 삼각만입촉이 출토되지만 타원형수혈이 있는 주거지의 경우 토기편과 석기편이 약간 출토되엇을 뿐 출토유물이 거의 없다.원형주거지의 경우 주앙에 타원형수혈이 설치되었으며 외반구호와 단도마연토기, 유경식석검, 삼각형 석도, 유구석부, 일단경촉 등이 출토되고 있어 송국리 유적과 관련성이 있다. 榮山江流域 에서는 평면 원형의 ⅢA①형식의 주거지만 나타나고 있다. 토기는 송국리식토기와 무문토기발,삼각형석도, 유구석부, 일단경촉 들이 출토되었다. 蟾津  寶城江流域에서는 장방형, 방형, 원형주거지가 모두 조사되었는데 장방형주거지는 내부에 아무런 시설이 없으며 충토유물은 欣岩里式土器와 반월형석도, 이단경촉등이 출토 되었다. 방형주거지의 경우 ⅡA형식의 주거지에서는 송국리식토기가 출토되지만 ⅡB식 주거지와 Ⅲ식의 주거지에서는 孔列土器와 深鉢形土器가 출토되고 있다. 高敞 ⦁ 靈光地城 에서는 Ⅱ형식과 Ⅲ형식의 주거지가 조사되었는데 이들 주거지는 내부에 타원형수혈이 있으며 타원형수혈내부에 柱孔이 배치된 ⅡB형식과 ⅢA형식의 주거지다. 이들 주거지는 항상 고존하고 있으며 出土遺物은 빈약하여 특징을 살필 수 없다. 셋째, 호남지방에서 조사된 청동기시대 주거지는 構造的인 特徵과 出土遺物 등을 통하여 3時期로 설정할 수 있다. 1期는 주거지의 평면형태에 있어 세장방형, 장방형, 방형을 특징으로 하며 주거지 내부에는1기내지 수기의 爐址가 설치된다. 주거지 내부 벽면에는 溝施設이 나타나기도 한다. 출토유물은 可樂洞式土器, 欣岩里式土器, 孔列土器 등의 土器와 이단병식석검, 이단경촉, 삼각만입촉, 반월형석도 등의 석기가 출토되고 있다. 특히 토기에 있어서 지역성이 나타난다.시기적으로는 前期로 編年되며 年代는 紀元前 1000~800년 정도에 해당된다. Ⅱ期는 Ⅰ期 後半에 나타가기 시작하여 이 시기에 한반도 전역으로 확산된 소의 松菊里類型을 특징으로 한다. 즉 전기의 방형계주거지에 이어 주거지 내부 중앙에는 橢圓形竪穴이 배치된 원형주거지가 금강유역을 중심으로 서남부지역에서 제일성을 띠며 반절하는 시기다. 원형주거지에서 보이는 타원형수혈의 형태는 원형주거지에서 보이는 타원혈수혈과 차이를 보이고 있다. 이는 기존의 방형주거지를 사용하던 집단이 원형주거지의 특징인 타원형수혈을 채용하면서 나타난 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 出土遺物은 송국리식토기와 무문토기발, 심발형토기, 플라스크형 丹塗磨硏土器, 단도마연토기발 들의 토기류와 삼각형석도, 유구석부, 일단경촉,유경식석검 등의 석기가 출토되지만 지역에 따라서는 전기의 특징적인 토기인 공열토기가 계속 사용되기도 한다. 시기적으로는 中期로 편년되며 연대는 기원전 800~400년에 해당된다. Ⅲ期는 Ⅱ期의 타원형수혈을 가진 주거지가 계속해서 축조되면서 지역에 따라서는 Ⅰ期의 특징적인 주거형태인 방향주거지가 축조된다. 그러나 규모와 구조에서 Ⅰ期의 주거지와는 차이를 보인다.Ⅲ기의 주거지는 지역에 따라 다른 양상으로 나타나는데 금강유역에서는 Ⅱ기의 특징적인 주거지인 원형주거지가 계속 사용되지만 보성상유역에서는 Ⅱ기의 원형주거지가 사라지고 새롭게 방형주거지가 나타난다. 출토유물에서도 차이를 보이는데 군산 도암리에서는 원형주거지에 점토대토기가 출토되지만 승주 대곡리에서는 방형주거지에 송국리식토기가 출토된다. 시기는 후기로 편년되며 연대는 기원전 400~ 기원 전후에 해당된다.

호남지방 돌장승의 형상에 관한 연구

박주하 전남대학교 대학원 1990 국내석사

장승은 한국 민간신앙의 상징물일 뿐 아니라 基層文化와 공동체적 조형물로써 그 起源이 久遠하다. 전국적으로 분포가 널리 퍼져 있는 장승의 형태 중에서 湖南地方의 조형어법은 매우 특이한 형태를 보이며 민족심상의 자연스런 표출로서 중부지방은 木柱型장승이 많은 반면 남부지방은 돌장승이 많은데 호남지방의 장승이 각각 개성이 강하다. 이 硏究는 장승이 세워진 유적지에 따라서 독특한 형태로 연출된 호남지방의 장승 중 세월의 흐름과 시대의 변화에도 전통의 모습이 자연상태로 보존된 돌을 재료로 한 장승 중에서 立石등이 아닌 17∼19세기 민중의 심성을 형성화 시킨 石柱人面型 장승을 중심으로 전체적인 특정과 각 부분의 조형성에 관한 연구에 비중을 두었다. 이 지방의 장승도 그 명칭이 다양하여 '國長生, 장승, 장성, 벅수, 당산 할머니 할아버지'등으로 불려지고 있으며 시골의 순박한 할아버지의 형상을 灰白色바탕에 붉은 반점이 박힌 퇴적암으로 표현한 무안군 해제면의 堂山 할아버지상이 있고 寺院의 守門 神像으로서 魁嚴하고 魁慈한 모습으로 寺院의 입구에서 있는 羅州의 雲興寺와 佛會寺의 上元唐將軍과 周將軍이 있다. 南原의 實相寺 입구에 있는 장승은 위엄과 권위가 잔뜩들어 있고 조각 수법이 정교한 특성과 차양이 돌출한 벙거지형의 모자를 쓰고 있으며 淳昌의 南溪里와 南原 阿英의 장승은 線刻의 양식으로 無形式 無技巧의 자랑스런 민중심성의 표현이다. 장승은 인간의 모습을 해부학적 분석에 의한 표현이 아닌 밋밋한 돌기둥을 가져다 주로 얼굴 부분만을 자신의 모습 그대로 造形化하였다. 頭部와 관모는 자연석의 형태를 그대로 둔것, 벙거지형의 모자를 쓴 것등이 있으며 守護神의 의미로 해석되는 눈은 왕방울 형태의 虎眼이 많으며 입은 一字의 형태거나 치아를 드러내고 웃는 모습이 많다. 전체적으로 코의 형태는 비익부분이 넓고 부드럽게 처리되고 어느 조형물에서도 찾기 어려운 형상인 수염의 표현은 댕기처럼 땋아 내린 타래 수염이 많다. 이 硏究는 이렇게 다양한 장승의 형상에서 소멸되어가는 民族的形式의 조형어법을 찾으려 노력하였다. The Stone Jangsungs is not only a symbol of the folk faith but also a communal model and the origin of that is eternal. Among the forms of Jangsungs are distributed on a national scale, the Honam models have particular forms, they are natural expression of people's mental image. There are many wooden Jangsungs in the middle district but those of the southern district are stone pole Jangsungs and they have marked individuality in the Honam district. This study is weighted on character and modeling of standing stone human faced Jangsungs have traditional forms in Honam district particular, Jangsungs in 17∼19century, not on standing stone or pile stone, accordingly historic spots with not changed their forms in spite of time flowing. Jangsungs in this district have various names called "Gukjang saing, Jangsung, Jangseong, Bucksu, Dangsan, Halmuni, Harabuji etc. And Dangsan Harabuji in Muangun Haijeimyun is represented as a simple hearted Harabuji form with red spots on grey pile stone and there are Sangwondang Jangun in the Naju Unhung temple, Yongjangun in the Bilhwai temple which are located in front of those temple with mercy and serious form. The Jangsungs in front of the Narnwon Silsang temple has majesty and authority shape, with a felt hat, carving technique is characteristic. The Jangsungs in Sunchang Namgyeri, Namwon Gayoung are represented of noform, no skill with line carving technique. Jangsungs are mainly represented like men's face by use of long and slender stone pole, are not men's anatomic analysis. Generally the type of nose is wide and soft, beard is spiral like a pigtail ribbon which can not be found in any others. In this study I did my best to discover the racial style of models in various Jangsung forms which are disappearing nowadays.

湖南地方의 南宗畵에 對한 硏究 : 毅재, 木재, 東岡, 南農을 中心으로

윤복희 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1992 국내석사

There were many artists who were excellent in poetry, prose, and painting in the Honam district, since Namjonghwa (a Chinese painting style of the Southern School) was early developed. As a result, the Namjonghwa of Honam occupied an important position in the history of Korean painting. Yang Paeng-Son in the early Yi Dynasty accepted Ahn Kyun's painting styles and transformed Kwag Hee's styles properly in accordance with the tastes of Korea. Yoon Doo-Seo of Haenam accepted the style of Nam-jonghwa in conformity with the trend of the times. Heo Yu in the late Yi Dynasty was influenced by Yoon Doo-Seo. After he was instructed in the art of painting, he took Kim Jeong-Hee as his master and learned assiduously the theory and the spirit of the Namjong artists' painting. The Namjong artists' paintings founded by Heo Yu become indigenous in our country. The main persons who guided the traditional thought in the Honam district are Hakpo Yang Paeng-Son of Neungju, Kongje Yoon Doo-Seo, Yunong Yoon Duk-Hee, who was Yoon Doo-Seo's son, Chunggo Yoon Yong, who was Yoon Doo-Seo's grandson, Sochi Heo Yu and Misan Heo Hyung. The trend of Heo Yu's painting was continued by Heo Baek-Ryun who was his relative's grandson, and it developed traditional paintings in the Honam district to the present age. The trend was further continued by Mokje Heo Heng-Myun who was his younger brother, and by Donggang Jung Un-Myun and Namnong Heo Gun, who were his grandsons. They developed the trend of painting with modern sense by adding the techniques of Namjonghwa and developed it in some degree by instructing many younger scholars. Namjonghwa of Heo Baek-Ryun prospered around Kwangju. He educated many disciples and became the origin of traditional painting in the Honam district. Heo Gun also contributed greatly to the promotion of culture and art in the Honam district by producing scholars around Mokpo. This study looked into the origins of Namjonghwa and inflow and development of Namjonghwa in the Yi Dynasty to see its process of settlement in the Honam area. In addition, I would like to clarify the true meaning of traditional painting in the Honam area by examining the position from Honam painters on the history of Korean paintings. I present this study hoping that this may contribute to the development of painting in the Honam area. For the preservation of the traditions of Honam painting circles and for its development, more positive painting activities are necessary by continuing the spirit of the traditional paintings, not by adhering to or imitating the paintings.

호남지방 지상기상관측망 최적 구성에 관한 연구

고종근 조선대학교 2005 국내석사

호남지방 미국 남장로교의 확산, 1892-1942

송현숙 高麗大學校 大學院 2011 국내박사

The purpose of this dissertation is to trace the historical geographical trajectory of the diffusion process and pattern of the 'Southern' Presbyterian Church of the United States(PCUS) in Honam Region or Cholla Province during the period 1892 and 1942. I try to reach the stated goal through the following five steps: to review the religious characteristics of PCUS itself and the context that lay behind the introduction of the religion to the soils of the Honam Region; to examine the geographical and social structures of the region at the time when PCUS was transplanted; to clarify the diffusion process by sub-regional basis; to analyze the spatial and temporal factors engaged with the diffusion of PCUS; and to identify the factors that facilitated the spatial expansion and those that hindered the progress. The findings that I derive from the research are as follows. First, PCUS moved over the Pacific Ocean to reach Incheon, or the gateway of Korea, in 1892, propelled by the American expansionism, religious elitism, and Christian reawakening. Its mission to Korea was a byproduct of seminarian student volunteer movement, Underwood’s financial support, and PCUS’s evangelical strategy. Second, Presbyterian missionaries, both the Southern and the Northern sects, agreed in 1893 to partition the mission field to enhance their effectiveness, to the effect that the missionaries of the southern presbyterian church were assigned the Honam Region. It turns out that the geographical similarity of the Honam Region and the Southeastern part of US was considered sincerely in the process of assigning the mission fields. Third, PCUS explored the Honam Region in 1894 to establish their mission base camp. The missionaries surveyed mostly the coastal areas of the Honam Region because of their travel patterns and the threat of Donghak. Based on the preliminary survey result, they chose mission stations of Jeonju, Kunsan, Mokpo, Kwangju and Suncheon. Significantly these town centers served as the core of the diffusion of southern presbyterian church. Fourth, the diffusion process featured three distinct stages. The transplantation stage (1892~1904) witnessed the establishment of the mission stations and the churches spreading along the waterways. Diffusion stage (1905~1927) was the time when churches rapidly expanded all over the region from the coast to the inland areas by taking advantage of the multi-center settings. Proselytizing the neighboring areas accompanied the neighborhood effect and the cascade effect. In the declining stage (1928~1942), PCUS spread into the hinterland of the mountainous areas and islands in the face of oppressive measures of Japanese colonial region. The religion spread through kin, family, and neighbors. Fifth, The paths to spread for the PCUS were social network such as family and friends, and regional network as the town hall meetings as a market place, mission station. The social network contributed greatly during the early periods of evangelization. The other hand, A Bible class played an important part as the regional network of spatial expansion. Neighbored effect, hierarchical effect and accumulative effect are the key factors of growth for the PCUS in the Honam region. Natural structures, such as waterways and geographical layout contributed to rapid spread of message. Establishment of schools and medical facilities helped ease the biases and negative views held against Western missionaries. Especially the medical or educational missionary helped obtain diffusion across a vast area. Also the economical difficulties and the Japanese plunder of resources help steered many to Christianity and aided rapid growth. However, the villages of extended families, traditional shamanism and the influence of other religion were factors that hindered the growth. An itineration was the main means of communication, bible studies, evangelism rallies, The mission schools and hospitals were other routes of spreading the gospel. The activities of the missionaries not only help establish the church structure and geographical expansion, but also provide clues determining to expansion paths and factors. That is because the activities of the missionaries influence the church structure and the nature of interaction among the members of the community. It is hoped that we gain a better understanding process and factors of diffusion of PCUS. Though it is the diffusion study on Honam Region, it examinate the process of the globalization of culture across the ocean by the agency of a religious spread. In detail, Understanding the path and factors of church diffusion helps us to understand the spatial structure of religion and can be used in development of regional strategies. Hereafter I hope to have lively discussion on a study of this type.

호남지방의 고층관측 자료동화가 지역수치기상예보에 미치는 영향

원효성 조선대학교 대학원 2004 국내석사

Upper air observation in Heuksando, which is located in south-western part of Koran Peninsula, started at 1 June 2003. The comparison analysis between aerological data observed at Gwangju and Heuksando is needed, in order to clarify the improvement of numerical weather prediction quality. High resolution numerical weather prediction system based on MM5(5th Mesoscale Model) was used in this studies and data analysis of precipitation variation and numerical simulation was carried out. The results are as follows: 1) Wind observed at Heuksando is stronger than that of Gwangju, because Heuksando is a island and there is no obstacle occurred turbulence around the island. The other side, the wind observed in Gwanju become weaker due to land surface friction. 2) Difference of air temperature between Gwangju and Heuksando is positive value. Reason of this difference is associated with difference of sensible heat flux between Gwanju and Heuksando. The difference of air temperature showed under 900hPa and above this level, discrepance of air temperature was not found. 3) Wind field with assimilation of Gwanju and Heuksando aerological data is good agreement of real wind field in comparison with wind field without data assimilation. And addition of Heuksando to conventional assimilation lead the difference of wind strength around south-west coastal area. 4) Frontal precipitation and front line are well simulated in numerical experiment with data assimilation. Although amount of precipitation in the experiment is under estimated, the area of precipitation is reliable. 5) Starling time of precipitation with assimilation of only Gwanju data tend to be delayed in comparison with result calculated with both aerological data assimilation. Because of these results, the addition of Heuksando aerological data assimilation in numerical weather prediction may be improve quality of numerical perdition especially around Honam area.

남서기류 유입시 호남지방의 집중호우 특성 연구

최기상 조선대학교 대학원 2004 국내석사

The relationship between the south-westerlies and heavy rainfall at the Honam is investigated. The pressure pattern, air temperature, low-level jet and radar data observed in recent 5 years(from 1998 to 2002) at the 6 local weather stations located In the Honam area are used. The 102 cases of heavy rainfall has been selected in the Honam area during the experimental period. The most frequent year is 1999 with the number of 31 and the least year is 2001 with the number of 10, and it matches well with the La Nina year. The largest number of heavy rainfall day is sampled in the Wando station (29 days), and then it is followed by Yeosu station(9 days). The categorical frequency of the heavy rainfall shows that the rainfall range from 80 to 150mm /day occupies 73.5%(75 cases) and it is most frequent category. The least frequent category is above 250mm which is 2.9%(3 cases). The analyzed results depending on the pressure pattern that the most important causes of the heavy rainfall the cyclone and frontal system. It causes 46 cases of heavy rainfall and it is 45.1% of the total number of heavy rainfall. The Changma front causes 12 cases which is 11.8 % of the total cases and the unstable condition around maritime tropical system explains 4 cases and 3.9% of the total cases. Mean while, in order to analyze the status of heavy rainfall with the intrusion of south-westerlies, the wind field at the 850hPa level is investigated using the climatological data of Hwanam and Hwajung areas in latitude of 20∼40N and in longitude of 110∼ 130E. According to the wind analysis, the wind speed in case of cyclone is 17m/s, resulting in the strongest one. In case of Changma front, wind speed is15.5m/s, and the wind around maritime tropical hight pressure system appears weakest with 14.4m/s. The mean wind speed shows 15.7m/s. Associated with daily rainfall intensity, wind speed with rainfall above 250mm/day appears to be strong as much as 22.5m/s. However, in case of rainfall with 150-250mm/day, wind speed becomes slightly weaker as 14.4m/s. 850hPa mean ai temperature in Hwanam and Hwajung areas appears 20.3℃. Categorical air temperature distribution related to the daily rainfall intensity shows that air temperature with the rainfall below 80mm/day appears 21.1℃. resulting in the highest among the categories. The lowest temperature is 19.9℃ in the category with 80∼150mm/day. According to the analysis on intensity of 500hpa trough moved from the west, maximum value of height decrease for 24 hours is above 30gpm in average. K-index as a index of instability is 35.3, Categorically, K-index with the rainfall below 80mm/day is 35.9, leading to the maximum value, whereas K-index in case of a category with 150∼250mm/day is 33.8 as a minimum value. The 850hPa air temperature is lowest as 16.0℃ when the heavy rainfall is caused by the Changma front and highest as 18.4℃ when the heavy rainfall occurred around the maritime tropical system whereas the mean air temperature is 16.9℃. The dew point depression is 1.4℃ at 850hPa , 2.2℃ at 700hpa, and 4.5℃ at 4.5℃. It shows that the drier the condition is as the higher the elevation is. The lightning is observed 41 times(40.2%) during the heavy rainfall cases. The lightning Is observed 9 times during the heavy rainfall cases at Gunsan station and it reaches 60% of heavy rainfall days, while Mokpo shows only 1 case(11%). The wind speed of low-level jet is 16.8m/s in average, strongest one is 19.9m/s with typhoons, and weakest one is 12.7m/s around the maritime tropical air mass. The wind direction is dominated by SSW with the case of 15(32.3%). The characteristics of PPI echo of radar data shows that the horizontal type is dominant(62%) and it moves slow and results in the largest amount of rainfall. Vertical type echo is rarest case(17%), and moves faster than the horizontal one. 21% of the echo is the mixed type and it moves fastest, shortest one. This type of echo causes heavy rainfall with thunder and lightning, and careful caution is needed. The tallest E-tops is 14km and the Changma type(pressure type) is tallest with 12.2km in average and typhoon show shortest case with 10.5km. Depending on the intensity of rainfall, E-tops are tallest for the categories above 250mm/day with 12.5km and shortest for the categories below 80mm/day as 11.1km. By analysing the Doppler radar data, all the veering is shaped the letter of "S" and the heavy precipitation is occurred with the toward wind of 20-30m/s and away wind of 17~25m/s. The synoptic analysis says that the heavy rainfall is mainly occurred when a extra-tropical cyclone moves from the southern part of Hwajung area to the southern part of Korean peninsula. The Changma front type is bring up during the Changma period from mid-June to mid-July with the north-south oscillation of the stationary front, and the possibility of heavy rainfall is increased, and lasting time of it becomes longer when the North Pacific High is developed to make the front stationary. The heavy rainfall by the typhoon initiated when the warm and humid south-westerlies are dominated to accumulate humidity over the region where the low level around 850hPa(1.5km ) is unstable. The heavy rainfall around maritime tropical air mass is probable in case of its expanding stage than that of shrinking stage.

日帝下 湖南地方 基督敎 團體의 社會運動에 關한 硏究 : 1920年代를 中心으로

김행문 全南大學校 敎育大學院 1982 국내석사

The social movement of Christian parties in the 1920s began when the national movement for independence turned into ◁원문누락▷ a strength against the Japanese ◁원문누락▷ This study puts emphasis on the ◁원문누락▷ of the times, the main groups of its ◁원문누락▷ of the groups, and ◁원문누락▷ The chief material of this study is ◁원문누락▷ in the 1920s and the ◁원문누락▷ The social movement was carried on for ◁원문누락▷ national strength, which was promoted in the ◁원문누락▷ times as follows. Firstly, Korean Christianity had to hold back the Japanese polioy for the breakup of religion. Secondly, they needed to save national economy and church finance by means of relieving rural economy badly impoverished by the Japanese exploitation. Lastly, there was a need for leading the young people and the Christians in the ideological confusion. Under this background, the active social movement was promote. The active christian parties in the Honam districts were Danhwae Nohwae Y,M,C,A. Y,W,C,A. Christian Endeavour, Christian Training Association Missionary Club of Bachelars and Spinsters. The contents of social movement by these parties were holding various lecture classes, promoting forums and lecture meetings, operating kindergartens and elementary schools, furthering rural work, encouraging products, and urging moderation. This social movements, as tasks to be overcome by the Korean people at the time and tasks for contructing self - independence and self - supporting economy, greatly contributed to the development of Korean modern history.

湖南內陸地方의 降雨特性에 대한 硏究

김기린 朝鮮大學校 産業大學院 1982 국내석사

In this thesis,c, the rotio of intensity beteen daily and arbitrary contineous rainfall in inland area of HONAM distric, was employed in the relative formula. The constant a and b in the c= b/a+t formula, were made as a result of the study in the basis of the data of rainfall in the above distict. We know only the dialy rainfall and want to know the stvagth of rainfall, we decided the value of n corresponding to an exponent from Dr. MONOBE'S formula r=r_(ο) (24/T)^(2/3) The formula appeared in this paper may be the most proper one in estimating the flood discharge of daily rainfall in inland area of HONAM district.