‘작가주의’ 공간으로서의 프로젝트 스페이스 사루비아다방 운영 연구 : 1999년부터 2013년까지의 활동을 중심으로

권하경 한국예술종합학교 2023 국내석사

본 논문은 프로젝트 스페이스 사루비아다방(이하 사루비아다방)의 1999년부터 2013년까지의 활동과 운영을 중심으로 다룬다. 특히, 1990년대와 2000년대를 다루는 주요한 키워드인 대안공간과 '작가주의'를 중심적인 주제로 살펴보았다. 기본적으로 사루비아다방의 역사와 활동을 중심으로 현황을 구성하였으며, 이를 토대로 '작가주의'와 '작가 중심 운영'의 측면에서 분석을 진행하였다. 마지막으로 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 사루비아다방이 구현한 비영리 전시공간의 지속적인 운영 모델을 알아보았다. 사루비아다방은 1990년대 해외와 국내의 미술 지형을 기반으로 성립된 전시공간으로서, 그 설립의 배경에는 미국의 대안 공간의 영향과 국내 미술제도의 개선 의지를 동시에 찾을 수 있다. 이를 위해 연구자는 국내 대안공간 연구사 안에서 사루비아다방의 위치를 확인하고자 대안공간에 관한 선행연구를 살펴보았다. 다음으로는 국내외 미술계의 환경을 설립자들의 활동을 중심으로 분석하였으며 이러한 활동이 사루비아다방의 설립에 미친 영향을 살펴보았다. 이를 통하여 설립자들이 미국의 대안공간을 탐색하여 사루비아다방의 토대를 꾸렸다는 사실을 발견하였다. 미국의 선진적인 작가 지원 시스템의 목격, 그리고 이를 국내에 도입하고자 했던 의지는 '작가주의'로서 드러났다. 그렇기에 사루비아다방의 활동은 작가주의 공간으로서의 면모를 보여주었다고 평가할 수 있다. 1999년부터 2013년까지의 사루비아다방의 활동은 이를 구체적으로 보여준다. 사루비아다방은 작가지원과 네트워킹 형성, 작가 선정의 공정성 모색, 매체의 다양화, 프로젝트성 공간의 도입을 이루어 냈다는 점에서 활동의 의의가 있다. 사루비아다방의 '작가 중심 운영'은 이러한 작가주의 활동의 토대를 제공해 주었다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그리하여 운영의 측면에서는 1999년부터 2013년까지의 운영 조직인 운영위원회를 살펴보았다. 운영 자금에서는 자금 마련 방식과 자금 확보에 작가의 참여가 드러나는 활동인 ‘후원의 밤’과 ‘기금마련전’을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구자는 사루비아다방 활동과 운영의 결과를 찾아 1999년부터 2013년까지의 운영을 정리하고, 사단법인의 성립과 회원제 운용, 작가 중심의 지속과 작가주의의 모색 등으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 연구자는 국내의 비영리 전시공간 중에서 이례적으로 긴 기간의 활발한 활동을 보여주고 있는 사루비아다방을 깊이있게 분석하여 비영리 전시공간의 지속적인 운영의 모델을 구현할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고자 한다. This paper focuses on the activities and run of the "Project Space Sarubia" (hereafter referred to as Sarubia), from 1999 to 2013. The main themes examined are alternative spaces and "artist's space", which are significant keywords for the 1990s and 2000s. The paper provides an overview of Sarubia's history and activities, and analyzes them from the perspectives of "artist's space" and "artist-oriented operations." Lastly, based on this analysis, the paper explores the sustained operational model of Sarubia as a non-profit art space. Sarubia was established in the 1990s as an art space based on the international and domestic art environment. Its establishment was influenced by “alternative spaces” in the United States and a desire to improve the domestic art system. To understand Sarubia's position within the domestic alternative space research, the researcher examined previous studies on alternative spaces. Then the researcher analyzed the activities of the founders in the context of the domestic and international art scenes, and examined how these activities influenced the establishment of Sarubia. Through this process, it was discovered that the founders explored alternative spaces in the United States to establish the foundation of Sarubia. The sight of the advanced artist support system in the United States and willingness to introduce it korea manifested as "artist's space". Therefore, Sarubia's activities can be evaluated as demonstrating the characteristics of an artist's space. The activities of Sarubia from 1999 to 2013 specifically showcase this. The significance of these activities lies in providing artist support, forming networks, seeking fairness in artist selection, diversifying media, and introducing project-based spaces. The "artist-oriented operations" of Sarubia have provided the foundation for these "artist's space" activities. Therefore, in terms of operations, the paper examines the operating committee, which was the organizational structure from 1999 to 2013. In terms of funding, it analyzes activities that demonstrate artist participation in fundraising, such as "Night of Sponsorship" and "Fundraising Exhibitions." Lastly, the paper summarizes the activities and operations of Sarubia from 1999 to 2013, and examines the establishment of a corporation, membership-based operation, the sustainability of artist's space, and the pursuit of artist-oriented operations. The researcher aims to deeply analyze Sarubia, which has shown vibrant activities over an unusually long period among domestic non-profit art spaces, and propose the possibility of implementing a sustained operational model for non-profit art spaces.

정책과 조직의 전략적 상호작용과 성과 변화 : 정부출연연구기관의 PBS, 거버넌스 및 조직관리를 중심으로

박관규 고려대학교 대학원 2013 국내박사

Organizations and individuals may conform to changes and constraints of external environments and tend to more strategically behave under their positions and circumstances. This study analyzes introduction and modifications of the project-based system(PBS hereafter) and changes of the governance structure for government-funded research institutes(GFRIs hereafter) in Korea since late 1990s, which are able to be seen as strategic choices by government under external situation of expanding new public management principles at that time and domestic circumstances of hardship in the public and private sectors in Korea. Then the introduction of the PBS and a new governance structure of public sector R&D had played a role of influencing on organizational management practices, human resources and performance management, in the GFRIs. These constraints of above levels as well as strategic choices by governmental and organizational actors have impacts on performances in research and development and operational management of GFRIs. This study analyzes and interprets all these multiple interactions and consequences through a continuous analytic framework. The research results are suggested as follows. The PBS was introduced in 1996 to implant principles of competition and autonomy in GFRIs and to improve their organizational performances. The PBS resulted in changes of government funding scheme and personnel expenditure support to the GFRIs, in particular at the beginning period, which reached to a combination of stable government fund and research project fund based on open competition. The combined and more competition-oriented R&D funding caused a counter-reaction of GFRIs, and the GFRIs and scientific communities argued for increase of stable R&D fund for organizational maintenance and accomplishments of fundamental and unique missions of R&D which are suitable for GFRIs. They also asserted that they were in trouble because of involvements in too many R&D projects for getting funds to operate organization and to pay salaries of staffs. The PBS also had impacts on organizational management and R&D performances of the GFRIs. Exits of R&D personnels in the GFRIs were persistent, and the trend had been increasing. Many R&D staffs have moved to universities and private companies. Change in the R&D performances were clear that increasing R&D performances of the GFRIs under the Research Council for Industrial Science and Technology were shown in the area that strong financial incentives were allowed between 2005 and 2010. During these periods the performance of academic journal publications had decreased, but revenue of technological transfer and licensing had increased. Also we found that the publication of journal articles per researcher had decreased, which were consistent with decline of stable government fund. Persisting these problems had policy-makers modify the rigid application of the PBS, which can be interpreted as a strategic choice by government under the circumstances. Therefore Korean government adopted a measure of incremental raise of government fund for helping the GFRIs perform more missionary R&D activities. These interactions and choices had been taken place because decreasing or stagnant performances and escalating contradiction to the PBS were persistent. The establishment of the Korean Institute of Science and Technology(KIST) in 1960s was a monument for starting the public research and development governance in Korea. There has been increasing number of public research institutes. Governance structure of public R&D changed by the establishment of the research councils as an intermediate organization in 1999. In other words the type of mono-ministerial governance shifted to mono-ministerial umbrella governance which include multiple GFRIs under a research council. Five research councils under the Office of Prime Minister were formulated which are classified by sectors of technology and R&D objectives. The introduction of research council system was to improve not only managerial autonomy and collaboration but also accountability of the public research institutes. It had an ultimate goal of enhancing R&D performances and of contributing to increase of science and technology capacity and international competitiveness. Three research councils under the Prime Minister Office, which were in area of science and technology, moved to the Ministry of Science and Technology which was advanced to the level of vice-ministry from ministry level in 2005. And the three research councils were reformed to two councils such as the Research Council of Fundamental Science and Technology(KRCFST) and the Research Council of Industrial Science and Technology(KRCIST) with inauguration of new administration in 2008. The 2008 reform was a small change of governance structure adding features of multi-ministerial umbrella type, which the KRCFST was under the Ministry of Education and Science and Technology and the KRCIST under the Ministry of Knowledge Economy. Operational and R&D performances were being shown with change of the governance structure of public research institutes. The R&D performances were measured by per researcher in academic journal article publication in domestic and international, patent registration to relevant offices in Korea and abroad, and revenue from technology transfer and licensing. The performance of academic journal article publication greatly increased during the second period(2005-2007) and then decreased during the third(2008-2012). The revenue performance had continuously increased through all period. The introduction of the PBS made changes in the revenue distribution of the GFRIs. It made the GFRIs difficult in acquiring stable fund for wages of staffs, and thus the GFRIs had more employed part-time or contract researchers. The increasing share of non-regular researchers mainly resulted from the change of funding system. The partial correlation analysis showed that increase of non-regular researchers had negative relationship with organizational management performance and positive relationship with R&D performances in the GFRIs with a statistical significance. In particular the positive impact of increasing ratio of non-regular researchers to improvement of R&D performances was effective in domestic area such as journal article publication and patent registration in Korea rather than in international offices and journals. The relationship between quality of human resources management and performance were different by performance indicators. The quality of human resources management was measured by the employment of excellent researchers and capability improvement of existing researchers in the annual performance review of GFRIs. The better quality of human resources management, the higher R&D performances in domestic patent registration and revenue from technology transfer and licensing. The GFRIs have adopted performance management methods such as balanced-score cards or performance monitoring system to increase organizational performances. The enactment of the Act of Performance Evaluation and Management for National R&D Projects has systemized performance review of GFRIs. The performance evaluation has been done at multi-level, which are done by self-assessment and upper-level review by or research councils or ministries. The results of performance evaluation have been associated with incentive scheme to motivate researchers and to lead performance improvement of Korean GFRIs. The quality of management of human resources and performance have significant influence on R&D performances in partial. The quality of performance management is statistically associated with R&D performance of domestic patent registration as well as revenue from technology transfer and licensing in positive way. The result of ANOVA in particular shows that there are clear performance differences between low management quality groups and high ones. In sum, the study demonstrates that the Korean government, research councils, and GFRIs strategically respond to environment and upper level policies and regulations and then tries to improve their performances based on close association with management quality and incentive mechanisms. The introduction and change of the PBS had led to modify management strategies and organizational R&D performances in the GFRIs. The most obvious performance improvement was found in the domain of performance with associated with which high economic incentive schemes are applied such as technology transfer revenue and patent registration. A further study may need to be followed with a better consistent panel data-set and an analysis on dynamic relationships among policy actors and their consequences.

효과적인 연구과제중심운영제도(PBS)의 구현방안 연구

金榮奎 忠南大學敎 2001 국내석사

1. Objective of study The Project Base System(PBS) by Korean Government was introduced as a value-based system for planning, making-up, distribution, and contract of research funds of national research and development projects. The system has been evaluated as one of the best alternatives among various systems that had been tried, so far. However, the majority of researchers do not believe that it does not reflect well the reality of present national R&D system. Therefore an in-depth re-evaluation of current PBS became necessary. The objective of this study is to derive effective improvement methods through analyzing introduction and enforcement of PBS, its influence on management of Government-Supported Research Institutes("GSRIs"), and researcher's thoughts about the system. 2. Method of Study In order to develop the study, the analysis of actual condition was performed and the analysis method was deivided into two fields ; one is a numerical analysis through the survey of some economic indexes, and the other is a qualitative analysis through individaul interviewing(including telephone interviewing) with some researchers of several GSRIs. A numerical analysis is to understand the influence of PBS on GSRIs through changes of research funds, personnel composition, income and expenditure, etc. The data for this analysis were collected through budget bill, a find sttlement report, an audit report of GSPIs, and related policy reports. etc. A qualitative analysis is to underdtand the thoughts that researchers in the front line feel on PBS. This analysis is useful to recognize the problems with which PBS is confronted and to supplement the numerical analysis method which may bring incorrect results. Direction of interviewing is divided into five fields and each major field consists of detailed items. The measurement field are as the followings ; 1) degree of recognition about PBS, 2) researchers' attitude about total cost system of PBS, 3) researchers' attitude on project investigator and project oriented system of PBS, 4) problems of current PBS that researchers feel, 5) researchers' attitude on the government policy. The results of the interviewing show that not only excellency of the system itself byt also researchers' acceptance attitude about the system are very important for effective realization of PBS. 3. Analysis of Actual Condition The results of above mentioned analysis are summarized as follows; 1) An introduction of PBS has strengthened the competitive power of insititutes more than previously, 2) As the weight of the institute's native prohects become reduced, researchers bdcome more uneasy and th management direction of institute became uncertain, 3) Excessive competition for acceptance of projects worsened the quality of the research results, 4) Absence of consistency of the government policy deprived self-motivated will of researchers and resulted in great confusion,(e.g. yearly change of estimating method for overhead rate, frequent alterations of the science and techology policy, and etc.) 5) Relative decrease of institute's native project funds, increase of researcher personnels in contrast to support personnels, reducing of overhead costs in all institutes, and etc. 6) Researchers answered favorably about PBS system itself and its introduction intention. But they showed a cool attitude on other main aspects of the interviewed subjects. As mentioned above, most researcher answere negatively about questions. This result shows that the study is proving the validity of the purpose. 4. Effective Realization Methods of PBS On the basis of the analysis results, this study suggests effective realization methods of PBS as follows ; 1) applicationa of overhead rate by GSRI's native characteristics, 2) relaxatio of restricted paricipation rate of each resercher, 3) through enforcement of research contract system and yearly pay system, 4) systematic construction of MIS in GSRIs, 5) steady support of the GSRI's native project costs, 6) Consistent fulfillemtnt of government policy, 7) endeavor to enlargement of trust projects from company except for government. Although many improvement methods were suggested, a successful enforcement of PBS can't be guaranteed unless researchers' negative attitudes against the system would be changed to favorable stance. So, an active promotion of PBS by institute and government is shown to have absolute importance. 5. Conculsion If PBS and circumstances around the system are improved by utilizing findings of the study, the management efficiency of GSRIs will be enhanced and the motivation for study of researchers will be raised. Above all, this study would contribute to effective distribution of the limited national R&D budgets.

정부출연연구기관의 연구과제중심운영제도(PBS) 효율성 제고방안

경광진 고려대학교 정책대학원 2009 국내석사

정부출연연구기관의 비효율성과 낮은 경쟁력 등에 대한 비판이 대두됨에 따라 정부는 국가연구예산에 대한 새로운 배분방식을 모색하게 되었으며, 1996년 시장원리에 기초한 가격설정방식에 의한 연구개발예산의 경쟁적 배분방식인 연구과제중심운영제도(Project Based System, PBS)가 정부출연연구기관을 중심으로 시행되었다. PBS는 연구자로 하여금 연구과제의 수주를 위하여 경쟁과 노력을 하도록 유도하여 자원의 효율적인 배분과 연구기관의 경영효율화를 유도하는 긍정적인 효과가 있다. 그러나 PBS의 정책적 방향은 PBS에만 적용될 뿐 예산체계를 비롯한 관련된 제반 정부정책 수단들이 PBS의 목적을 수용하지 못하고 있어 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 정부의 이원적 예산공급체계 하에서 PBS의 도입으로 인한 안정예산의 감소는 정부출연연구기관의 기획활동과 자율성을 축소시켰으며, PBS는 주관부처 주도의 연구사업 기획체제의 특성과 어우러져서 세부과제 중심의 단기적․양적 수주경쟁을 촉진시키는 부정적 효과를 발생시켰다. PBS의 효율성을 제고하기 위한 방안으로 첫째, 안정예산과 경쟁예산의 균형을 유지하여 의미있는 경쟁수준을 추구해야 한다. 둘째, 대과제 이상 수준의 연구개발사업 기획으로 부처별 종합조정을 가능하게 하며, 과제수주의 경쟁을 완화하고 정부출연연구기관의 책임성을 강화한다. 셋째, 연구자가 경쟁을 통해 확보한 연구비에 자신의 노력을 더해서 얻은 연구결과를 통하여 경제적 이익을 추구할 수 있는 기회를 보장하는 제도적 보완이 필요하다. 넷째, 정부출연연구기관의 경직적 운영시스템, 도덕적 해이 등 문제점을 개선하여 효율성을 추구한다. PBS의 근간을 이루는 기본원리는 ‘경쟁과 자율’이다. 적정한 경쟁수준을 실현하고 자율적인 연구사업 운영이 이루어질 수 있는 여건이 조성되어야 PBS의 순기능이 활성화될 수 있을 것이다. 다양한 시행착오를 거쳐 현실에 성공적으로 정착된다면 정부출연연구기관의 효율적인 운영 및 발전의 기반이 되며, 한정된 국가연구개발사업 예산의 효율적인 배분에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. As the Government-funded Research Institutes are criticized due to their ineffectiveness and low competitiveness, the government started to grope for a new national budget allocation system for R&D and in 1996 PBS(Project Based System), a competitive allocation method of R&D budget by price-setting method based on the market principle was launched centering around Government-funded Research Institutes. PBS has a positive effect of inducing effective allocation of resources and efficient operation by having researchers compete and try to receive orders. However, the strategy of PBS has been applied only on PBS itself and the general governmental policy tool for budget system can not accommodate the purpose of PBS and is resulting in unfavorable side effects. Under the government's dual budget supply system, the reduction of stable budget stemming from PBS invitation shrank the planning activity and autonomy and PBS generated unfavorable side effects of accelerating competition for short-term and quantitative orders centered around detailed project in combination of R&D planning system characteristics driven by supervising department. As plans to improve efficiency of PBS, first, meaningful competition level has to be chased by balancing stable budget and competition budget. Secondly, make the general coordination possible among the departments by planning R&D programs more than a big project, alleviate competition of getting project orders and impose more responsibility to Government-funded Research Institutes. Thirdly, it is necessary to compensate the system to guarantee a chance to pursue economical profit through the R&D result obtained by adding their own efforts to the research budget secured by competition. Fourthly, pursue the effectiveness by resolving the problems of Government-funded Research Institutes such as inflexible operating system and moral looseness. The principles of PBS are 'competition and self-control'. Only after accomplishing proper competition level and preparing conditions for self-controlled R&D operation, the right function of PBS shall be activated. If it can be anchored properly after variety of trial-and-errors, it will be the basis of efficient operation and advancement of the Government-funded Research Institutes and will contribute to the efficient allocation of the limited governmental R&D project budget.

정부출연연구기관 관리제도의 형성, 1989-1999 : 정부부처의 통제문제를 중심으로

엄수홍 서울대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

This thesis traces the formation of the Government-funded Research Institutes(GRIs) management system from 1989 to 1999 and elucidates the impact of government control to the system as a whole by focusing on the relationship between government ministries and GRIs. The important factors in the formation of GRIs system were the imperatives of improving the R&D efficiency, the changes in political and economic environments, and the strategies of the concerned government branches to the emergence of the GRIs system. This thesis argues that the three factors largely determined the direction of GRIs policies in the 1990s. The three sections in this thesis analyze the most important aspects of the GRIs system respectively: the Institutional Assessment, Project Based System(PBS), Research Council, and the detailed contents and impact of the two component aforementioned. Section 2 shows that GRIs' Institutional Assessment was created out of the dynamics of various government branches’ conflicts centering on the initiative of National R&D Programs. Their attempt of secure the GRIs that exclusively execute their own research projects resulted in their mutual criticisms of one another’s GRIs producing unsatisfactory results. Joint assessment of GRIs in 1991 under ministries' territory disputes disclosed such confrontation of interest, and Institutional Assessment was created as a way to finding a consensual standard among government branches. These branches used the Institutional Assessment as a means to control GRIs, by assessing implementation results of ordered goal. And the autonomy of GRIs became gradually weakened consequently. Section 3 deals with the adopting process of PBS as the interaction between political and economic change including the launch of “Civilian Government” and Uruguay Round and the corresponding policies of each ministries. Under the emphasis of policy principle satisfying the new circumstances such as globalization, privatization and reformation of budget system were discussed to enhance public sector efficiency. PBS was not only R&D budget reform plan introduced by the Economic Planning Board to improve GRIs' productivity, but also policy alternative adopted by the Ministry of Science and Technology to appease privatization plan for GRIs and to phase in market competition system. Even PBS was introduced through the coincidence of aims among ministries, the side effect which is GRIs' increasing dependence on government and the national R&D program occurred due to intensification of competition for projects to acquire R&D expenses. Section 4 states that, although the Research Council was adopted for the purpose of reducing the government intervention initially, it was deformed into a nominal intermediate organization with no real authority by the influence of government branches which tried to protect their own interest. The Research Council system was conceived as a part of public sector reformation followed by financial crisis in 1997, but it caused the opposition of government branches which did not want to renounce its jurisdiction over some GRIs. Though the Research Council was established through mediation and negotiation among ministries, it could not influence to GRIs because of ministries' denial of the authority-transfer. GRIs became independent from ministries formally, but ministries still maintained the initiative practically by recoursing on its retained authority for R&D programs. Eventually, the Research Council system ended up having a too much complicated governance structure. The focus on the formation of GRIs management system helps considerably to understand the science and technology policy characteristic of Korean government, especially when we analyze it by highlighting three main aspects of it aforementioned. All the policies originally aimed to reform GRIs, but all of them failed to achieve the purpose. This thesis suggests that the continuous intervention of government branches into the design process of GRIs policy resulted in the distortion of the system as a whole, in which GRIs should be busy in satisfying the formality of various requirements and are not given much autonomy for their own research. In short, the existing policy decision structure on GRIs failed to have brought the result it originally intended. 이 논문은 정부출연연구기관 관리제도가 형성되는 1989년부터 1999년까지의 과정을 추적하고, 정부부처와 출연연의 관계를 주목함으로써 정부 통제가 제도에 미친 영향을 규명한다. 출연연 관리제도의 형성에는 연구 효율성의 제고라는 정책과제와 변화하는 정치·경제적 환경, 이해관계자인 정부부처의 대응이 중요한 요인으로 작용했으며, 이들이 조응하여 1990년대 출연연 정책이 탄생했다. 이 논문은 세 개의 절에서 출연연 관련 세 가지 제도인 기관평가, 연구과제중심운영제도(PBS)와 연구회의 도입과정, 그것의 세부내용과 영향을 분석한다. 2절은 국가연구개발사업의 주도권을 둘러싸고 정부부처가 경합한 결과로 출연연 기관평가가 제도화되었음을 보인다. 각 부처가 연구개발사업을 집행할 출연연을 확보하려 경쟁하고, 서로의 정책을 비방하는 과정에서 출연연의 연구성과가 미흡하다는 문제가 대두했다. 부처들의 영역 다툼 속에서 실시된 1991년 합동평가는 이러한 이해관계 대립을 표면화했고, 부처 갈등의 타협점으로서 기관평가가 제도화되었다. 기관평가는 부처가 지시한 목표의 이행결과를 평가하여 출연연을 통제하는 수단이 되었고, 연구개발사업도 부처가 기획함으로써 출연연의 영향력은 점차 약화되었다. 3절에서는 문민정부의 출범, 우루과이라운드라는 정치·경제적 변화와 각 부처의 대응이 상호작용하여 PBS가 도입되는 과정을 다룬다. 세계화와 같은 새로운 환경에 부응하는 정책 기조가 강조되면서, 공공부문의 효율을 제고하기 위해 민영화, 예산제도개혁이 거론되었다. PBS는 출연연의 생산성 향상을 목적으로 경제기획원이 제시한 연구개발예산 개편방안이자, 출연연 민영화 계획을 무마하고 시장경쟁체제를 도입하기 위해 과학기술처가 채택한 정책대안이었다. 각 부처의 목표가 부합하여 PBS가 도입되었지만, 연구비 확보를 위한 과제수주 경쟁이 격화되면서 출연연은 부처와 국가연구개발사업에 더욱 의존하는 부작용이 발생했다. 4절은 연구회가 정부부처 개입을 배제하기 위해 도입되었으나, 설계과정에서 부처의 이해관계가 반영되어 실권 없는 유명무실한 중간조직이 되어버렸음을 밝힌다. 1997년 외환위기에 따른 공공부문 개혁의 일환으로 제안된 연구회 제도는 출연연 관할권을 놓지 않으려는 부처들의 반발을 야기했다. 부처 간 조율과 협상을 거쳐 연구회가 설립되었으나 부처가 권한 이양을 거부하여 출연연에 영향력을 발휘할 수는 없었다. 형식적으로는 출연연이 부처로부터 독립되었지만, 실질적으로는 연구개발사업의 권한을 쥐고 있는 부처가 주도권을 가지고 있었다. 결국 연구회 체제는 부처가 출연연을 통제하는 지배구조만을 고도화하는 결과로 나타났다. 기관평가, PBS, 연구회를 통해 출연연 관리제도가 형성되는 과정을 조망하여, 과학기술정책의 특징을 이해할 수 있다. 출연연을 개혁하려는 취지로 도입된 각각의 제도는 본래의 취지를 달성하는 데 실패했다. 이 논문은 부처가 자신의 이해관계를 출연연 정책 설계과정에 투영한 결과, 제도의 외형만 갖추고 연구 자율성은 확보하지 못하는 굴절이 그 원인이라고 파악한다. 출연연을 통제하려는 부처 주도의 정책 결정구조는 실제 연구현장과 괴리되었기에, 결과적으로 출연연 정책이 성과를 거두지 못하고 있는 것이다.

과학기술분야 정부출연연구기관 PBS 제도의 효율적 운영방안 연구 : 효과적인 예산지원방식에 대한 정부출연연구기관 유형별 분석

장정인 서울대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

This study investigates the efficient operation strategies of the PBS (Project-Based System) within government-funded research institutes, focusing on its impact on research performance. The PBS was introduced to enhance research performances, and this research aims to empirically analyze its effectiveness and propose an optimized operational strategy. Specifically, we examine the interaction between budget support methods and institutional types to discern the differential impacts and suggest tailored policy directions. Using data from 21 government-funded research institutes spanning 2014 to 2021, including contribution and entrusted projects, the impact of budget support method on research performance and the impact of institution type as a control variable were analyzed through a regression analysis model, and the impact of the PBS on research performance creation by institution type was compared and analyzed. According to the analysis results, research performance was shown to be affected by the budget support method according to the PBS system and the interaction effect between budget support method and institution type. Budget support method and type of institution are major factors that can affect research performance, and it was found that budget support policies that take into account the characteristics of each institution are necessary to improve research performance. First, it appears that there is empirical evidence for the need for differentiated application depending on the type of institution as an effective operation strategy for the PBS. This means that the impact of budget support methods on research performance creation can act differently depending on the type of institution, and the characteristics of each institution should be included as a key consideration in establishing policies to improve research performance. Second, considering the impact of the PBS on research performance by type of institution, it is necessary to adjust the PBS ratio for each institution to maximize research performance. In the case of scientific research performances, it was found that the introduction of the PBS system had an effect of hindering the creation of research performances in both the basic source field and the industrial technology field, and the de ree of this was found to be greater in the basic source field. This means that scientific research performances can be improved by increasing the contribution ratio in the basic source field and industrial technology field. Considering that scientific research performances are especially important in the basic source field, this means that more stable contribution support is needed compared to other fields. Meanwhile, in the case of technical research performances, only the large public sector was found to have an inhibitory effect on the creation of research performances due to the introduction of the PBS, which means that the contribution ratio of the large public sector should be increased to improve technical research performances. Third, the argument from the research field that research performance is hindered by the introduction of the PBS appears to have some empirical basis. In all cases where the PBS had a significant impact on the creation of research performances, it was confirmed that it was in the direction of hindering the creation of research performances. In response to continued demands from the research field, improvements have been made to gradually increase the proportion of government contributions. Analysis results means that the improvement not only reflects field requirements, but also has been progressed in a way that meets the purpose of introducing the PBS, which is to improve research performances. In addition, according to the results of this study that the introduction of the PBS has the effect of hindering the creation of research performances, it is better to ensure a stable and autonomous research environment, such as a grant project, rather than tight external project management, such as a government-funded project, to improve research performance. 본 연구는 정부출연(연) 연구성과를 제고하기 위해 도입된 PBS 제도가 연구성과 창출에 미치는 영향을 실증분석하고, 이를 바탕 으로 PBS 제도의 효율적인 운영방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 특히, 정부출연(연) 예산지원방식과 기관 유형 간 상호작용 효과를 포함하여 분석함으로써 기관별 특성을 고려하여 제도를 차 별적으로 적용하는 방안에 관하여 실증적 근거에 기반한 필요성을 검토하고, 차별화 방향에 대한 정책적 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 21개 정부출연(연)의 2014년∼2021년 간 출연금 과제 및 정부수탁 과제와 각 과제에서 창출된 연구성과 데이터를 활용 하여 예산지원방식이 연구성과에 미치는 영향과 그 과정에 조절변 수로서 기관 유형이 미치는 영향을 회귀분석 모형을 통해 분석하 고, 기관 유형별로 PBS 제도가 연구성과 창출에 미치는 영향을 비교·분석하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 연구성과는 PBS 제도에 따른 예산지원방식, 그리고 예산지원방식과 기관 유형 간의 상호작용 효과의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 예산지원방식과 기관 유형은 연구성과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 주요한 요인이며, 연구성과 제고를 위해서는 기관별 특성을 고려한 예산지원 정책이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 먼저, PBS 제도의 효과적인 운영방안으로써 기관 유형에 따른 차별화된 적용의 필요성은 실증적 근거가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 예산지원방식이 연구성과 창출에 미치는 영향은 기관 유형별로 다 르게 작용할 수 있음을 의미하며, 기관별 특성은 연구성과 제고를 위한 정책 수립에 있어 핵심적인 고려사항으로 포함되어야 한다. 둘째, 기관 유형별로 PBS 제도가 연구성과에 미치는 영향을 고 려하여 연구성과 극대화를 위한 기관별 PBS 비율의 조정이 필요 하다. 과학적 연구성과의 경우, 기초원천 분야와 산업기술 분야에 서 PBS 제도 도입에 따른 연구성과 창출 저해효과가 발생하는 것 으로 나타났으며, 그 정도는 기초원천 분야에서 더 큰 것으로 나 타났다. 이는 기초원천 분야와 산업기술 분야의 출연금 비율을 상 향함으로써 과학적 연구성과를 제고할 수 있음을 의미하며, 특히 기초원천 분야는 과학적 연구성과가 더욱 중요시된다는 점을 고려 하면 타 분야 대비 안정적인 출연금 지원이 더욱 중요함을 의미한 다. 한편, 기술적 연구성과의 경우, 대형공공 분야 만이 PBS 제도 도입에 따른 연구성과 창출 저해효과가 발생하는 것으로 나타났으 며, 이는 기술적 연구성과를 제고하기 위해 대형공공 분야의 출연 금 비율을 상향해야 함을 의미한다. 셋째, PBS 제도 도입에 따라 연구성과가 저해된다는 연구현장의 주장은 일부 실증적 근거가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. PBS 제도 가 연구성과 창출에 유의한 영향을 미치는 경우, 모두 연구성과 창 출을 저해하는 방향임을 확인할 수 있었다. 그간 연구현장의 지속 적인 요구에 따라, 정부출연(연)의 출연금 비중을 점진적으로 상향 조정하는 방향으로 개선되어 왔다. 이는 현장의 요구사항을 반영한 것일 뿐만 아니라, 연구성과 제고라는 PBS 제도의 도입 취지에도 부합하는 방향으로 개선되어 왔음을 의미한다. 또한, PBS 제도 도 입에 따라 연구성과 창출을 저해하는 효과가 발생한다는 본 연구결 과에 따르면, 정부수탁과제와 같이 외부의 엄격한 과제관리보다는 출연금 과제와 같이 안정적이고 자율적인 연구환경을 보장하는 것 이 연구성과 창출을 증진하는 방법일 수 있음을 시사한다. 주요어 : 정부출연연구기관, 연구성과, 연구과제중심운영제도, PBS 제도 학 번 : 2017-21643

學敎豫算會計制度에 基礎한 敎育課程 運營 中心의 豫算編成에 關한 硏究

고우영 群山大學校 敎育大學院 2003 국내석사

The aims of this study is to examine the educational purposes and functions of the school budgeting accounting system and draw some problems to solve to fix and manage this system successfully. To achieve these aims, three study theses have been established : firstly, what are the issues of the financial management in traditional unit schools? secondly, what are the characteristics and expected effects, managing the school budgeting accounting system? thirdly, what are the issues have to be solved on school budgeting accounting system?. Based on these theses, this study tried to introduce the whole contents of the school budgeting accounting system and propose some expected problems. Throughout these processes, this study attempted to analyze the issues that have to be solved for smooth management of the curriculum by new school budgeting accounting system. After scrutinizing the document records, preceded researches, and internet materials, this study consider the purposes and functions of school budgeting accounting system. After that, it analyzes the managerial characteristics of those results and predicts the expected effects and examine closely the issues to solve to maximize the effects. According to those results, the present condition of school financial structure is difficult to understand timely since the traditional financial management didn't administer without any integration and it had been managed individually by individual funds. In addition, those results point out that complicated structure of school finances lack of clearness in carrying out the accounting and ineffective budget administration that have to follow different guides from different superior authorities. The effects of introduction of school budgeting accounting system enhanced the effectiveness by assuring the clearness of school finances through autonomous budget management and increased the participation of people related with school finances. As a lifelong learning center, also, school facilities can be used and satisfied the various educational desires. The leisure and dilettante life can be expected. As the school education project is planned along with budget making, the school curriculum and budget making of the current year can be compared with those of the next year. Besides, it tells the year's events in advance, so the preparation would be exhaustive. The issues of the school budgeting accounting system are the security of the standardized management funds and expansion and effectiveness of training related with finances. Then, the techniques of budget making that unit school can perform under the school accounting system through the introduction of budget making system of unit school should be developed and researched eventually. Therefore, to apply the school budgeting accounting system to the present school, firstly make out the school education project followed the curriculum, secondly each subjects and departments draw up its budget in accordance with the curriculum. Then, the committee of budgeting making determine the priority sequences of the curriculum management that harmonized with the traits of school and needed in carrying out the educational beliefs. Finally, it is fair to draw up a budget in compliance with the priority sequences.

학연교수제 활성화 방안에 관한 연구 : 산학협력단 운영모델 중심으로

이은희 서강대학교 공공정책대학원 2014 국내석사

In 21st century of knowledge-based society, as competition between countries become intense for knowledge preoccupancy, university competitiveness of research and education is expanded to the country competitiveness. After 1980s, National Innovation System has been established by countries in the world with consideration of the university as the core element for the country competitiveness according to the flow of globalization, and the role of university has been expanded to lead economical and industrial developments as a leader of innovative society. Based on mutual cooperation and cooperative learning of the innovation subject, it needs to create clusters of knowledge, human, and social capitals and to form endogenous foundation for growth. Industry-university-research institute cooperation is mutually cooperative activity between education institutes, government, local autonomous zovernments, research institutes, and industries while the companies and research institutes support the universities and the universities provide good research performance and manpower to achieve the mutual cooperation, establishing the virtuous circle of investment and promoting convergence for win-win. As the practical plans, the directions for enhancing the function of research in the universities and promoting the cooperation between the industries, universities, and research institutes should be suggested, the universities and institutes should be transformed into pioneering research & business development system, and innovative clusters for cooperation and convergence should established by maximally increasing the research capacity of professors researchers. Currently, manpower interchange between the universities and institutes has been very limited in our country, and thus introduction of the university-research institute professor system in utilization of tangible·intangible holding resources and in cooperation between the universities and public research institutes is considered as an important policy to use all of the knowledge, human, and social capitals. To promote the university-research institute professor system, strategic promoting plans should be established by each organization. Thus, 「Industry-University Consortium」which has been established in each university since the year of 2003 will play a pivotal role, and it needs to suggest plans for establishment of foundation to settle the university-research institute professor system with the 「Industry-University Consortium」of universities as the center and study the development patterns and specific strategic·institutional support plans of the related organizations. The university-research institute professor system is manpower interchange system securing to perform joint researches in belonging to both organizations of the university and research institute at the same time, and the 「Industry-University Consortium」of university has been established to promote industry-university-research institute cooperation in compliance with Article 25 of 『PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION ACT』as supporting organizations. Scientific Technology in today has been developed to be multidisciplinary studies through convergence of studies, and cooperative network is important as global R&D environment has become megatrend. In 2011, our country has attempted introducing R&D scientific technology policy of “Global Science Business Belt Project” in the field of basic science, expecting to have positive effect on the university-research institute professor system, cooperative network between the universities and institutes. Therefore, this study reviews current situation of the industry-university consortium that is established·operated by each university on a nationwide scale to examine the development direction of the characterized industry-university consortiums by universities according to medium·long-term development plans in the 1st service step focusing on R&D cost management. Also, it overviews the current status of open type innovation of the universities and institutes in the period of ‘convergence and complex R&D’ expanding into the global to create new value·knowledge·market and investigates the effectiveness of the university-research institute professor system in domestic·overseas’ current examples. Finally, various subordinate systems are rearranged in the context of university, institute and whole country to suggest specific strategic support measures by steps·strategies of research administration in the university, promoting the university-research institute professor system that is differentiated support measures according to choice and concentration of excellent researchers·research groups. 21세기 지식기반사회에서 지식 선점을 위한 국가 간 경쟁이 치열해지고 있는 가운데 연구와 교육의 대학경쟁력이 국가경쟁력으로 확산되고 있다. 1980년대 이후 세계화라는 흐름 속에서 세계 각국은 대학을 국가경쟁력의 핵심요소로 판단하여 국가혁신체제(National Innovation System)를 구축하고 있으며, 경제발전과 산업발전을 선도하고 사회변화의 리더로서 대학 역할을 확대되고 있다. 혁신주체의 상호협력과 공동학습을 통하여 지식자본(knowledge capital)의 클러스터, 인적자본(Human capital)의 클러스터, 사회적 자본(Social capital)의 클러스터를 형성하고 내생적 성장기반을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 산학연협력은 교육기관과 국가, 지방자치단체, 연구기관 및 산업체 등이 상호 협력하여 행하는 활동으로, 이를 위해서는 기업과 연구소가 대학을 지원하고 대학이 우수한 연구 성과와 인력을 제공하는 투자 선순환 고리를 구축하여 상생을 향한 컨버젼스(convergence-융합)을 이뤄가야 한다. 이에 대한 구체적인 실천방안으로 대학의 연구기능 강화와 산학연 활성화에 대한 추진방향을 제시하면서, 대학 및 출연연이 선도형 Research & Business Development체계로 전환하고, 보유기술을 적극 활용함으로써 교수･연구원의 연구역량을 최대한 끌어올려 협력하고 융합하는 혁신 클러스터를 구축해야 한다. 현재 우리나라는 대학과 출연연 사이의 인력교류가 매우 제한적이었으며, 대학과 공공연구기관 간 유형·무형의 보유자원을 협력하여 활용하는 학연교수제 도입은 지식자본, 인적자본, 사회적 자본을 모두 이용할 수 있는 중요한 정책이라고 생각한다. 학연교수제도를 활성화하기 위해 각 기관별로 전략적인 추진 방안이 필요하다. 이에 대학에서는 2003년부터 각 대학별로 설립된 「산학협력단」이 중추적인 역할을 하게 될 것이며, 대학 「산학협력단」을 중심으로 학연교수제가 정착될 수 있도록 기반구축 방안을 제시하고, 발전모형과 연계된 유관기관의 구체적인 정책적·제도적 지원 방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 학연교수란 대학과 연구기관의 양 기관 동시 소속으로 공동연구를 수행할 수 있도록 보장된 개방적 인력교류제도를 말하며, 대학「산학협력단」은 산학연협력을 촉진하기 위해『산업교육진흥 및 산학연협력촉진에 관한 법률』(이하: 산촉법) 제25조에 의거 설립된 지원 전담조직이다. 오늘날의 과학기술은 학문의 융합을 통해 다학제적 학문으로 발전하고 있으며, 글로벌 R&D 환경도 메가트렌드 양상으로 변화하여 협력네트워크가 중요해지고 있다. 2011년 우리나라에서“국제과학비지니스벨트사업”이라는 R&D 과학기술정책 추진으로 기초과학분야에 새로운 시도를 도입하여 대학과 출연연간의 협력네트워크인 학연교수제도가 긍정적 효과로 나타나길 기대한다. 이에 전국 각 대학에서 설치·운영되고 있는 산학협력단의 현재 상황을 재조명하여, R&D 연구개발비 관리가 주역할인 1차적 서비스 단계에서 중·장기 발전계획으로 대학별로 특성화된 산학협력단 발전방향을 검토할 것이다. 또한, 새로운 가치·지식·시장을 창출하기 위하여‘융복합 R&D'가 전 세계적으로 확산되는 시대에 대학과 출연연의 개방형 혁신을 위한 현황을 개관하고, 현재 국내·국외 사례의 학연교수제 실효성을 알아보고자 한다. 마지막으로, 대학, 출연연 및 국가 전체의 맥락에서 다양한 하위 시스템들을 재배치하여 우수한 연구자·연구 집단에게 선택과 집중에 의한 차별적 지원책인 학연교수제가 활성화될 수 있도록 대학 연구행정의 단계별·전략적 구체적인 정책적 지원 방안을 제시할 것이다.

직종통합을 통한 직무중심 인력운영에 관한 연구 : K공사 사례를 중심으로

박일준 서울대학교 행정대학원 2013 국내석사

본 연구는 직종중심 인력운영에 대한 직원의 인식차이 및 원인과 직종통합 전후세대의 인력운영에 대한 인식변화 흐름에 대한 분석을 종합하여 K공사의 조직목표 달성을 위한 효율적 직무중심의 인력운영이 구현될 수 있는 방안을 수립하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 파일럿 서베이(pilot surbey)를 통하여 직종중심 인력운영체계에서 발생되는 문제점들을 도출하고, 이를 활용하여 설문항목을 구성하였다. K공사에 재직중인 직원을 대상으로 설문조사를 한 후 직종 및 세대간 인식차이에 대하여 기술적 통계, 일원배치 분산분석을 통한 가설검증 등의 분석을 실시하였다. 직종중심 인력운영체계에서 발생하는 직무수행 갈등, 인사의 공정성 여부 등에 대하여 직종 및 세대간 인식차이가 있고, 이러한 인식차이가 직종 및 세대간 갈등의 원인임을 확인하였다. 또한, 직종중심 인력운영체계에서의 부정적 인식들이 직종통합을 통한 직무중심 인력운영체계가 적용되는 2010년 이후 입사자들의 경우 긍정적으로 바뀌고 있는 것도 확인되었다. 이를 통해 직종통합을 통한 직무중심 인력운영으로의 전환이 직종중심 인력운영 체계에서의 갈등해소 및 부정적 인식전환과 나아가서는 협력적 조직분위기를 조성하여 조직목표 달성의 계기가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

인간중심보안에 기반한 물리보안 운영 관리 지표 개발

한승수 중앙대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

현대 사회는 4차 산업혁명의 도래와 함께 기술적 혁신이 급격히 진행되고 있으며, 이는 보안 체계의 운영 방식에 심대한 변화를 초래하고 있다. 인공지능(AI), 사물인터넷(IoT), 클라우드(Cloud), 빅데이터(Big Data)와 같은 첨단 기술은 보안 체계의 정밀성과 효율성을 크게 향상시키는 데 기여했으나, 동시에 새로운 보안 위협과 취약점을 초래하며 기존의 보안 운영 방식에 도전 과제를 제시하고 있다. 특히, 운영자의 실수와 관리적 부주의 등 인적 요인은 기술적으로 설계된 보안 체계에서도 여전히 주요 사고 원인으로 작용하고 있으며, 이는 기술 중심적 접근만으로는 보안 체계의 신뢰성과 적응성을 완전히 확보하기 어렵다는 점을 시사한다. 기존의 기술 중심적 보안 접근법은 특정 위협 요소를 감지하고 차단하는 데 초점을 맞추는 경향이 있었으나, 현대의 복합적이고 다변화된 위협 환경에서는 사전 예방, 실시간 대응, 지속적인 체계 개선이 필수적으로 요구되고 있다. 이에 따라 이 연구는 인간중심보안(People-Centric Security)의 개념을 도입하여 기술적 요소와 인적 요소의 유기적 조화를 통해 보안 체계의 신뢰성과 효율성을 강화하고자 하였다. 인간중심보안은 기술적 대책의 한계를 보완하고, 인적 요소를 체계적으로 반영함으로써 새로운 보안 패러다임을 제시하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이 연구는 물리보안 체계 운영과 관련된 8개의 주요 선행연구와 ISO 27001, ISMS, PIMS, PIA, NIST 800-53, Facility Security Requirements(FSR) 6개의 국내ㆍ외 보안 인증체계를 분석하여, 물리보안 평가 항목 간 유사성과 차별성을 도출하였다. 이를 통해 보안 정책 및 절차, 보안 인력 관리, 커뮤니케이션, 보안 감사, 기술 지원 및 운영의 5가지 대분류를 구성하였으며, 연구 과정에서 설계된 관리 지표의 기반으로 활용되었다. 이후, 델파이 기법을 활용하여 전문가 패널의 의견을 수집ㆍ분석하는 과정을 총 3차례에 걸쳐 수행하였으며, 이를 통해 5가지 대분류, 13가지 중분류, 28가지 소분류, 72개의 세부 관리 지표를 최종적으로 체계화하였다. 연구 결과, 보안 정책 및 절차는 조직 내외의 일관성을 유지하고 보안 운영의 효율성을 극대화하기 위한 핵심 요소로, 법적 요구사항의 체계적 준수와 표준운영절차(SOP)의 개발 및 배포를 통해 보안 체계의 신뢰성과 예측 가능성을 강화하며 조직의 전략적 보안 목표를 효과적으로 지원하는 것으로 나타났다. 보안 인력 관리는 체계적인 교육과 훈련을 통해 구성원의 전문성을 강화하며, 급변하는 위협 환경에서 신속하고 적절한 대응을 가능하게 함으로써 보안 체계의 안정성과 유연성을 제고하였다. 커뮤니케이션은 정보 전달 체계와 협력 구조를 정교화하여 긴급 상황에서의 신속한 의사결정과 내부 구성원 간 문제 해결 능력을 향상시키며 조직의 대응력을 증진시켰다. 보안 감사는 체계적 평가와 지속적 피드백 과정을 통해 보안 체계의 취약점을 진단하고 개선 방향을 제시하여 보안 운영의 지속 가능성과 적응성을 강화하였으며, 기술 지원 및 운영은 물리적 장비와 시스템의 안정적 관리와 신속한 유지보수를 통해 기술적 취약성을 최소화하고 보안 체계의 신뢰성을 보장하였다. 결론적으로, 이 연구는 인간중심보안의 개념을 도입하여 물리보안 체계에서 기술과 인간 요소를 통합적으로 관리할 수 있는 새로운 관리 지표를 제시하였다. 이는 기존의 기술 중심적 접근법의 한계를 보완하며, 보안 체계의 신뢰성과 적응성을 강화하고 다양한 환경에서 실질적 활용 가능성을 높이는 데 기여할 것이다. 더 나아가, 학문적으로는 보안 관리의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하고, 실무적으로는 조직의 보안 체계 설계와 운영에 적용 가능한 구체적이고 표준화된 관리 지표를 제공함으로써 현대 보안 환경에 적합한 실질적이고 지속 가능한 대안을 제시한다는 점에서 중요한 의의를 갖는다. The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is witnessing a period of accelerated technological innovation, which is giving rise to substantial shifts in the operational paradigms of security systems. The advent of advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and big data, has led to notable advancements in the precision and efficiency of security systems. However, these developments have also given rise to new security threats and vulnerabilities, posing significant challenges to traditional security operations. In particular, human factors, such as operator error and administrative negligence, continue to be a significant cause of incidents, even in technologically designed security systems. This suggests that a technology-centric approach alone is insufficient for ensuring the reliability and adaptability of security systems. While traditional technology-centric security approaches tend to focus on detecting and blocking specific threats, today's complex and diversified threat landscape requires a more proactive approach that encompasses prevention, real-time response, and continuous system improvement. In light of this, this study introduces the concept of People-Centric Security, which aims to enhance the reliability and efficiency of security systems through the organic harmony of technical and human factors. People-centric security seeks to compensate for the limitations of technical measures and to present a new security paradigm that reflects the role of human factors in a systematic manner. This study undertook an analysis of eight major previous studies related to the operation of physical security systems and six domestic and international security certification systems, including ISO 27001, ISMS, PIMS, NIST 800-53, and Facility Security Requirements (FSR), with the objective of deriving similarities and differences between physical security assessment items. This resulted in the identification of five major categories: security policies and procedures, security personnel management, communications, security audits, and technical support and operations. These categories served as the basis for the management metrics designed during the study. Subsequently, the Delphi technique was employed to collect and analyse the opinions of the expert panel in three rounds, resulting in five broad categories, 13 medium categories, 28 narrow categories and 72 detailed management metrics. The study revealed that security policies and procedures are pivotal to maintaining consistency within and across organisations and optimising the efficacy of security operations. The systematic adherence to legal requirements and the formulation and implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) enhance the reliability and predictability of the security posture and effectively support the organisation's strategic security objectives. The management of security personnel plays a pivotal role in enhancing the reliability and flexibility of the security posture. This is achieved through the implementation of a systematic education and training programme, which is designed to enhance the expertise of personnel and enable them to respond rapidly and appropriately to a rapidly changing threat environment. Communication has facilitated enhanced organisational responsiveness through the elaboration of information transfer systems and cooperation structures, thereby enabling rapid decision-making and problem-solving among internal members in emergency situations. The implementation of a security audit has enhanced the sustainability and adaptability of security operations by diagnosing vulnerabilities and providing directions for improvement through a systematic evaluation and continuous feedback process. Technical support and operations have also played a pivotal role in minimising technical vulnerabilities and ensuring the reliability of the security system through reliable management and prompt maintenance of physical equipment and systems. In conclusion, this study put forth a novel management indicator for the integrated management of technology and human factors in physical security systems, adopting the perspective of People-Centric Security. This will address the shortcomings of the prevailing technology-centric approach, enhancing the reliability and adaptability of security systems and improving their practical applicability in diverse environments. Moreover, it offers a novel paradigm for security management at the academic level and a practical and sustainable alternative for the modern security environment, providing specific and standardised management metrics that can be applied to the design and operation of organisations' security systems.