한강 하천제방 호안공법에 따른 식생분포 특성 연구

김원식 서울시립대학교 2009 국내석사

This Study has analyzed the vegetation composition in the areas using different construction methods of river banks and walls, in a way to improve the vegetation induction in the future considering the ecological aspects of the induction. To this end, the Study has observed the environmental and ecological characteristics of the newly introduced plants which had been naturally induced after the bank construction at Han river bank at Garaeyoul Vallage in Gangdong-Gu. Based on the analysis results, the Study has identified the problems related to vegetation induction and suggested some improvement measures. The observed area for the Study is Han river bank at Garaeyoul Village (Godeok Dong, Gangdong Gu, Seoul, Korea), which was constructed between 1998 and 2000, and the construction methods used for the bank were the pole block, the lawn block, and the crib block. After the completion of bank construction, natural vegetation was induced to the bank area without any artificial maintenance efforts of the vegetation. First of all, the distribution of vegetation in areas using different construction methods of river banks and walls was analyzed. The result showed that the naturalized herbage was dominant in the pole block accounting for 70.7%, while native herbal plant communities and naturalized herbage were dominant in the lawn block occupying 48.5% and 36.4%, respectively. In the crib block, herbal plant communities and naturalized herbage showed the strong presence, making up of 55.7% and 36.8%, respectively. Native herbal plant communities showed the highest percentage of 55.7% in the crib block, followed by 48.5% in the lawn block and 25.8% in the pole block. The percentage of naturalized herbage was highest in the pole block with 70.7%, followed by crib block(55.7%) and lawn block (36.4%). Plant coverage measured by different construction method of river banks and walls was highest in the crib block(85.1~109.6%, average 97.5%), followed by the lawn block(74~111%, average 95.3%) and pole block(10~63%, average 27.9%). In the pole block, plant species which can vegetate in dry and narrow chinks were dominant due to the small size of bareland and lack of vegetation base. Some of them vegetated on the soil that had been piled during floods, which, overall, composed a poor vegetation community. In the lawn block, the size of vegetation area was not small, but the bareland was fragmented into narrow areas due to the blocks, which prevented the creation of large-scale plant communities. As a result, Miscanthus Sacchariflorus, a rhizomatous perennial grass, could not take its root into the small-sized concrete block, failing to making up of a large-scale community. Instead, annual grasses maintained their strong presence in the overall lawn block area. In the crib block, the size of the vegetation base as well as the unit space of the vegetation block was largest among the three types of blocks. Therefore, Miscanthus Sacchariflorus, a rhizomatous perennial grass, was dominant in the crib block, followed by other perennial grasses such as Fescue Arundinacea and Aster Pilosus, which also consisted of large-scale communities. Average dry weight was also measured by each construction method of river banks and walls. The weight was heaviest in the crib block with 187.63g/㎡, followed by the lawn block(137.65g/㎡) and pole block(6.75g/㎡). In general, the average dry weight was lighter among the annual herb layer, while that of the perennial herbal layer including Miscanthus Sacchariflorus and Fescue Arundinacea vegetating in the crib block was heavier. The average dry weight seemed to vary depending on the vegetation and growth status in different type of river bank and wall blocks. Soil moisture content was highest in the waterfront, followed by the crib block, the lawn block and the pole block. The water content in the crib block and lawn block was 16.3% and 15.2%, respectively, while that of the pole block was 4.7%, which revealed the highly dry condition of the pole block soil. The result of soil analysis showed that there was little difference in soil texture, soile acidity(pH), and exchangeable ion content among river bank and wall areas using different construction methods. However, the soil organic matter(OM) content and available PO were highest in the pole block, possibly due to the accumulation of OM and PO substances on the soil during the flood. In the future, in order to induce more vegetation into river banks and walls, a proper construction method should be applied so that the vegetation area can be expanded as much as possible, considering the safety of the banks. If it is necessary to reinforce the river walls, the walls should be built at the place deeper than 20Cm to avoid any impact on the growth of plants. The walls should allow the moisture movement, and the base soil for vegetation growth should be filled at the top of the walls. Also, in an effort to prevent the fragmentation of the vegetation area, it is required to apply a construction method which can secure area larger than 1m×1m and attract perennial grasses such as rhizomatous Miscanthus sacchariflorus. Furthermore, it is recommended to replace the current pole blocks with porous blocks such as crib blocks in all areas except for the rapid current portion and the water-impacting portion. For the lawn block, in order to increase the size of the vegetation base and to prevent the breakup of the vegetation area into narrow pieces, it is important to recover at least 20 Cm depth of the soil and to induce perennial plants. In the case of the steep slope portion, the mid-stream portion and non-water impacting portion of the river walls, construction of crib blocks is desirable, while the slow current portion requires construction of crib blocks reinforced by lawn blocks. Finally, it is vital to introduce river-endemic plant species such as Salix gracilistyla, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Pennisetum purpurascens, without relying too much on the natural vegetation induction, in order to achieve early induction of vegetation into the river bank and wall areas and to increase species diversity. Key Words : Pole Block, Lawn Block, Native Herbal Plant Communities, Afforestation of River Walls, Miscanthus sacchariflorus 본 연구는 하천제방 호안공법에 따른 식생도입을 분석하여 생태적인 측면을 고려한 제방 호안 식생유도를 목적으로 수행하였다. 대상지는 강동구 가래여울마을 한강 제방으로 제방축조의 자연적인 식생 도입된 지역을 대상으로 도입식물의 환경생태적 특성을 파악하여 제방 축조 후 호안에 자연식생 유도과정에서 도입된 식물구조를 분석하여 제방 축조시 식생유도의 문제점 및 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상지인 서울시 강동구 고덕동 가래여울마을 한강 제방은 1998년부터 2000년까지 제방을 축조하였으며 제방축조 후 인위적인 식생관리 없이 자연식생을 유도하여 식생이 도입된 지역으로 하천제방에 조성된 호안공법은 장대블록, 잔디블록, 방틀블록이었다. 제방 호안공법별 식생 분포 특성을 분석한 결과 장대블록에는 귀화초본이 70.7%로 우점하였고 잔디블록에는 자생초본군락 48.5%, 귀화초본 36.4%이었으며 방틀블록은 자생초본군락 55.7%, 귀화초본 36.8%이었다. 자생초본군락은 방틀블록에서 55.7%로 가장 높았으며, 잔디블록 48.5%, 장대블록 25.8% 순이었다. 귀화초본 비율은 장대블록에서 70.7%로 가장 높고 방틀블록 55.7%, 잔디블록 36.4% 순이었다. 제방 호안공법별 식생피도는 장대블록 10~63%(평균 27.9%), 잔디블록 74~111%(평균 95.3%), 방틀블록 85.1~109.6%(평균 97.5%)로 방틀블록, 잔디블록, 장대블록 순이었다. 장대블록은 나지면적이 좁아 식생기반 부족으로 인하여 건조하고 좁은 틈새에 식생이 가능한 종이 우점하였으며 일부 지역은 홍수시 퇴적된 토양에 식생하여 대체적으로 빈약한 군락을 이루고 있었다. 잔디블록은 식생기반 면적이 대체적으로 양호하였으나 블록으로 인하여 좁은 면적으로 파편화 되어있어 대규모로 식물 군락 형성이 되지 못하였다. 따라서 지하경으로 번식하는 다년생 초본류인 물억새 등은 콘크리트 블록 공간이 작아 뿌리를 뻗지 못하여 대규모 군락을 이루지 못하고 1년생 초본류가 전체적으로 우점하였다. 방틀블록은 식생기반 면적이 3개 공법 중 가장 넓었고 단위 식생블록 공간도 가장 넓은 면적이었다. 따라서 지하경으로 번식하는 물억새가 우점하였고 다년생 초본류인 큰김의털, 미국쑥부쟁이 등이 대규모 군락을 이루고 있었다. 호안공법별 평균 건물중은 장대블록은 1㎡당 평균 6.75g, 잔디블록은 137.65g, 방틀블록은 187.63g 으로 방틀블록 식물 건물중이 가장 높았다. 주로 1년생 초본층은 건물중이 낮은 반면 다년생 초본류가 생육하고 있는 방틀블록의 물억새, 큰김의털 등은 건물중이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 호안블록의 식생과 생육상태에 따른 건물중 차이가 많음을 보여주고 있다. 토양 수분함량은 둔치, 방틀블록, 잔디블록, 장대블록 순이었으며 방틀블록 16.3%, 잔디블록 15.2%인 반면 장대블록은 4.7%로 토양이 매우 건조하였다. 토성, 토양산도(pH), 치환성 양이온 함량은 호안공법별로 큰 차이가 없었으며 토양유기물 함량(OM)과 유효인산(Available PO)은 장대블록에서 가장 높은 수치를 보여 홍수시 일부 퇴적으로 인한 유기물과 유효 인산 함량이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 향후 하천제방에 식생도입을 위해서는 제방의 안전을 고려하여 식생기반 면적을 넓혀주어 식생 도입이 가능하도록 제방 호안공법을 적용해야하며 호안의 보강이 필요할 경우 식물생육에 지장이 없는 20㎝이상 깊이에 설치하되 수분 이동이 원활하도록 하고 상부는 식생토 채우는 방법이 필요하다. 또한 식생공간이 파편화 되지 않도록 1m×1m 이상의 넓은 면적을 확보하여 지하경으로 번식하는 물억새 등과 다년생 초본류가 유입되도록 하는 공법을 적용해야한다. 기존에 설치된 장대블록은 급류부, 수충부를 제외한 지역에 방틀블록 등 다공성 블록으로 교체하고 잔디블록은 식생면적 확보와 좁은 면적으로 파편화 방지를 위하여 20㎝이상 복토하여 다년생 식생 도입이 필요하다. 호안급경사, 중류부, 비수충부는 방틀형 등의 호안공법이 가능하며 완류부는 방틀형 호안공법에 내부에 잔디블록 등 보강한 공법 적용해야 할 것이다. 또한 하천 제방호안에 식생 조기 도입을 및 종 다양성을 위하여 자연 식생유도에 의존하지 않고 갯버들, 물억새, 수크령 등 하천 고유 식물종의 도입이 필요하였다. 주요어 : 장대블록, 잔디블록, 자생초본군락, 호안녹화, 물억새

계방산 산림식생의 공간적 분포 특성 및 시계열적 변화에 관한 연구

천광일 경북대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

This study was conducted to investigate group classification, analysis of understory vegetation structure, analyzing indicator species and changes in stand structures·spatial distributions·understory vegetations in Mt. gyebang representing north temperate deciduous broad-leaves forest. The range of spatial distribution found out character of species composition and distribution range about forest vegetation(Mt. gyebang) by syntaxonomy of forest vegetation in Mt. gyebang. also, This study proposed analysis of indicator species of understory vegetation according to altitudes and azimuth slope. These datas would be basic materials for the forest resources management with various demand; main community, construction of forest ecology management information using population. Time serial changes were analyzed in individual tree’s growth and withering, changes in stands, spatial distribution changes of entity tree using LTER sites. and then, It carries out the clue for korea forest dynamics. plus, it is the beginning of sights widely suggesting structure changes of understory vegetation for LTER sites, in korea forest mainly upper woody plants, and it proposed correlation, dynamics between upper woody plants and understory vegetation. That is, in the korea forest ecosytem, it is understanding for the ways of Time-series ecosystem with results of long term monitering on large-scale. and This study provides information about plant species living in this whole area through survey for flora, In addition, it will arrange foundations for conservation measures after confirming distribution, location, habitat informations, and threatening factor about rare plants, speciality plants with the above studies. 1) Flora The flora of vascular plants in the Mt. Gyebang, located at Hongcheon-gun and Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do Povince, were surveyed 11 times from May, 2011 to October, 2013. The result of this study reveled 672 taxa in total, comprising 90 families, 314 genera, 571 species, 5 subspecies, 77 varieties and 9 forma. Among the flora of this area, 15 families, 26 taxa were plants endemic to Korea and 21 families, 35 taxa were rare and endemic plants of Korea. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 175 taxa: 7 taxa of grade 5, 22 taxa of grade 4, 53 taxa of grade 3, 50 taxa of grade 2, 43 taxa of grade 1. and alien plants were surveyed in Korea numbered 9 families 28 taxa. and disturbance plants of ecosystem were surveyed 2 taxa. In addition, surveyed were categorized by usage, as follows: 230 taxa edible, 177 taxa medical, 222 taxa pasturing, 75 taxa ornamental etc. 2) Community classification of woody vegetation This study was conducted to investigate community classification, species composition and indicator species in Mt. Gyebang designated as Protected Area for Forest Genetic Resource Conservation and National Park. Tracheophytes were 15 families, 33 genera, 78 species, 2 varieties and 1 sub-species in research subject areas. As an analysis of the species estimator of Chao 1 and Jack 1, 127 survey plots could be representative of woody vegetation in Mt. Gyebang. Results of the cluster analysis, 2 communities(A= Quercus mongolica, B= Pinus densiflora - Tilia amurensis) and 5 groups were divided as results of the cluster analysis. Indicator species representing communities and groups communities were analyzed. According to the MRPP-test, there were significance differences between the communities indicating analysis of the appropriate group classification. As a results of the NMS ordination, the species richness of the herb layer and altitude were analyzed by negative relationship and the distribution pattern of community A is more intensive than that of community B. Showing well the same species composition characteristics in the community A. The plexus diagram showed that Pyrus ussuriensis is associated with Ulmus laciniata, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Prunus padus etc. 3) Understory vegetation structure and indicator species analysis This study was conducted to investigate composition of understory vegetation and indicator species by altitude and azimuth slope in Gyebangsan designated as Protected Area for Forest Genetic Resource Conservation and National Park. Tracheophytes were 350 taxa; 80 families, 203 genera, 303 species, 38 varieties, 5 forma and 4 sub-species in research area. The species of the greatest importance value were Tripterygium regelii (9.143%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (7.594%), Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa (6.347%) in the shrub layer and were Sasa borealis (8.653%), Isodon excisus (2.936%) and Carex siderosticta (2.897%). As a result of NMS analysis, In the herb layer, the distribution range of the major species was found to be affected by the altitude(shrub layer: R2>0.3, herb layer: R2>0.6). Plexus diagram analysis showed that Acer pseudosieboldianum was associated with Magnolia sieboldii, Acer barbinerve, Euonymus oxyphyllus etc. in the shrub layer; Meehania urticifolia was related to Aconitum jaluense, Veratrum oxysepalum, Prunus padus etc. in the herb layer. The significant indicator species were analyzed for 60 species by the altitude and investigated for 30 species in accordance with the azimuth slope. As a consequence of MRPP, interspecies composition along the altitude group was heterogeneous and the species composition according to the azimuth slope was extremely different between NE and SW. 4) Forest dynamics and structure on LTER site This study was conducted to investigate forest dynamics changes and woody species of spatial distribution in Gyebangsan designated as International Long-Term Ecological Research site (ILTER). Dominant species were analyzed in Quercus mongolica, Betula schmidtii, Pinus densiflora, Tilia amurensis, Kalopanax septemlobus in upper layer at LTER site. Results of the importance value analysis, Quercus mongolica decreased continuously for 15 years. The dominant species were 26 species in middle layer, Acer pseudosieboldianum of importance value increased. The importance value of Acer pseudosieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Abies holophylla, Pinus koraiensis was increased from 1997 to 2007, but reduced in 2012. The diameter class developed as reversed-J shape from the even aged to mixed-forest. and the populations of diameter tree less than 20㎝ will continue to decrease. Results of the basal area (m2/ha) analysis, Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica are increasing. The basal area of all tree ​​33.89 m2/ha observed since 1997 in 2012, increased by 8.23 m2/ha to 42.12 m2/ha. Long-term ecological research is being considered premature forest. As results of stem density (ha-1), mortality and immigrant rate(%), stem density of Acer pseudosieboldianum was the highest among the species and its mortality rate was lower than immigrant's. Stem densities of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora have been decreased since 1997. Accoring to Morisita’s index, a tree and sub-tree layer of Q. mongolica showed that a clumped spatial distribution and a shrub layer was changed towards randomness in 2007. In consequence of Reply’s K(t) Function, Q. mongolica and P.densiflora showed a clumped distribution for all distance. And Q. mongolica was positively related with A.pseudosieboldianum both 1997 and 2012. Dead trees measured during 15 years showed a clumped distribution for distances > 14m. A range of species diversity of the shrub layer is a larger than those of the tree and sub-tree layer, indicating that shrub layer is more sensitive. 5) Understory vegetation on LTER site This study was conducted to investigate the changes understory vegetation composition (shrub and herb layers) in Mt. Gyebang as a northern-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. Tracheophytes were 146 taxa, consisting 56 families, 93 genera, 124 species, 17 varieties, 3 forma, 2 sub-species and 1 unknown taxa in research subject area. As species area curve analysis, herbaceous layer and shrub species have been decreased over time. As a result of Mantel-test, basal area of upper layer affects to understory vegetation change (p<0.0001). Mean importance value was dominated Lindera obtusiloba(21.585%), Rhododendron schlippenbachii(19.774%) in the shrub layer and identified Sasa borealis(14.082%), Lindera obtusiloba(7.921%) in the herb layer. According to NMS analysis of shrub layer, Species characterized by strong correlation have been reduced as time goes by. And it reports different species as an increasing in basal area of the upper layer. Herb layer plots of the NMS analysis, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Rhododendron mucronulatum consistently were affected in shrub layer. In consequence of MRPP-test for changes in vegetation composition, It was analyzed that there are no significant differences for vegetation composition changes on shrub layer in 5-10 years. As a changes of vegetation composition on herb layer were analyzed significantly, composition change of herb layer species was larger than shrub layer species in understory vegetation.

설악산 식생의 시간적 변화와 식생분포에 영향을 미치는 미소환경요인

이일엽 가톨릭대학교 교육대학원 2003 국내석사

본 연구에서는 설악산 생물권보전지역에서 교목의 생장과 사망률의 장기적 조사를 위해 설치된 영구방형구에서 교목과 초본식물의 분포를 조사하였으며, 식생의 시간적 변화와 식생 분포에 영향을 미치는 환경요인의 관계를 알아보았다. 1997년에 교목의 조사를 위하여 내설악에서는 모두 18개의 10m X 20m의 장방형 영구방형구를 백담산장 부근에서부터 영시암을 거쳐 마등령에 이르기까지 고도별로 설치하였고, 외설악에서는 신흥사-비선대-마등령 코스의 등산로를 따라 16개의 영구방형구를 설치하였다. 1997년에 조사된 흉고직경 2.5cm 이상의 교목의 흉고직경을 2002년에 다시 측정하였다. 2002년에 조사된 34개의 영구방형구에서는 62종의 교목이 출현하였다. 이 중 내설악과 외설악의 공통종은 2002년에 27종이었으며 내설악의 방형구에서만 나타난 종은 24종, 외설악에서만 나타난 종은 11종으로서 경사가 급하고 바위가 많고 토양층이 얕은 외설악보다는 토양이 깊은 내설악에서 종 다양성이 더 높았다. 본 연구에서는 34개의 영구방형구에 각각 4개의 2m X 2m 초본조사용 방형구를 설치하여 초본식물의 피도를 기록하였는데 설악산에서는 임관이 밀폐되어 대체로 초본식물의 피도가 매우 낮았다. 설악산의 A층 토양의 pH가 내설악에서는 4.8에서 7.5까지였으나, 외설악에서는 4.4에서 5.8까지였으며, 유기물 함량은 내·외설악 모두 1~12% 사이였다. 질소, 인, 칼륨, 칼슘 및 마그네슘의 함량은 조사지소에 따라 변이가 컸는데 유기물 함량이 높은 곳은 이들 무기 영양소의 함량이 높았다. 내설악과 외설악의 34개 영구방형구에서 조사된 교목 자료를 기초로 수행된 종 ordination의 결과를 살펴보면 고도가 높은 곳에 자라는 사스레나무, 분비나무, 청시닥나무, 부게꽃나무가 제1축의 상부를 차지하고 있었으며 반면에 졸참나무, 서어나무, 소나무 등 고도가 낮은 곳에 주로 나타나는 식물들이 제1축의 하부를 차지하고 있었다. 한편 제2축의 상부에는 비교적 건조한 곳에 잘 나타나는 식물들이, 그리고 제2축의 하부에는 음지의 비교적 습한 곳에 잘 나타나는 종들이 분포하고 있었다. 이것으로 보아 설악산의 교목식생의 분포는 주로 고도, 온도, 광선 및 토양수분함량에 의해서 좌우되는 것으로 판단된다. 한편 설악산 전체에서 종 수로 볼 때 1997년도에는 신갈나무, 소나무, 당단풍, 졸참나무, 서어나무의 순으로, 2002년도에는 신갈나무, 소나무, 당단풍, 고로쇠나무, 물푸레나무 순으로 중요치가 높게 나타났다. 직경계급별 개체수의 빈도분포를 조사한 결과 대표적 양수인 신갈나무는 대체로 재생이 잘 이루어져 중요치의 증가가 예상되나 극양수인 소나무는 현재와 같은 교란체제가 유지된다면 중요치의 점진적인 감소가 예상된다. 당단풍은 전형적인 역 J자형 곡선을 나타내어 재생이 원활하게 이루어짐을 보여주고 있었다. 조사된 나머지의 양수와 음수들도 대체로 작은 크기의 개체수가 많고 직경이 커질수록 개체수가 점진적으로 감소하는 형태를 보여주고 있어서 현재의 환경조건에서 재생에 큰 문제가 없는 것으로 판단되며 구성군집 내에서 중요치의 변화도 거의 없을 것으로 기대된다. 조사된 영구방형구 내에서 최근 5년 동안에 종의 구성은 변화가 거의 없었다. 가래나무, 개옻나무 등 24종은 편입이 없었는데, 이들은 대부분 전체 개체수가 15개 미만이었다. 1997년에 조사된 전체 교목 1,113개체의 12.9%(32종의 143개체)가 최근 5년 동안 사망했고, 7.2%(28종의 80개체)가 DBH 2.5cm 이상의 교목층으로 편입되었다. 사망 개체수의 60% 정도와 사망한 개체수의 60% 정도와 편입 개체수의 91% 이상은 크기 등급이 2.5cm-5.0cm 이었다. 전체 교목의 밀도는 5년 동안에 1,113개체에서 1,050개체로 약 5.7%가 감소했으나, 평균 흉고직경은 3.7cm에서 4.3cm로 약 0.9%가 증가했다. 흉고직경의 증가 유형은 종과 크기 계급 사이에서 매우 다양하게 나타났다. 조사된 영구방형구 내에서 개체수가 20을 초과하는 종들의 최근 5년 동안 사망률을 비교해 보면, 생강나무가 48.8%로 가장 높은 사망률을 보였고, 그 다음은 소나무로 32.11%였으며, 모든 사망 개체 중 90%는 DBH가 10cm 미만의 개체들 사이에서 일어났다. 이와는 대조적으로 편입률을 비교해 보면, 단당풍이 9.7%로 가장 높은 편입률을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과 조사된 설악산의 내설악과 외설악 구간에서 최근 5년 동안에 비교적 큰 자연적, 인위적 교란이 없었고 그 결과로 외형적인 정적인 변화는 크지 않았으나 유목수준에서의 사망과 교목층으로의 편입과 같은 식생의 동적인 변화가 활발히 일어난 것으로 판단된다. In this study, distribution of trees and herbs were examined in the permanent quadrats, temporal changes in the vegetation structure over the last 5 years monitored, and environmental factors affecting the distribution of plants determined in the Mt. Sorak Biosphere Reserve. To investigate the growth and mortality of trees, eighteen 10m X 20m rectangular permanent quadrats were established from Baekdamsa Temple (500m a.s.l.) through Yongsiam (600m a.s.l.) to Madungryung (1,327m a.s.l.) in Inner Sorak, and 16 quadrats of the same size were established from Shinhungsa Temple (250m a.s.l.) through Bisondae (300m a.s.l.) to Madungryung in Outer Sorak in 1997. All the trees with DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥ 2.5 cm within the quadras were attached with numbered aluminum tags, and their DBH measured and the species identified in 1997 and the DBH were measured again in 2002. Sixty-two species of trees occurred in the 34 permanent quadrats in 2002. Among them, 27 species occurred both in Inner and Outer Sorak, but 24 species occurred in Inner Sorak only, and 11 species in Outer Sorak only. The reason for lower diversity of trees in Outer Sorak might be shallow soil and steep rocky terrain of Outer Sorak. Coverage of plants in the herbaceous layer was recorded in the four 2m X 2m subquadrats within each of the 10m X 20m quadrat, and generally herbaceous coverages were low due to low light under the closed canopies. A horizon soil pH varied from 4.8 to 7.5 in Inner Sorak, but from 4.4 to 5.8 in Outer Sorak. Organic matter content varied from 1 to 12% in both Inner Sorak and Outer Sorak. Large variation was found in the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg contents from quadrats to quadrats, but there was a significant correlation between organic matter and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The results of DCA ordination based on tree data showed that high elevation species such as Betula ermanii, Abies nephrolepis, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, and Acer ukurunduense occupied upper position of Axis I, but low elevation species such as Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora occupied lower position of Axis I. In contrast, xeric species occupied upper position of Axis II and mesic species occupied lower position of Axis II. These results indicate that vegetation of Mt. Sorak is much influenced by elevation, temperature, light and moisture. The number of individual trees within the permanent quadrats were highest in the order of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora in 1997, but it was Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Acer mono and Fraxinus rhynchophylla 2002. The result of size-frequency distribution of major tree species showed that shade-intolerant Quercus mongolica, the most dominant tree species in Mt. Sorak, is regenerating well, and is expected to increase in the near future. In contrast, extremely shade-intolerant Pinus densiflora is expected to decrease if the current disturbance regime does not change. Shade-tolerant Acer pseudosieboldianum showed the typical reverse J-shaped curve, indicating that they are regenerating well. Other major tree species had higher proportion of smaller sized individuals and gradually decreasing number of bigger individuals, and they are expected to have little problem in their regeneration and maintain current importance values in Mt. Sorak. There were little changes in the species compostion in the permanent quadarts for the last five years. There were no recruitment into tree classes (i.e. DBH ≥ 2.5 cm) in the twenty-four tree species including Juglans mandshurica and Rhus trichocarpa, and all of them except Tilia koreana were more or less uncommon species with less than 15 individuals within the whole 34 10m X 20m permanent quadrats. 12.9% of all the 1,113 trees with DBH ≥ 2.5 cm in 1997, i.e. 143 trees from 32 species, died between 1997 and 2002, while 80 new individuals from 28 species, i.e. 7.2% of the number of trees of 1997, were recruited into tree classes, for the same period of time. About 60% of dead trees and 90% of newly recruited trees fell within the smallest size class (i.e. 2.5cm ≤ DBH < 5.0cm). Total density of trees declined by 7.2% (from 1,113 to 1,050 trees), but the mean DBH increased by 0.9% (from 3.7cm to 4.3cm) for the 5 year period from 1997 to 2002. The pattern of diameter increment was very diverse among species and size classes. Among the species with ≥ 20 individuals from the studied quadrats, Lindera obtusiloba showed the highest mortality of 48.8%, and the next was Pinus densiflora with mortality of 32.11% for the 5 year period. About 90% of all the dead individuals for the last 5 years were in the size class of 2.5 - 10 cm DBH. In contrast, the highest recruitment rate of 9.7% for the 5 years was shown in Acer pseudosieboldianum. In most other species, however, mortality rate was balanced by recruitment rate. The results of this study showed that there had been few large natural or artificial disturbances in the studied quadrats, and little static changes occurred as a result, but that dynamic changes in the vegetation structure due to mortality and recruitment at the level of saplings occurred very actively in Mt. Sorak even within a relatively short period of time.

Impacts of CO_(2)-induced climate change on potential natural regetatan distributian based on modified kira's bioclimatic scheme

차경수 名古屋大學 1996 해외박사

大氣中의 이산화탄소 倍增(2×CO₂)에 따른 氣候變化가 全球 및 大陸別 殘存自然植生(PNV)分布에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 修正된 吉良植生區分法에 근거한 식생도제작(GNVM)시스템을 가지고 추정하였다. 추정된 결과들은 장래 예상되는 氣候變化下에서의 삼림경영의 관점에서 고찰되었다. 첫째, 북반구에서만 적용 가능한 吉良식생구분법을 지구 전체로 확장시켰다. 그 방법으로서, 植生生長其間 동안에 필요한 有效濕潤의 강조에 의해 Koppen의 습윤지수를 수정(MKMI)하고, 식생형의 命名은 吉良植生型에 근거하여 식생형의 改名과 合倂에 의해 이루어졌다. PNP분포의 표현에 있어, MKMI에 근거한 修正된 吉良植生區分法이 Koppen의 濕潤指數(KMI)에 근거한 修正된 吉良植生區分法보다 全球 육지면적(150.4億ha)의 8.50%를 향상시켰으며, 툰드라와 펴쇄림간의 推移帶를 보다 적절하게 나타내고 있다. 2xCO₂로 인해 예상되는 PNV분포변화는修正된 吉良식생 구분법과 Koppen의 식생구분법에 근거한 GNVM시스템을 가지고 계산하였으며, 이 결과들은 比較 考察되었다. 본 연구에 이용된 기후데이타는 点들의 기후데이타를 1。 (緯度) x 1。 (經度)의 格子点으로 球面補間하여 지구전체를 표현할수 있도록 調製 하였다. 入力된 現在의 기후로서는 全 世界에 분포된 2,001의 측후소에서 관측된 1958년까지의 實測値를, 2xCO₂時의 기후로서는 일본 기상청의 대기순환모델에 의해 추정된 기후예측치를 이용하였다. 修正된 吉良식생구분법에 있어, 2xCO2를 인한 PNV면적의 변화는 全球 陸地面積(150.4億ha)의 45.4%인 68.4億ha로 나타나며, 잠재삼림면적은 10.9億ha(12.90%)증가한다. 기후변화의 결과, 植生帶는 주로 赤道지역에서 極지역으로 擴張된다. 그러나. 溫帶와 亞熱帶를 경계로 더 따뜻한 지역에서의 식생대는 대체적으로 乾燥지역의 擴張과 濕潤지역의 縮小로 나타나지만, 더 추운지역에서의 식성대는 이와 반대의 현상이 나타난다. 修正된 吉良식생구분법과 Koppen의 식생구분법에서 同時에 변화되는 식생면적은 32.5億ha(21.60%)로 나타나며, 이 면적 및 해당지역은 기후변화가 발생했을 경우에 가장 먼저 식생변화가 일어날것으로 예상된다. 修正된 吉良식생구분법에 근거한 변화면적이 Koppen의 식생구분법에 근거한 변화면적(49.1億ha, 32.65%)보다 더 크게 나타났다. 그 이유로서, 修正된 吉良식생구분법은 기온의 변화가 현저한 아한대 지역의 범위가 좁게 規定되었기 때문으로 사료되며, 이 구분법은 그 추운지역의 식생분포를 보다 합리적으로 표현할 것이다. 現在의 삼림면적과 본 연구의 결과를 비교해 보면, 현재 全球의 삼림면적은 인간활동에 의해 � 善! 撚퓸�왔을지라도 장래 2xCO₂로 인한 기후변화에 의해 삼림면적이 다소늘어날 것으로 예상된다. 大陸別에 있어서 유럽의 삼림면적은 현재의 삼림면적의 증가와 함께 기후변화에 의해 더욱 늘어날 것으로 사료된다. 북미와 아시아의 산림면적은 인간활동에 의해 피해를 받아 왔을지라도, 이들 대륙은 기후변화에 의해 혜택을 받을 것이다. 그러나, 인간활동에 의해 삼림면적이 감소되어 왔던 다른 大陸들은 기후변화에 의해 삼림면적의 減少가 더욱 가속화될 전망이다. 특히, 오세아니아는 기후변화에 의해 심각한 문제에 직면할 것으로 예상된다. PNV분포를 표현함에 있어 修正된 吉良식생구분법은 Koppen의 식생구분법보다 우수하다는 것이 입증되었다. 더욱이 修正된 吉良식생구분법은 全球의 PNV분포에 미치는 기후변화의 영향을 효과적으로 표현할것으로 사료된다. The bacteriophage λO protein localizes the initiation of replication to a unique sequence, ori λ through specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Conformational changes at ori λ introduced by O protein binding have been reported and their roles have been implicated in the initiation of λ DNA replication. In our studies, we focused on detailed structural basis of the formation of the O protein-ori λ complex(O-some). This work was divided into five Chapters including a general introduction given in Chapter 1, a brief review of genetic, biochemical, and structural data for understanding the mechanism of the initiation of λ DNA replication. As shown in Chapter 2, we found that the O protein exists as a dimer and demonstrated that the active DNA binding species is also a dimer. Dimerization and sequence-specific DNA recognition are specifically mediated through the amino-terminal half of O(O1-162(아래첨자 1-162입력불가)). The binding affinity of O for a single copy of its 19 bp recognition sequence was 2-3 nM. We also found that the O-some is composed of 4 dimers of O and ori λ DNA, which contains four 19 bp direct repeat recognition sites, i, e., a dimer of O is bound to each repeat(iteron). Moreover, we found that only the amino-terminal DNA binding domain is required for formation of the O-some. To investigate the structural basis for the unique properties of O protein, we generated a number of carboxy-terminal and internal and internal deletion mutants of O. Experiments with purified mutant proteins, as shown in Chapter 3, indicated that (ⅰ) the deletion mutant retaining amino acid residues 19-110 is the smallest O protein species that can both bind to DNA and form a dimer, (ⅱ) the affinities of all mutant proteins for a single iteron are almost the same, ranging from 2 to 4 nM; (ⅲ) the portion of O that is responsible for dimerization is located between amino acid residues 19 and 85; (ⅳ) the carboxy-terminal domain (O 156-299(아래첨자 156-299입력불가)) is a monomeric species that does not recognize specific DNA sequences but instead, bind non-specifically to duplex DNA; (ⅴ) the linker joining the two structural domains is not required for O function, but its coding sequence of DNA contains several recognition sites for O protein (ori λ); and (ⅵ) a deletion! m! utant missing the amino-terminal portion of the carboxyl-terminal domain is still comparably active in the in vitro λdv replication assay. In Chapter 4, the structural basis of the O protein-DNA complex was studied in detail. Hydroxy radical footprinting was employed to obtain the high resolution structural information about the contacts between the protein and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. The missing nucleoside experiment allowed us to identify energetically important base moieties that may be in contact with bound O protein. Quantitation of the extent of O-mediated DNA bending indicated that O induces a relatively sharp bend in an individual recognition sequence of 85。 ±5。 . Measurement of the O-induced topological change indicated that a region of DNA or specifically ori λis wrapped around the O protein core in a left-handed fashion with a linking number change of 0.7±0.1 turn. In Chapter 5, we present direct evidence that the O protein also has the capacity to interact with single-stranded DNA, the first such interaction discovered among prokaryotic origin-binding proteins. The implication of this dual DNA binding specificity of O for the formation of the unwound structure at the A/T-rich region of ori λ is dis cussed. The addition of the λP-DnaB comple x to the O-some produces a new nucleoprotein species with a super-shift in migration. The presence of P and DnaB reduces significantly the amount of O required for binding to single-stranded DNA. Based on these results, we propose a detailed model for sequential structural changes in ori λ as a consequence of O binding to the origin of λreplication.

미래 기후 및 산림식생 변화에 따른 유역 생태수문 영향 평가

신형진 건국대학교 대학원 2011 국내박사

南原요천(寥川)의 植生分布와 土性에 관한 硏究

김정춘 忠南大學校 敎育大學院 2004 국내석사

본 연구는 전라북도 남원시를 관통하여 흐르고 있는 요천에 분포하고 있는 식물상과 식물군락의 유형을 밝히고, 식물군락과 토성과의 상관성을 조사하기 위하여 2003년 8월부터 2004년 5월에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 1. 남원시 요천의 출현식물 종수는 28과 76속 86종 15변종 등 총 101분류군으로 나타났으며, 귀화식물은 6과 12속 16종이 출현하고 있다. 2. 자연하안 지역에는 붕어마름군락과 같은 침수성 식물군락과 개구리밥군락과 같은 부유성식물군락, 줄군락, 애기부들군락, 고마리군락, 달뿌리풀군락, 갈풀군락, 나도겨풀군락, 여뀌군락, 벼룩이자리군락 등과 같은 추수식물군락과 목본성식물군락으로 갯버들군락, 버드나무군락 등이 다양하게 분포하고 있다. 3. 인공하안 지역에는 하안블럭 들새의 빗자루국화군락, 조성지의 잔디 군락, 제방의 쑥-개밀군락 등이 소규모의 군락을 형성하고 있을 뿐이며, 종조성 또한 불완전 하였다. 4. 인공하안 지역은 자연하안 지역에 비하여 식물들도 다양하게 출현하지 않고, 서식하는 식물들이 대부분 일년생초본이며, 인공하안의 입지가 일시적으로만 식물이 서식하고 있는 불안정한 입지임을 알 수 있었다. 5. 표토의 토성은 자갈, Sand토양~ Loam토양 사이이며, 각 군락별 토성은 달뿌리풀 군락, 갈풀 군락은Sand - Loamy sand 토양에 분포하고 갯버들 군락은 Loamy sand, 고마리 군락, 버드나무 군락, 나도겨풀 군락, 부들 군락은 유기물이 풍부한 입지의 군락으로서 Clay가 다소 포함되어 있는 Sandy loam 토양에 분포하고 있었다. 6. 전체적인 토양의 pH는 군락별로 큰 차이점을 보이지 않고 대부분이 약산성을 띄었으며, 애기부들, 고마리군락의 토양은 중성에 가까웠다. The type of plant communities of Yocheon stream in the Namwon City were investigated, and studied correlation the vegetation and the soil environment. This study were performed from August 2003 to May 2004. The 101 of vascular plants were classified which contain 28 families, 76 genera, 86 species and 15 subspecies in Yocheon stream. Vegetation of the natural streamside shows submerged plant community such as Ceratophyllum demersum community, free floating plant communities such as Spirodela polyrhiza community, emergent plant community such as Typha angustata community, Leersia japonica community, Persicaria thunbergii community, Phalaris arundinacea community, Zizania latifolia community Phragmites japonica community and Arenaria serpyllifolia community, and woodland plant communities such as Salix koreensis community and Salix gracilistyla community etc. Vegetation of the artificial streamside shows small scale of communities, such as Aster sululatus subcommunity at gaps of concrete blocks, Zoysia japonica community at development land, and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis - Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens community at banks. The number of present plant communities are small compare to natural streamside, and most of plants shows an annual plant. It indicate that the conditions of locations of the artificial streamsides are unstable. Soil environment of surface area shows gravel, and sand to loam, and soil texture of each communities have as follows : Phragmites japonica community and Phalaris arundi nacea community have sand to loamy sand, Salix gracilistyla community has loamy sand, Persicaria thunbergii community, Salix koreensis community, Leersia japonica community and Typha angustata community have sandy loam which contains rich organics. The pH of soils of almost communities are weak acidic, and the soil of Typha angustata community and Persicaria thunbergii comm unity are near neutral.

林道비탈면의 植生分布와 安定性 判別에 관한 硏究

오성윤 경상대학교 2002 국내석사

The purpose of this study was investigate to the influence of forest roads characteristics and environmental factors on the vegetation invasion, soil erosion and stability judgement in slope of forest roads. The forest roads were investigated in 42.74km constructed during 1987 to 1993 in Gyeongnam and Jeonnam province. The results obtained could be summarized as follows; 1. The dominant species of circumference vegetation on slope consist with Oplismenus undulatifolius, Festuca ovina, Pteridum aquilinum var. latiusculum, Cocculus trilobus, Lespedeza bicolor and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens of the 87 species, and the invasion vegetation on slope consist with Lespedeza bicolor, Festuca ovina, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Pteridum aquilinum var. latiusculum, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Cocculus trilobus of the 63 species. Therefore, the invasion vegetation in slope of forest roads was mostly influenced by circumference vegetation. 2. The life form of circumference and invasion vegetation in slope showed to N-D₁-R_5-e type of nanophanerophyte in dormancy form, disseminated widely by wind and water in dissminule type, non-clonal growth monophyte in radicoid type and erect form of growth form. In particular, it was tend to the same type in life form of circumference and invasion vegetation. 3. In the correlation analysis between soil erosion and each factor in cut slope, it was correlated with positive significant between upper, convex(凸), silt loam and south. But negative between coverage, straight(□) and silty clay loam. In the stepwise regression analysis, length of slope, soil hardness, daily precipitation ≥ 80mm and degree of slope were a high significant and its regression equation was given by - 15.4080 + 1.6353X_14 - 0.6064X_19 + 0.5835X22 + 0.1167X_13(R²=0.9160). 4. In the correlation analysis between soil erosion and each factor in fill slope, it was correlated with positive significant between altitude, upper, convex(凸), south, degree of slope, length of slope, sandy clay loam, passage year and daily precipitation ≥ 80mm. But negative between lower, straight(□), compound(凹凸), coverage, soil hardness, east and north. In the stepwise regression analysis, length of slope, soil hardness, altitude, degree of slope, sandy clay loam and concave(凹) were a high significant and its regression equation was given by - 720.7036 + 15.4576X_14 + 83.9041X_19 + 0.2897X₁ + 10.5993X_13 - 28.4176X_16 - 31.9689X_5(R²=0.7952). 5. The main factors influencing the stability of cut slope were significant in order of coverage, soil hardness, degree of slope, altitude, silt loam, convex (凸) and compound(凹凸). The centroids value of discriminant function in the stability and unstability area estimated to -1.194 and 1.127, respectively. The boundary value between two groups related to slope stability was -0.072. The prediction rate of discriminant function for stability evaluation was high as 90.4%. 6. The main factors influencing the stability of fill slope were significant in order of coverage, length of slope, silty clay loam, lower, compound(凹凸), middle and concave(凹). The centroids value of discriminant function in the stability and unstability area estimated to -1.174 and 1.117, respectively. The boundary value between two groups related to slope stability was -0.057. The prediction rate of discriminant function for stability evaluation was high as 87.6%.

도시하천의 횡단지형구조 및 호안구조에 따른 식생분포특성과 식생도입방안 : 서울시 도림천, 방학천, 성내천, 양재천을 사례로

배정희 서울市立大學校 2004 국내석사

서울시 步道와 街路樹밑의 植生 分布에 관한 硏究

김은애 서울大學校 大學院 1990 국내석사

기후변화에 따른 식생부문의 변화예측 : 원격탐사기법과 GIS기법의 활용

전성우 서울대학교 2000 국내박사