대피학교의 대피수요인원에 기초한 시설규모의 적정성에 관한 연구 : 인천광역시 서구 집중호우를 중심으로

이종록 인천대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

국문초록 대피학교의 대피수요인원에 기초한 시설규모의 적정성에 관한 연구 -인천광역시 서구 집중호우를 중심으로- 최근 10년간 국내에서 발생한 재난·재해로 인한 사상자는 연 평균 약 100여명으로, 피해금액은 약 1조 8천억원, 복구비용은 약 2조 8천억으로 엄청난 인명피해와 재산피해가 발생하고 있다. 과학기술과 건축기술이 발달함에 따라 재난·재해를 미리 예측하고 이를 대비하는 기술과 노력은 점점 향상되고 있으나 지구 온난화, 도시의 과밀화, 등으로 재난·재해는 복합화, 대형화 되어 인류를 위협하고 있다. 재난·재해는 삶의 터전인 주택에 피해를 입혀 많은 이재민을 발생시키는데, 이들을 보호하기 위해 이재민을 수용하기 위한 대피시설을 마련하여 운영하고 있다. 그러나 대피시설에 대한 준비수준과 운영관리, 관련 정책 등이 미흡하여 대피시설의 수용능력 부족, 이재민의 사생활 보호 및 최저생활 미달 등으로 이어져 대피시설을 찾는 이재민들은 대피생활에서 2차적인 고통을 받고 있는 것이 현실이다. 특히, 인천광역시 서구 가좌동, 석남동 지역은 과거 하절기 집중호우로 인한 홍수 및 침수 피해가 빈번하게 발생하여 많은 피해를 입었다. 지자체는 이 지역의 학교와 교회 등에 대피시설을 마련하여 대응하고 있으나, 침수발생 가능지역이나 대피인원, 대피시설의 수용가능 인원 산정에 대한 내용과 근거가 명확하지 않아 심각한 홍수피해를 입을 시 대피인원을 모두 수용하지 못하는 시설이 발생하는 등의 2차 피해가 예상된다. 이 때문에 집중호우에 대한 지역 대피예상인원 산정과 대피인원을 수용하기 위한 대피시설의 적정 필요규모를 산정하여 확보하는 것이 중요하다고 보이나 국내에는 이를 위한 명확한 산정방법이 마련되어 있지 않다. 따라서, 본 논문은 가좌동 석남동의 침수예상도를 이용한 예상대피인원을 산정, 쾌적한 대피생활이 가능한 대피학교의 시설 규모산정 기준 제시를 통해 지역 대피학교 수용가능인원을 재산정하여 적정 대피시설 규모를 산정, 검토하는 것에 목적을 두고 있다. 이 과정을 위해 첫째, 가좌동과 석남동의 10년, 50년, 100년 빈도의 변도별 강우강도 의 침수예상도를 가지고 주거지역의 침수면적비와 인구수를 통해 예상대피인원을 산정하였고, 둘째, 학교시설이 대피시설로 사용되기 위한 타당성을 확인하기 위해 대피시설에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 셋째, 예상대피인원에 대한 지역 대피학교 산출을 위해 1인당 최소필요 면적을 제시했다. 넷째, 로 예상대피인원 대비 지역 대피학교의 수용가능인원을 비교하여 지역 대피학교의 필요시설규모를 확인하였다. 그 결과 가좌동, 석남동의 대피학교의 시설규모는 대피예상인원을 모두 수용하지 못할 것으로 나타났다. 수용하지 못한 인원에 대한 해결방안으로 설문조사를 통한 대피시설로 사용 될 수 있는 후보시설들을 검토했다. 본 논문이 제시하는 대피예상인원 산정 방법과 대피소의 대피수용인원산정 방법, 필요규모 산정 등은 가좌동과 석남동 뿐만 아니라 타 지역의 대피시설의 수용능력을 검토하기 위해서도 사용될 수 있으며 앞에서 기술한 우리나라의 이재민 관리측면의 대피체계의 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 기술이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Abstract Study About Facility Appropriacy Based on The Number of People Demanding Evacuation of Evacuation School -focusing on localized torrential downpour in Seo-gu, Incheon- In recent ten years, casualties caused by disaster in domestic is approximately 100 people in annual average. Amount of damage was about one trillion 800 billion won, and rehabilitation expense was 2 trillion 800 billion won. With scientific technologies and architectural technologies developing, technologies and effort to predict and prevent disaster is increasing but global warming and the congestion of cities is becoming complex and enlarged, threatening mankind. Disasters damage house which is living foundation to many people and cause refugees, to protect them, there is refugee camp prepared and operating for them. However, level of preparation, operation management, and related policy is below standard which leads to lack of seating capacity, short fall of privacy protection and subsistence level resulting in refugees secondary pain during evacuation life. Especially, Gajwa-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon and Seongnam-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon frequently suffered flood damage during summer season. Local government is taking action by preparing evacuation facility at churches and schools but contents and grounds of calculating seating capacity is not clear. This is estimated to make secondary damage not available to accommodate every evacuating personnel. Therefore, it seems important to calculate and secure reasonable needed size of evacuation facility but there is no clear calculation method in Korea. Thus, this study put purpose on calculating, reviewing reasonable size of pleasant evacuation facility by followings. By using flood forecast chart, calculate estimated evacuation number of people in Gajwa-dong and Seongnam-dong, and suggest evacuation school’s scale calculation standard, recalculate evacuation school’s seating capacity. For this process, By using rainfall intensity flood forecast chart of Gajwa-dong and Seongnam-dong’s 10 years, 50 years and 100 years, and residential area’s flooded area ratio and population, calculated estimated evacuating number of people. Secondly, conducted a survey about evacuation facility to check validity of using schools as a evacuation facility. Thirdly, to calculate area’s evacuation school thinking of estimated evacuating number of people, suggested minimum needed area. Fourth, I checked needed size of the area evacuation facility by comparing estimated number of evacuation personnel and seating capacity of area’s evacuation schools. In result, the size of facility in Gajwa-dong and Seongnam-dong can not accommodate every estimated number. For solution of un-accommodated personnels, I reviewed candidates of facilities that can be used as evacuation facility. The method of calculating estimated evacuation number of people, evacuation facility’s method of calculating seating capacity and calculating needed size suggested in this study can be used not only in Gajwa-dong and Seongnam-dong but also can be used as reviewing seating capacity of evacuation facility in other region. Also, this study can be a technique to solve Korea’s problem of evacuation system in aspect of refugee supervision.

성능위주설계 적용을 위한 지하주차장의 적정 수용인원 산정방법 연구

권은주 경기대학교 공학대학원 2022 국내석사

현대사회 도시집중화의 특성에 의해 건축물이 대형화, 심층화, 복잡화 되는 추세이며, 특정지역에 인구가 집중됨에 따라 편리한 운송수단인 차량의 대수 또한 급증하여 주차장도 점점 대형화, 지하 심층화 되고 있다. OECD 38개 가입국가 중 인구밀도 1위인 우리나라는 좁은 공간을 효율적으로 사용하기 위해 지하공간에 주차장을 배치함으로써 성능위주설계 대상의 지하주차장이 증가하고 있어 지하주차장에서 화재가 발생할 경우 성능위주설계 적용시 수행하고 있는 피난시뮬레이션의 신뢰성 확보가 건축물 사용자의 인명과 재산 보호에 미치는 영향력이 클 수 밖에 없다. 현재 지하주차장 성능위주설계의 피난시뮬레이션 수행에 필요한 수용인원 산정시 국내 재실자밀도 기준이 없어 일반적으로 지상에 독립된 건축구조로 설치하는 외국의 지상주차장에 적용하는 기준을 국내 피난시물레이션의 수용인원 산정기준으로 사용하고 있어 국내 현실과의 부합 여부에 대한 논의가 필요한 사항으로 국내 상황에 적합한 산정기준 방법의 연구가 반드시 필요하다고 판단된다. 이에 본 연구에서 국내 실정을 반영한 지하주차장 수용인원 산정을 하기 위하여 국내외 주차장의 법규정과 지하주차장의 건립 현황, 수용인원 산정방법의 현황조사, 관련 연구사례 및 통계자료의 조사결과를 통한 수용인원의 평균값을 제안하고자 한다. 연구결과, 통계자료를 인용한 성능위주설계대상 지하주차장의 적정 수용인원 산정방법을 크게 세 부분으로 구분하여 다음과 같이 재실자밀도 기준(24∼29 m²/pers.), 주차대수당 재차인원 기준(1.3∼1.5 인/대), 재실자밀도와 재차인원의 병합기준(주거용 복합용도·업무용도·기숙사운영의 공업용도는 재실자밀도기준, 그 외 불특정 다수 사용자특성의 대상물인 경우 주차대수당 재차인원기준)의 적용을 제안하였으나 향후 지하주차장의 피난안전성 확보를 위하여 국내 피난시뮬레이션 개발이 이루어지길 바라며, 지하주차장의 사용용도별 ⌜실태조사⌟를 통한 신뢰성 있는 국내기준 정립을 위한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Due to the characteristics of urban concentration in modern society, buildings tend to become larger, deeper, and more complex, and as the population is concentrated in a specific area, the number of vehicles, a convenient means of transportation, also increases rapidly. In Korea, which has the highest population density among 38 OECD member countries, the number of underground parking lots targeted for performance-based design is increasing by arranging parking lots in the underground space to efficiently use narrow spaces. In the event of a fire in an underground parking lot, securing the reliability of the simulation has a huge impact on the life and property protection of building users. Currently, there is no domestic occupant density standard when calculating the number of occupants required to perform an evacuation simulation of an underground parking lot performance based design. As it is used as a standard as it is, it is necessary to discuss whether it conforms to the domestic reality. Therefore, in this study, in order to calculate the number of occupants of the underground parking lot reflecting the domestic situation, the average value of the number of occupants based on domestic and foreign parking lot laws and regulations, the construction status of the underground parking lot, the current status survey of the occupancy calculation method, and related research cases and statistical data was calculated. I would like to suggest. As a result of the study, the method for calculating the appropriate number of occupants for the performance based design target underground parking lot citing statistical data was divided into three parts as follows, based on the occupant density (24∼29 m²/pers.), the occupant standard for the number of people per in a parked car (1.3∼1.5 occupants/vehicle), the occupant density and the number of occupants combined (based on the density of occupants for residential mixed use, business use, and industrial use of dormitory operation) application was suggested, but I hope that domestic evacuation simulations will be developed to secure evacuation safety of underground parking lots in the future. And it is judged that additional researched is needed to establish reliable domestic standards through survey of actual conditions of underground parking lot usage.

초고층 건축물에서 피난시간 단축방안에 관한 연구

황현수 가천대학교 글로벌캠퍼스 일반대학원 2025 국내박사

초고층 건축물에서 피난시간 단축방안에 관한 연구 황 현 수 가천대학교 일반대학원 소방·방재공학전공 지도교수 최 돈 묵 초고층 건축물에서 각층의 모든 거주자들이 옥외로 피난하는 총피난시간 에 대한 명확한 법규정은 국내와 국외 모두 없었다. 일반적으로 화재시뮬레이션에서는 하나의 층 또는 하나의 공간에서 사람 이 거주할 수 있는 최대시간인 피난허용시간을 화재시뮬레이션을 통하여 산 출한다. 그리고 해당 층이나 해당 공간에서 피난시뮬레이션을 수행하여 피 난허용시간 이내에 피난함을 입증하는 방식으로 피난안전성을 검증하여 왔 다. 그러나 2001년 9월 11일 WTC(World Trade Center) 테러 사고 등과 같은 초대형 재난상황 발생 시에는 건축물 전체의 거주자들이 동시에 피난하는 것이 필요하게 되었고, 건축물 전체의 피난허용시간은 여러 층이 있기 때문 에 화재시뮬레이션을 통하여 구할 수 없는 실정이었다. 그래서 NIST(National Institute Standard Technology) 논문에 나와 있는 주 요구조부 내화시간의 50%를 최대 피난허용시간이라고, 관행적으로 사용하여 왔다. 일반적으로 주요구조부 내화시간이 3시간이기 때문에 전 세계 대부분의 초고층 건축물에서는 주요구조부 내화시간의 절반인 90분을 최대 피난허용 시간이라고, 정의하여 사용하여 왔다. 그러나 이것은 건축물의 층수, 용도, 면적, 형태 등이 다른 모든 건축물들 에서 동일하게 적용하는 데에는 다소 합리적이지 않은 점이 있었지만 초고 층이라는 복잡성을 고려하면 대안은 없는 실정이다. WTC 사고를 계기로 2018년에 개정된 IBC(International Building Code)에서 는 총피난시간이 1시간 이내가 되어야 한다고 새로운 규정을 도입하였다[3]. 참고적으로 기존에 건축된 브르즈칼리파(162층)는 89분, 롯데월드타워(123 층)는 63분, 상하이타워(128층)는 90분 등 총피난시간이 모두 NIST 논문의 90분이라는 최대 피난허용시간 기준을 이용하고 있다. 이는 NIST 논문에서 총 피난시간은 90분이라는 근거가 있었기 때문에 관행적으로 사용된 것이었 다[2]. 2018년 이후에는 IBC에서 1시간으로 제한하였기 때문에 2018년 이후 에 건축되는 초고층 건축물에서는 피난시간의 단축은 매우 중요한 문제가 될 것이다. 또한 우리나라는 2024년 1월 소방청에서 작성하여 배포한 성능위주설계 가이드라인에 IBC 기준을 도입하여 건축물에서의 총 피난시간이 1시간이 되 도록 개정되었다. 이는 성능위주설계 대상이 30층 이상(아파트는 50층) 또는 높이 120m 이 상이기 때문에 대부분 고층건축물 또는 초고층 건축물이 적용된다고 할 수 있다[4]. 총피난시간 1시간은 초고층 건축물에서 달성하기 매우 어려운 문제이다. 또한 고층 건축물 중에서도 수용인원이 많은 용도가 있는 경우에는 피난설 계에서 많은 어려움이 예상된다. 반면에 1시간 이내에 모두 피난한다면 초고층 건축물이나 고층건축물에서 의 재난 시에 인명피해를 많이 줄일 것으로 판단되므로 긍정적인 변화라고 생각되며, 피난시간의 단축을 위한 많은 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문의 목적은 향후 설계되는 초고층 건축물에서 총피난시간이 1시간 이내가 되기 위하여 단순히 피난층 전용승강기의 숫자만 증가시키는 것이 아니라 다양한 피난시간 단축방안에 대해서 피난시뮬레이션 검증을 통하여 연구하였다.

아파트 세대의 수용인원에 따른 피난안전성 확보방안

조지은 우석대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to use the evacuation simulation program to arrange the same conditions of entrances and stairs by NFPA 101, analyze the number of people accommodated per household according to the number of 3, 4, 5, and 6 per household, and to suggest ways to secure evacuation safety of apartments. The experimental results are as follows. First, if there are 3 residents per household, the total number of households in apartments is 156, and 85.25% of them were evacuated as a result of checking the number of evacuees within 5 minutes. Second, if there are 4 residents per household , the total number of households in apartments is 208, and 81.25% of them were evacuated within five minutes. Third, if there are 5 residents per household, the total number of households in apartments is 260, and 71.92% of them were evacuated within five minutes. Fourth, if there are 6 residents per household, the total number of households in apartments is 312, and 62.82% of them were evacuated within 5 minutes. The measures to secure evacuation safety for apartments derived from the experimental results were largely divided into four categories and suggested. Under the current law, only the minimum regulations are stipulated regardless of the capacity required for evacuation passages, such as emergency exit routes and emergency exit doors, the use of buildings, the number of households, and the behavior of households. Therefore, in order to secure efficient and safe evacuation, it is necessary to establish new regulations such as separation distance and installation angle between the stairs of evacuation so that the evacuee can depart from the fire room and evacuate in two directions. In case of the subject apartment, there was no evacuation elevator installed, so it was confirmed that the evacuation time was increased by evacuating only to the direct stairs. Accordingly, a measure to install an evacuation elevator and use it as a means of evacuation for residents was proposed. The reason why it should be considered as a means of evacuation is that many evacuees actually use passenger elevators when outbreaking of fire , and as the aging society progresses, there is a limit to evacuating evacuees living in upper floors using stairs and aerial ladder cars. Therefore, it is considered to amend the law necessary that mandate the installation of evacuation elevators in case of fire. In addition, as visibility gets shorter assuming that smoke spreads to all floors through direct stairs due to the lack of evacuation stairs or special evacuation stairs, it was analyzed that the evacuation route and time was delayed for the occupants in consideration of the obstacle during evacuation. The reason why is that the subject apartment was built before 1958, and only the direct stairs are installed. Therefore, regardless of the number of year of the building completion, it is necessary to retroactively apply the relevant laws to make it mandatory to install evacuation stairs and special evacuation stairs for apartments on the 16th floor or higher. In case of scenarios, men, women, children, and the elderly were designated. Children and the elderly have the characteristics of "the vulnerable" who are difficult to evacuate quickly when outbreaking of fire. Under the current law, evacuation safety performance is determined according to the floor, height, and total floor space, use of the apartment without considering the resident's response characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to shift the classification in the application of the law of apartments to focus on the reaction characteristics of residents, not on each floor, height, total floor space, and use. It is also necessary to improve the resident's response characteristics, the size of fire loading, and risk of accommodation, including the building's density of residence, resident’s accommodation and meals, freedom of body, period of residence, type of residence, evacuation safety performance determinant, number of visits, frequency of visits, etc. In case of apartment fires, most of them spread rapidly compared to other buildings, and fires spread across households. Early detection and notification of unexpected ignition situations is very important in controlling evacuation and combustion expansion. But, effective detection is impossible with the current fire detection system. Therefore, it is expected to minimize casualties if the occupants inside the apartment are evacuated sequentially through a systematic early warning system such as priority and cross-alert methods according to the characteristics of each fire zone. 이 연구는 피난 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이용하여 NFPA 101에 의해 문과 계단의 조건을 동일하게 배치하여 1세대당 3명이 거주하는 경우 4명, 5명, 6명이 거주하는 경우의 수에 따른 세대당 수용 인원수를 분석하고 아파트의 피난안전성 확보방안을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한 세대에 3명이 거주하는 경우 아파트의 총 세대수는 156명이며 5분 이내에 대피한 인원을 확인결과 85.25%가 대피한 것으로 확인하였다. 둘째, 한 세대에 4명이 거주하는 경우 아파트의 총 세대수는 208명이며 5분 이내에 대피한 인원을 확인결과 81.25%가 대피한 것으로 확인하였다. 셋째, 한 세대에 5명이 거주하는 경우 아파트의 총 세대수는 260명이며 5분 이내에 대피한 인원을 확인결과 71.92%가 대피한 것으로 확인하였다. 넷째, 한 세대에 6명이 거주하는 경우 아파트의 총 세대수는 312명이며 5분 이내에 대피한 인원을 확인결과 62.82%가 대피한 것으로 확인하였다. 실험결과를 통해 도출한 아파트의 피난안전성 확보방안을 크게 네 가지로 구분하여 제시하였다. 현행법상 피난로와 비상문의 세부규정 및 건축물의 용도, 입주자의 수, 입주자의 행태 등 피난 통로에 요구되는 용량에 관계없이 최소규정만 규정되어 있어서 효율적이고 안전한 피난확보를 위해 피난자가 화재실로부터 출발하여 실질적인 두 방향 피난이 가능하도록 피단계단 사이의 이격거리, 계단의 설치각도 등의 규정의 신설이 필요하다. 대상아파트의 경우 피난용 승강기가 설치되지 않아 직통계단으로만 대피를 하여 대피 시간이 증가된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 피난용 승강기를 설치하여 거주자 피난 수단으로 활용하는 방안을 제시하였다. 승용 승강기가 피난의 수단으로 고려하여야 하는 이유는 실제 화재발생 시 대부분의 피난자가 실제로 승용 승강기를 이용하고 있으며, 고령화 사회가 진행됨에 따라 고층의 피난자가 계단 및 고가사다리차 등을 이용하여 피난하는 것에는 한계가 있다. 그러므로 화재 시 피난 승강기의 설치를 의무화하는 법 규정의 개정이 필요하다고 판단된다. 또한, 피난계단 또는 특별피난계단이 설치가 되어 있지 않아 직통계단으로 대피 시 연기가 직통계단을 통해 전 층으로 확산된다고 가정하여 가시거리가 짧아지므로 대피 시 장애요인으로 작용하는 것을 감안하여 재실자에게 피난동선에 피난시간이 지체된 것으로 분석되었다. 그 이유는 대상 아파트 1958년 이전에 지어진 특정소방대상물로서 직통계단만 설치되어 있는 상태이다. 따라서 건물의 준공연수와 관계없이 관련법을 소급적용하여 16층 이상의 아파트에는 피난계단 및 특별피난계단의 설치를 의무화하는 방안이 필요하다. 시나리오의 경우 남자, 여자, 아동, 노인으로 지정하였다. 아동과 노인은 화재가 발생 했을때 신속한 대피가 어려운 ‘피난약자’의 특성을 가진다. 현행법에는 이러한 입주자의 반응특성을 고려하지 않고 아파트의 층, 높이, 연면적 용도별에 따라 피난안전성능을 결정하고 있다. 그러므로, 아파트의 법 적용에 있어서의 분류를 층, 높이, 연면적, 용도별이 아닌 입주자의 반응특성 중심으로 전환하여 건축물의 거주밀도, 입주자의 숙식여부, 거주기간, 거주형태, 신체의 자유 허용여부, 피난안전성능 결정인자, 방문횟수, 방문빈도 등을 고려한 입주자의 건축물인지도 감각능력, 반응성, 기동성 및 민감성 등의 입주자대응특성 및 화재하중의 크기, 수용품의 위험성을 중심으로 한 개선이 필요하다. 아파트 화재의 경우 다른 건축물에 비하여 급속하게 확산되어 화재 발생세대 이외에도 여러 세대에 걸쳐 화재가 빠르게 확대되는 사례가 많다. 예기치 않은 화재상황을 조기에 발견하고 통보하는 것이 안전한 피난을 위해서 연소의 확산확대를 제어하는데 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 현행법상 규정되어있는 화재감지시스템으로는 효과적인 감지가 어려운 실정이다. 그러므로 화재구역별로 경보방식을 달리하여 아파트 특성에 맞게 우선 및 교차경보방식 등의 체계적인 조기경보시스템으로 아파트 내부의 재실자를 빠르게 대피시킨다면 인명피해를 최소화할 수 있을 것이다.

受刑者의 矯正敎育에 관한 硏究

고재유 朝鮮大學校 大學院 1984 국내박사

Modern industrial society, which achieving high economic growth by virtue of technical revolution, witnesses an increase in anti-social crimes and repetition of offenses, their mode becoming more atrocious and heinous. Yet, we would have to set up the best schemes that will prevent criminal offenses, socialize those offenders again just as we would seek the best cure by supplying medicine in case we are inflicted with diseases. On the other hand, penal institutions which are to be a scene of correction, owing to various problems to be solved, cannot escape the criticism of their becoming classrooms for crimes. We cannot but admit the fact that the non-eaucational peculiarity which detention facilities possess, total isolation from society, daily life dominated by enforcement, do not serve educational effect and exalting adaptability to society. The purpose of this dissertation is t o offer reference data to corrective policy decision and enforcement by means of considering various laws, orders, regulations related to correctional education of penal institutions; analyzing actual situation and achievement currently in work; deriving problems which will serve better to prevent repetition of criminal offense. This dissertation is arranged in the order; First, the necessity of this dissertation, the purpose and contents of study. Second, the history of correctional education and legislative precedences. In the domain of foreign legislation and its history, objective penalization, educational one, the influence of enlightenment, the endeavor of humanistic reformists of penal service, international conference for reforming prison were explained as background of correctional education of the world; as developmental process of correctional education, transition to philanthropic tolerance, Amsterdam Prison, Perlsylvania System, Auburn System, New York Reformatory School , Elmira System, Inmate Self-government, two great laws that developed American correctional education, that is one for Federal Correctional Bureau and the other Industrial Company, and finally the process that promoted ameliolating Japanese correctional education were also explained. In the domain of Korea's legislative precedences and history, old Chosun Society, the period of three kingdoms, koryo period and Chosun period of Lee dynasty were examined in their penal policies; under the Japanese rule, correctional education was conducted by regulations concerning exhortation under Ordinance of Chosun Prison and correctional education since the establishment of the Republic of Korea was also considered. Third, as basic theory of correctional education, its essence, principles, metheds and contents were explained. The essence Of correctional education is to foster the social adaptability and correct anti-morality, anti-sociality of inmates, intended to prevent them falling into prey of repeated offense; and in this categaory various educational activities are included. The principles of correctional education are; respect for hu- man rights, self-recognition, self-help and trustworthiness. The methods are t o apply, as fundamental method of maintaining that correction of criminal acts is the learning of transforming them into desirable behavior by way of criticizing and eradicating ca- uses of crime, reception, reflection, clarifying emotion were considered; and as general methods, motivation, composition of scenes, observation, listening are to be added. The contents of correctional education are composed of religion, education and vocational training in America: internment orientation, subject teaching, correspondence education, life guidance, releasing orientation, religious education and vocational training in Japan. In our country, main contents of correctional education are regulated under the penal code as religious education, subject teaching training, vocational training, Most countries do not possess minute regulations in law or practice. They are delegated to enforcement agencies in terms of working rules. Actual contents in our country are Saemaul spiritual education, purification education, life guidance, economic education, counseling and guidance, subject teaching vocational training, religious education and extra-curriculum activites. Fourth, during the past ten years, the tendency of crimes in our country showed; total crimes increased 6.8% more than each preceding year; repetition of penal offense by 13% each, repetition of legal offenses by those who completely served their sentences by 12.5% each and criminals of violence whose methods becoming more atrocious by 11.8% annually. Convicts who bore notorious fame by their offense, when they reappear after serving sentence, are branded as ex-convicts and met with cold treatment. Thus not a few are trapped i n this vicious cycle. Fifth, the situation of correctional education was considered; As facilities of correctional education, actual situation of foreign countries and that of Korea were examined. As foreign situation, facilities, budget, system of America, those of West Germany and Japan were considered; and also those of Korea were examined. Classificatory systems of prisoners were compared : development of the system, methods of classificatory screening, its characteristics of Britain, Iran, the Philippines, sri Lanka were surveyed along with those of Japan. Those of Korea, basic kinds of classificatory screening, methods, standards of classificatory grade, actual status of classified internment were considered. As curriculum of correctional education, subject teaching, vocational education, religious one, life guidance, Saemaul spiritual education, purification education were described. In subject teaching, the aim was set up to the effect that lack of education was likely to cause one to offend repeatedly. As subject teaching in America, Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, Post-Secondary Education, Adult Continuing Education and Social Education curricula were considered; as Japan's subject teaching system, object of education, hours and contents of education, teaching methods were examined; and as that of Korea, methods, status of teaching staff, passing national qualification examination, curriculum of radio and correspondence course, the ratio of those who passed national qualification examination and the corelation that the lower the standard of learning the more repetition of offense were examined. Vocational training was examined as being practised to inmates by imparting technical skills suited to each which will support their lives after release, intended to prevent one to repeat crimes, and at the same time this was purported to make them skilled workers who will serve our nation. As America's vocational training, there are field-trip, on-the-spot-training and observation. 10 kinds of such training offered mostly in correctional facilities were examined ; and as to that of Japan integrated vocational training, grouped training, training in prison proper were examined along with actual situation of training, status of completion, license and qualification obtaining; as that of Korea selective vocational training by three over-all training centers, vocational training centers supported by civilian enterprises and public vocational training by 31 corrective institutions, policy, contents of facilities were examined; and as that of Japan the fact that the higher grade of skilled workers the less repetition of offense as a result of vocational training was affirmed. In religious education, doctrines of various religions were given in the form of lecture, preaching and they constitute most necessary education in corrective measures ; it was revealed that religious education served as spiritual pillar of inmates and contributing much to preventing repetition of crimes. In America, education in prison started as religious education ; 66 prison chaplains, under Federal Correctional Bureau, in cooperation with chaplains outside prison and 4000 Volunteer social workers are administering religious education and guidance in believing life, worshipping services to inmates. In Japan, group exhortation, special preaching, individual preaching and religious; rallies are practised 1ike our country, and various other exhortations by volunteer workers of religion are being practised. In Korea, under the slogan of making all inmates believers, group exhortation, special preaching, individual preaching, and religious rallies are practised by chaplains, Catholic fathers and Buddhist monks who, in each area, were commissioned to religious committee of inmates. They are guiding lives in faith and as a result of this education, it was ascertained that the ratio of repeating crimes amounted only to 6 %. As regards to life guidance, it must go together with teaching knowledge and skills , general education of life pattern must be materialized in life of seeing things properly, thinking method, way of feeling and behavior. And as to the life guidance of new inmates, its contents, those of the released observable in the actual situation of America, Japan and Korea were examined. In Saemaul spiritual education, frequncy of lectures, educational environment were examined. In purification education, introductory process, policy, rule of lecture, hours of education and its result were examined. As a result of this education, it was revealed that 309 cases of punishments among inmates prior to the education was decreased to 149 after it. Sixth, as problems and improving schemes of correctional education, extension of educational facilities, decrease in the density of inmates, increase in the budget which is soley spent for correctional education, increase in force of preaching chaplains, schemes to promote morale of exhorting officers, use of outside lectuerers, recruiting teaching staff from among inmates and promoting themorale of corrective service are urgently needed. Intermediate machinery of correctives, open prison, prison for women, in-service training institution of officers are desirable ; and securing professional staff in order to make effective the classificatory system, and three large-scale classificatory centers throughout nation are required. As a remedy for shortage of teaching staff, that of teaching material, that of teaching hours, increase in exhorting officer and preaching chaplains, utilizing graduater from Teachers College and College of Education who are waiting for commission is desirable. Collecting used text-books from various schools and securing teaching hours are also urgent. In vocational education, selecting objects to be trained, accurate aptitude test, securing able teachers, experimenting materials and making the working lot hygienic are necessary and the kind of training must be fitted so that there leased will soon get job. In religious education, besidese exhorting officers, many of religious persons in society are to participate in education, and securing books on religion is also necessary. In purification education, since it being a group training, problems a rise in connection with correctional education which points to individualized education ; and its contents being taught by military methods, doubt is cast upon the continued effect after release of trainees. Radical modification, in accordance with the current ideal of penal code, must be done. Correctional education that achieved some degree of success so far inside the prison, needs institutionalizing an after care system in order to have its effect continued outside prison. Seventh, as a conclusion, the author has emphasized, after ascertaining the necessity and effect of correctional education to be continued in ameliolating problems, that leaders of correctional education should have professional knowledge, ample experience, and by administering continuous correctional education, should serve to decrease the ratio of repeated crimes, and should strive to make inmates betterment he second offenders minimum by continued paractice of correctional education.

矯正施設의 變遷過程과 改善方向

김응규 東國大學校 産業技術環境大學院 1999 국내석사

Domestic correctional institution has long histry from ancient society to the 3 states, Kyoro · Chosun dynasty and the kap-o political reform which built up the modern execution and today's Correctional Institution. Especially, It has remarkably made growth through many changes with the condition of times, politically, socially, culturally. By studing the course of change by comparing domestic correctional stitution with foreign's, I untend to suggest the parts that suitable to our situation and that can be introduced improved course about many problems that were found in plan, design, construction. 1) As to ancient correctional institution(from ancient times to chosun dynasty), since there are little records and preservation, I can't study systematically. Therefore I can't but write up generally. 2) As to the course of change correctional institution of post-kap-o political reform that was concidered as beginning of modern execution I do comparative study about form and function through field survey and records on existing buildings. 3) As to foreign correctional institution, I have studied by comparing domestic correctional institution with foreign's on the basis of the result of inspection about advanced correctional institution - Japan, U.S.A, England, Canada, e.t.c. 4) Nowadays, foreign correctional institution is subdivided into type of crime - like drug, HIV(AIDS), e.t.c. and is specialized by detention-type and accomodation size. However, due to difficulty of location, Domestic Correctional institution is becoming large size. So, I intend to suggest improved course of correctional institution.