고조도에서의 동작범위를 향상시킨 CMOS 이미지 센서

서 민웅 경북대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

he camera has come a long way since its invention in the 19th century. Recently, there has been enormous interest in CMOS image sensors (CISs) in the field of digital imagers, i.e., charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and CISs. CCDs provide a larger gain, better noise characteristics, and a higher image quality than CISs; however, they require a high supply voltage and special fabrication processes. On the other hand, CISs can be operated at a low supply voltage, fabricated by a standard CMOS process and composed of circuits for the operation of an image acquisition system. However, CISs have some problems such as low sensitivity, narrow dynamic range and large noise. These days, the fabrication technology of CISs moves to deep sub-micron dimension. Some problems occur due to scaling down of the CISs. Most important problem is narrow dynamic range of CISs. A wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor that can capture a scene consisting of both bright and dark areas without washing out in bright areas or losing detail in dark areas is desired for applications such as automobile cameras, security cameras, and other consumer products. This means that the dynamic range of an imaging system determines the ability to see detail in scenes with varying illumination intensity. Therefore several approaches have been proposed to enhance the dynamic range of CISs. The dynamic range is enhanced by increasing well capacity one or more times during exposure time. Another approach, which achieves a higher equivalent supply voltage, is to use additional circuit. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a wide dynamic range APS using an external charge pump circuit. We also measured the output characteristics of a conventional 3-transistor APS and the proposed APS which are fabricated by using 2-poly 4-metal 0.35 ㎛ standard CMOS process. Conventional 3-transistor APS and proposed 3-transistor APS were simulated by HSPICE. Output voltage of the conventional APS is saturated at 125,000 lux while that of the proposed APS is saturated at 170,000 lux. Consequently, this sensor can be applied to a wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor at the high-level intensity.

3차원 동작분석법을 활용한 골프웨어 평가를 위한 기초연구

정혜원 서울대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

소방용 방화복의 치수체계 및 3차원 동작분석을 이용한 상의 패턴 개발

한설아 서울대학교 대학원 2009 국내박사

Wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor using charge-spill dual-capture

장은수 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2010 국내석사

운동학적 변수의 군집 분석을 통한 동작 범위 평가

황재진 아주대학교 일반대학원 2011 국내석사

Charge Pump를 이용한 CMOS Image Sensor의 동작 범위 향상

김경도 경북대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

Today, power supply voltage for electronic circuit has decreased continually. Power supply voltage of the CMOS image sensor (CIS) has also decreased. By the result of a decrease in power supply voltage, the dynamic range of CIS is reduced. In this paper, i present a wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor using charge pump. The proposed pixel structure is similar to 3-transistor active pixel sensor(APS). To extend the dynamic range of CIS, the proposed APS uses a pulse at the drain of source follower. As a result of applying a pulse, integration node voltage (VNint) of proposed APS goes up from Vreset to Vreset + (CGD*VDD)/(CGD+CNint). Here, CNint is parasitic capacitance of integration node. Increase of VNint means that dynamic range of proposed APS has increased. Conventional APS and proposed APS were simulated by HSPICE. To verify the performance of the proposed APS, conventional APS and proposed APS were fabricated by 2-poly 4-metal 0.35 ㎛ standard CMOS technology and measured. Output voltage of the conventional APS is saturated at 114,000 lux while that of the proposed APS is saturated at 125,000 lux. By the result of measurement, it is confirmed that the dynamic range of proposed APS has increased more than that of the conventional APS by using charge pump.

손목 손가락 관절가동범위 측정에 관한 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도 연구

박선하 연세대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구는 손목과 손가락 관절가동범위 측정에 대한 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 대상자는 정상인으로 손목과 손가락의 움직임에 제한이 없는 자, 본 연구의 목적을 이해하고 참여를 동의한 자 50명을 대상으로 하였다. 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도를 측정하기 위해 측각기와 3차원 동작분석 프로그램으로 손목과 손가락 관절가동범위를 각각 1회씩 측정하였다. 측정항목은 손목관절 굽힘·폄, 손목 자뼈쪽·노뼈쪽 치우침, 엄지 손허리손가락·손가락뼈사이 굽힘, 엄지 노뼈쪽 벌림, 검지~새끼 손허리손가락·몸쪽손가락뼈·먼쪽손가락뼈 굽힘, 검지~새끼 손허리손가락 총 11항목이었으며, 오른쪽과 왼쪽을 나누어서 측정하였다. 3차원 동작분석 프로그램의 신뢰도를 측정하기 위해 측각기를 이용한 측정값과 3차원 동작분석 프로그램을 이용한 측정값의 일치도와 불일치 양상을 비교하였다. 두 측정 도구의 측정값의 일치도를 분석한 결과 44개의 항목 중 38개 측정항목에서 매우 높은 일치도를 보였으며, 측정값의 불일치 양상을 분석한 결과 오른쪽 손목 자뼈쪽 치우침, 오른쪽 엄지 손가락뼈 사이 굽힘, 왼쪽 엄지 노뼈쪽 벌림 항목에서 불일치 양상이 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 3차원 동작분석 프로그램을 통해 관절가동범위 측정이 가능함을 알 수 있었으며, 측각기를 대체할 도구로 사용될 가능성을 알아볼 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구결과를 토대로 3차원 동작분석 프로그램을 통한 다양한 관절가동범위 측정으로 연구가 확장되고, 3차원 동작분석 프로그램이 측정의 편리성, 정확성의 장점을 기반으로 다양한 임상 분야에서 활용되기를 기대한다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of a 3D motion analysis program for measuring wrist and finger joint range of motion. The subjects of this study were 50 normal persons who had no restrictions on wrist and finger movements, and those who understood the purpose of this study and agreed to participate. To measure the reliability of the 3D motion analysis program, the range of motion of the wrist and finger joints was measured once each with a goniometer and 3D motion analysis program. Measurement items were wrist joint flexion/extension, wrist ulna/unarbitrary side bias, thumb interphalangeal flexion, thumb divergence, index finger to little finger/proximal finger bone/distal finger bone flexion, index finger~ There were a total of 11 items of the little finger and lower finger, and measurements were made by dividing the right and left sides. To measure the reliability of the 3D motion analysis program, the degree of agreement and inconsistency between the measured values ​​using the goniometer and the 3D motion analysis program were compared. As a result of analyzing the concordance of the measured values ​​of the two measurement tools, 38 out of 44 items showed a very high degree of concordance. A discrepancy pattern was found in the item of divergence of the left thumb. Through the results of this study, it was found that the joint range of motion could be measured through the 3D motion analysis program, and the possibility of using it as a substitute for the goniometer could be investigated. In addition, based on the results of this study, it is expected that the research will be expanded to measure various joint motion ranges through the 3D motion analysis program, and that the 3D motion analysis program will be utilized in various clinical fields based on the advantages of convenience and accuracy of measurement.

대한민국 공군 전투기 조종사 비행복 개발

이아람 서울대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to develop a ROKAF fighter pilot’s flight duty uniform that increases the wearer’s satisfaction, improves their work conditions, and strengthens the Korean air power. In order to achieve this purpose, it has been suggested that new design criteria are applied to the pilot’s body characteristics, working motions, wearing conditions, and their requirements. As a result, the outstanding qualities of the newly developed flight duty uniform were verified by the properly programmed wearing evaluation method. The results of this study are as follows: First, basic information about the pilots’ working tasks and motions when they do their duty were collected by visiting the research and doing a literature review. The wearing conditions and problems faced with their uniform as well as soutions were gathered through focus group interviews and a questionnair survey, which were conducted with 71 and 428 fighter pilots of the ROKAF respectively. The pilots’ working tasks were divided into two categories: the first is the flight tasks that included ingress/egress to/from the cockpit, operating hand controls in the cockpit, survival/recovery training, and a state of alert; the second includes ground tasks related to general office work. These working tasks were simplified to key working motions to easily follow the flight suit development process. It emerged that the flight suit design ought to improve body movement, dexterity, and wearing satisfaction while keeping its traditional apperance. Second, five key requirements of the flight duty uniform were determined by reviewing research on protective-functional clothing and flight suits: mobility, fit, dexterity, psychological satisfaction, and protection. The five requiremens for flight suits were designed using the Analytic Hierachy Process (AHP). The definition of the five key requirements was as follows; 1. Mobility means performance without any discomfort when the wearer moves. 2. Fit means the performance having a suitable size and sihouette with a proper ease amount. 3. Dexterity means the performance and usability of clothing detail composition such as pockets. 4. Psychological satisfaction means the performance having a positive influenc on the wearer. 5. Protection means the performance to protect and/or prevent external hazards and dangerous situations. The proportion of value of each requirement was calcuated as mobility 38.6%, protection 22.3%, dexterity 18.7%, fit 11.9%, and psychological satisfaction 8.9%. Third, the new design criteria was determined to include three aspects: standard body size, ease amount, and ideas for design. Standard body size was determined by comparing 2,490 pilots’ body sizes from the Korean Air Force data base, and 2,471 sizes from the 6th Size Korea data of men between the ages of 20-59. Ease amount was calculated by measuring the ease value of actual flight coveralls and changes in skin surface at different body motions. Piolts were taller and had a bigger body circumference while they had a shorter torso than non-pilots. In addition, the actual flight suit standard size for pattern grading didn’t represent the wearer’s body size nor the most popular size. The new standard size was set to be 178 cm. in height and 100 cm. in chest circumference, considering the fighter pilots’ body sizes and new sizing system. Sixteen body sizes for coverall pattern making could be predicted by regression equations with stature and chest circumference as independent variables. The actual ease amount of the pilots’ coveralls have been extracted from the difference between their suit measurements and body parts and the maximum rate of changes in body parts have been measured while the pilots took the seven postures that were defined in the working posture analysis. These two types of values were used to create the flight suit pattern ease amount. Seven design ideas that might be a positive influence on flight suit development were selected among eleven design ideas using the weighted matrix. Fourth, subjects, standards, methods, and condition for wearing evaluation were defined by four requirments that were able to be evaluated through a wearing test: mobility, fit, dexterity, and psychological satisfaction. All requirements were able to be evaluated with a sensory test and two of them such as mobility and dexterity could be measured with ROM (Range of Motion) and task lead time, which have been applied by the pilot’s work characteristics. Fifth, a flight duty uniform for fighter pilots was developed by designing and evaluating through design standards and evaluation schemes. Second, we developed a flight suit prototype and improved its outstanding quaility in all aspects of requirements, so it could be defined as a final product. The regression equations considering the design standard were modified after the prototype evaluation, and a final pattern draft equation was invented through a proportional method and short measured method. The newly developed flight duty uniform had better performance in all aspects than existing ones, although it has a smaller size at interscye length, back interscye length, scye depth, shoulder width, biceps circumference, midthigh circumference, and crotch length. It was due to a three-dimensional structure pattern considering the pilots’ body sizes. A newly developed flight duty uniform could offer better working conditions to fighter pilots. Moreover, it will contribute to strengthen the ROKAF and heighten their pride. It could be expected that the flight suit design standard and evaluation scheme that have been suggested in this study will be a fundamental data input for designing personal flight gear and flight suit evaluation standard enactment. In addition, all development processes used for this study might be a guideline for designing special clothing. 본 연구는 대한민국 공군 전투기 조종사의 특성을 반영하여 조종사의 착의만족도를 향상시키고 업무집중도를 높여 궁극적으로 공군 전투력 상승에 기여할 수 있는 비행복을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 조종사의 체형, 업무동작, 착의특성과 요구성능을 반영한 비행복의 설계기준을 제시하였고, 적합한 비행복 평가방법을 계획하여 개발된 비행복을 검증하는 과정을 거쳐 모든 요구성능에서 우수함이 검증된 비행복을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 구체적인 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공군비행단 방문조사, 문헌조사를 통하여 조종사 업무조사 및 주요동작정의를 하였고, 대한민국 공군 조종사 71명을 대상으로 한 그룹면접 조사, 428명을 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통하여 현 비행복의 착용실태 및 문제점, 해결방안을 도출하였다. 수집된 조종사의 업무동작은 비행업무와 지상업무로 나누어 볼 수 있었으며 비행업무는 탑승대기, 전투기탑승/하차, 조종실내 조종, 생환훈련으로 나누어 볼 수 있었고 지상업무는 일반동작으로 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 동작들을 바탕으로 비행복 개발에 적합하도록 단계별로 대표동작을 추출하였다. 착용실태조사 결과 비행복의 동작성을 향상시킬 필요가 있으며 기존 비행복의 디자인을 유지하며 편의성과 착용만족도를 최대한 증가시킬 수 있는 방향의 개선이 필요함이 도출되었다. 둘째, 특수복 관련 선행연구와 비행복 조사를 통해 정의된 비행복의 다섯 가지 요구성능인 동작 용이성, 맞음새 적합성, 사용 편의성, 심리적 만족성, 보호성을 비행복 설계 시 의사결정에 용이하도록 분석적계층화과정(AHP)을 거쳐 가중치를 설정하였다. 동작 용이성은 움직임에 불편함이 없는 성능, 맞음새 적합성은 여유량이 적당하여 사이즈와 맞음새가 적합한 상태, 사용 편의성은 주머니 등의 의복구성요소가 사용에 편리한 성능, 심리적 만족성은 사용자에게 심리적으로 긍정적 영향을 주는 성능, 보호성은 의복이 착용자를 위험요소나 상황에서 보호해주거나 예방해주는 성능으로 정의하였다. 요구성능별 가중치는 동작 용이성 38.6% 보호성 22.3%, 사용 편의성 18.7%, 맞음새 적합성 11.9%, 심리적 만족성 8.5%로 도출되었으며 디자인 아이디어 선택 의사결정을 위하여 사용되었다. 셋째, 조종사 인체치수 및 현 비행복 치수체계 분석, 조종사 실제착용 비행복 여유량 분석 및 체표길이변화 측정을 통한 여유량 설정, 디자인 아이디어 검토를 통한 비행복 설계기준을 제시하였다. 조종사의 2490명과 6차 사이즈코리아 20~50대 일반인 남성 2,471명의 평균 인체치수를 비교한 결과 조종사는 키와 둘레값이 더 큰 것에 비하여 상체 길이는 짧은 것으로 나타났고, 비행복의 그레이딩 기준사이즈가 조종사의 평균 인체치수에 해당하는 치수가 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 비행복을 개발하기 위한 기준 인체치수는 조종사 평균 인체치수와 새로운 비행복 치수체계를 참고하여 키 178cm, 가슴둘레 100cm로 정하였으며 제도를 위한 세부 인체치수 16부위는 키와 가슴둘레를 독립변수로 한 회귀식으로 산출되었다. 조종사들이 실제로 착용하는 비행복과 부위별 인체치수 사이의 차이값 분석 및 조종사의 업무분석을 통해 도출된 일곱가지 자세에 대한 부위별 체표길이 최대변화율 측정을 통하여 비행복의 여유량을 정의하였고 패턴에 반영하였다. 비행복 개발을 위해 제시된 11가지 디자인 아이디어에 대하여 가중치행렬표를 통한 평가를 진행한 결과 7개의 아이디어가 비행복의 전체 성능에 긍정적 영향을 줄 것이라 예상되었다. 넷째, 비행복 착의평가 방법을 계획하기 위하여 피험자를 정의하고, 비행복 요구성능별 평가기준을 정의한 후 평가도구 및 평가환경을 구체화하였다. 비행복의 다섯 가지 요구성능 중 동작 용이성, 맞음새 적합성, 사용 편의성, 심리적 만족성 네 가지의 항목이 착의평가를 통한 비행복의 성능 검토가 가능하다 판단되었다. 각 요구성능별 평가범위와 판단기준에 따라 비행복을 평가하기 위한 평가도구로 동작 용이성을 평가하기 위한 관능검사, ROM측정법, 시간측정을 위한 과업, 맞음새 적합성 평가를 위한 피험자와 관찰자 관능검사, 사용 편의성 평가를 위한 관능검사와 시간측정을 위한 과업, 심리적 만족성을 평가하기 위한 관능검사가 구체적으로 계획되었다. 다섯째, 비행복의 설계기준과 평가방법 계획에 따라 비행복 프로토타입을 개발하고 평가하여 최종 개발 비행복을 제시하였다. 동작 용이성, 맞음새 적합성, 사용 편의성, 심리적 만족성, 전반적 평가 모든 항목에서 기존비행복 비하여 우수하다 판단된 2차 프로토타입 비행복이 최종 개발 비행복으로 정의되었다. 비행복 설계기준에 따라 제시된 비행복 패턴설계 회귀식이 프로토타입 평가 과정을 거쳐 수정되어 최종 비행복 패턴의 장촌식, 단촌식 제도법으로 제시되었다. 개발 비행복은 기존 비행복에 비하여 앞품, 뒤품, 진동깊이, 어깨너비, 팔둘레, 허벅지둘레, 밑위길이는 작으나 조종사 인체치수를 반영하여 입체적으로 패턴이 설계되었고 기존 비행복의 문제점을 개선하는 디자인이 반영되어 전반적으로 우수한 성능을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 비행복은 조종사의 업무 집중도를 높여 주어 공군의 전투력과 긍지를 향상시키는데 기여할 것이다. 더불어 본 연구에서 제시한 비행복의 설계기준과 평가방법은 조종사 피복류 및 비행장구 개발 시, 비행복 평가표준 구성 시 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것이라 생각하며, 비행복을 개발하는 전반적인 과정은 향후 특수복 연구개발의 지침이 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

탄성체를 이용한 어깨와 팔꿉 관절 가동 범위 측정 방법의 동시 신뢰도 분석

김회훈 가천대학교 보건대학원 2021 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 탄성체와 3축 힘센서를 결합한 관절 가동 범위 측정 장비를 소개하고, 새롭게 제시된 측정 장비 모델의 동시 신뢰도를 확인하여 장비의 활용 가능성과 치료와 평가 장비로서의 안전성, 효율성을 확인하는데 그 의미가 있다. 연구 대상자는 최근 상지 및 척추에 부상과 질병이 없는 성인 남녀 20명이 참여하였다. 3축 힘센서와 탄성체를 결합한 관절 가동 범위 측정 장비와 스마트폰 어플리케이션(Smartphone Application)에서 측정된 관절 가동 범위의 동시 신뢰도를 비교하기 위해 급내 상관 계수(Intraclass Correlation Coefficient)를 이용하여 통계 분석하였다. 일상생활 동작 중 당기기 동작에서 어깨 관절의 굽힘(폄), 벌림(모음)을 팔꿉 관절에서는 굽힘(폄)에 대한 관절 가동 범위를 측정하였고, 실험은 끝 자세에서 3~5초간 유지하여 3회 반복 측정하였다. 연구 결과 어깨 관절 굽힘(폄)의 신뢰도는 ICC 0.954로 훌륭한 신뢰도로 측정되었고, 어깨 관절 벌림(모음)은 ICC 0.444로 보통의 신뢰도로 측정되었다. 또한, 팔꿉 관절 굽힘(폄)은 ICC 0.764로 훌륭한 신뢰도로 측정되었다. 이러한 연구 결과로 새롭게 소개된 장비의 신뢰도와 보완점, 그리고 앞으로의 연구 방향을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 소개된 관절 가동 범위 측정 장비가 일상생활 동작 중 당기기 동작과 같은 어깨와 팔꿉 관절이 포함된 다관절 움직임의 관절 가동 범위 평가와 물리치료에서의 활용 방안, 그리고 여러 분야에서 다양한 방법으로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study is to introduce joint operating range measuring equipment combining elastic band and three-axis force sensors, and to verify the availability of the equipment and its safety and efficiency as treatment and evaluation equipment by checking the simultaneous reliability of the newly proposed measurement equipment model. The study was recently conducted by 20 adult men and women without injuries and diseases in the upper extremities and spine. To compare the simultaneous reliability of joint operating ranges measured in smartphone applications with joint operating ranges that combine three-axis force sensors and elastic band, statistical analysis was conducted using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. The range of motion for flexion(extension) and abduction(adduction) of shoulder and elbow joints was measured in the pull movements during activities of daily living, and the experiment was repeated three times by maintaining the end position for 3-5 seconds. The study showed that the excellent reliability of shoulder joint flexion (extension) was ICC 0.954, and shoulder joint abduction (adduction) was measured at ICC 0.444 with moderate reliability. Furthermore, flexion of elbow joints at ICC 0.764 was measured with excellent reliability. These studies have shown that the reliability, complementary points, and future research directions of the newly introduced equipment have been identified. The joint Range of Motion measurement equipment introduced in this study is expected to be used in various ways in various fields, including evaluating range of motion of multi-joint movements, including shoulder and elbow joints, physical therapy.

인공지능 기반 바이오 피드백 시스템이 스쿼트 수행에 미치는 영향

이민우 국립부경대학교 대학원 2025 국내석사

Squats are a widely utilized exercise for strength training and rehabilitation, and accurate movement execution is critical to prevent injury and improve performance. Real-time feedback facilitates body control and motor learning in complex movements such as squats, and has been shown to improve biomechanics and reduce injury risk. In particular, artificial intelligence (AI)-based real-time feedback offers potential benefits for motor learning and improving skill accuracy, but studies that validate biomechanical changes and learning retention in lower extremity movements are lacking. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of AI-based short-term biofeedback during squats in healthy adults to assess learning and retention effect, and to examine the applicability of AI-based biofeedback in healthcare and sports settings. This study conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 30 healthy adults, divided into an AI-based feedback using the Real PT device and a control group. After short-term training, the Movement Competency Screen (MCS) scores and biomechanical variables were assessed. The results are as follows: 1. During squat performance, there was significant group x time interaction effect in the MCS score. In addition, the AI-feedback group showed significant improvement in the MCS score during the mid-training and post-training phase, compared with pre-training. 1-1. In the AI-feedback group, participants with increased performance demonstrated significant improvement in MCS scores across all measurement sessions (mid-training, post-training, and retention), compared with pre-training. 2. There were no significant group x time interaction effects in the range of motions of any lower extremity joints during squat performance. 3. There were no significant group x time interaction effects in the joint moments of any lower extremity joints during squat performance. 4. No significant group x time interaction effects was observed in thoracic angle during squat performance. This study revealed a significant group x time interaction effect in movement competency with AI-based biofeedback during squat performance, although no significant interactions were found in biomechanical values. This suggests that AI-based biofeedback effectively enhances movement competency during squatting. Additionally, increased performance accuracy was associated with a steady improvements in movement competency. This study highlights the technical effectiveness of short-term AI-based biofeedback training during squat performance, contributing to scientific evidence supporting the application of AI-based biofeedback in various fields. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Biofeedback, Squat, Movement competency, Range of motion, Thoracic angle, Moments