新川에 있어서 農水期와 渴水期의 水質變化

백종환 嶺南大學校 1984 국내석사

중국과 RCEP 국가의 농산물 무역잠재력에 관한 연구

양리리 전북대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

In November 2020, RCEP, the largest regional trade agreement involving the largest population and scale in the world today, was finally successfully signed. The conclusion of RCEP will provide a platform to further strengthen agricultural cooperation and enhance trade development among member countries. By measuring the agricultural products trade data between China and RCEP countries, exploring the reasons affecting the growth of agricultural products trade between the two sides, and analyzing the efficiency, potential and influencing factors of agricultural trade between the two sides, it is of great value to promote the smooth flow of agricultural trade between China and RCEP countries and further enhance the potential of agricultural trade between the two sides. To explore the reasons affecting the growth of China's agricultural products trade with RCEP countries, this paper applies the constant market share model to decompose the changes of China's agricultural products trade with RCEP countries in both directions based on the data of China's agricultural products trade with RCEP countries. Results showed that the growth effect of China's agricultural exports to RCEP countries no longer promotes exports, and the decline of competitiveness is also detrimental to exports. However, the commodity effect and market effect are strengthening the promotion of exports. The growth effect of RCEP countries' agricultural exports to China is dominant at all stages, and in recent years, the improvement of export competitiveness is also promoting exports. However, the unreasonable structure of export products inhibits the growth of exports. To analyze the efficiency, potential and influencing factors of agricultural products trade between China and RCEP countries, this paper constructs a stochastic frontier gravity model and a trade inefficiency model based on agricultural products trade data between China and RCEP countries. The results of the stochastic frontier gravity model show that, for imports, the GDP of RCEP countries, total population of China and RCEP countries, the distance between the capitals of China and RCEP countries, and whether China and RCEP countries share a common language have significant positive effects. For exports, the GDP of China and RCEP countries, per capita GDP gap between China and RCEP countries, total population of RCEP countries, whether China and RCEP countries share a common language, and whether they have signed an FTA have significant positive effects, while the distance between the capitals of China and RCEP countries and whether they have adjacent borders have significant negative effects. The results of the one-step method show that, for imports, the liner shipping connectivity index, political stability, financial freedom, competitiveness of agricultural products in China and RCEP countries, and the share of agricultural employment are favorable to trade efficiency, while political democracy and value added per capita in agriculture are unfavorable to trade efficiency. For exports, the liner shipping connectivity index and financial freedom are favorable to trade efficiency, while political democracy, competitiveness of agricultural products in China and RCEP countries, and the share of agricultural employment are unfavorable to trade efficiency. At the same time, the average value of the import trade efficiency of agricultural products between China and RCEP countries decreased from 0.5006 in 2000 to 0.2252 in 2020, while the average value of export trade efficiency increased from 0.314 in 2000 to 0.6352 in 2020. The overall export trade efficiency is higher than the import trade efficiency, and the efficiency of import and export trade is highly heterogeneous among countries. Hence, a large trade potential is yet to be explored. Finally, this research puts forward feasible suggestions for further improving the efficiency of agricultural products trade between China and RCEP countries and tapping the potential of bilateral agricultural products trade. Finally, in order to further improve the efficiency of agricultural trade between China and RCEP countries and tap the potential of bilateral agricultural trade, this paper puts forward the following suggestions. (1) Seize the opportunity of the development of "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" and further strengthen the construction of transportation and other infrastructure between China and RCEP countries. (2) Improve government efficiency and pay attention to financial risks. (3) Pay attention to the heterogeneity of RCEP countries and implement country-specific management of agricultural products imports and exports. (4) Enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products trade and balance the coordinated development of domestic demand and external demand. 2020年11月,RCEP這一當今世界上涉及人口最多、規模最大的區域貿易協定終於成功簽署。RCEP的達成將為進一步加強成員國農業合作、提升貿易發展水平提供平臺。通過測算中國與RCEP國家的農產品貿易數據,探討影響雙方農產品貿易增長的原因,分析雙方農產品貿易效率、潛力及影響因素,對於推動中國與RCEP國家之間農產品貿易暢通、進一步提升雙方農產品貿易潛力具有重要價值。 為探討影響中國與RCEP國家農產品貿易增長的原因,本文基於中國與RCEP國家農產品貿易數據運用恒定市場份額模型對中國與RCEP國家農產品貿易變動進行了雙向分解。研究發現:在中國對RCEP國家農產品出口方面,整體來看,增長效應是主導原因,但具體分階段來看,增長效率反而呈下降趨勢,甚至不再促進出口,此外,競爭力下降不利與出口,然而出口產品結構效應和出口市場效用的促進作用不斷加強。RCEP國家對中國農產品出口方面,各個階段增長效應都占主導作用,近年來,出口競爭力提升也在促進出口,但出口產品結構與中國進口需求結構錯位,不利於擴大出口。 為分析中國與RCEP國家農產品貿易效率、潛力及影響因素,本文基於中國與RCEP國家農產品貿易數據構建了隨機前沿引力模型和貿易非效率模型。研究表明:(1)進口方面,RCEP國家GDP、中國及RCEP國家總人口、中國與RCEP首都之間的距離、中國與RCEP國家是否擁有共同語言具有顯著的正向影響;出口方面,中國及RCEP國家GDP、中國與RCEP國家人均GDP的差距、RCEP國家總人口、中國與RCEP國家是否擁有共同語言及是否簽訂FTA具有顯著的正向影響,而中國與RCEP國家首都之間的距離和是否有相鄰的邊界具有顯著的負向影響。(2)進口方面,班輪運輸連通性指標、政治穩定程度、金融自由度、中國及RCEP國家農產品競爭力、農業就業人數占比有利於貿易效率的提升,政治民主度和人均農業增加值不利於貿易效率的提升;出口方面,班輪運輸連通性指標和金融自由度有利於貿易效率的提升,政治民主度、中國及RCEP國家農產品競爭力、農業就業人數占比不利於貿易效率的提升。(3)中國與RCEP國家農產品進口貿易效率平均值由2000年的0.5006下降至2020年的0.2252,而出口貿易效率平均值由2000年0.314上升至2020年的0.6352,整體出口貿易效率高於進口貿易效率,且進出口貿易效率在國家間具有較大的異質性,存在很大的貿易潛力有待挖掘。 最後,本文為進一步提升中國與RCEP國家農產品貿易效率,挖掘雙邊農產品貿易潛力提出如下建議(1)抓住「21世紀海上絲綢之路」的發展契機,進一步加強中國和 RCEP國家交通運輸等基礎設施建設。(2)提高政府效率,重視金融風險。(3)重視RCEP國家異質性,對農產品進出口實行國別管理。(4)增強農產品貿易競爭力,平衡內需和外需協調發展。

순교자 김영학 목사의 생애와 신앙 연구

최양섭 호서대학교 연합신학전문대학원 2025 국내박사

1. Purpose and Necessity of the Study This study aims to reexamine the life and faith of Rev. Kim Yeong Hak (1877–1933), who embodied the spirit of the Gospel as a“Good Shepherd” and was also a committed independence activist during the Japanese colonial period. He was the first overseas missionary sent to Siberia by the Korean Methodist Church, where he was ultimately martyred. Despite being a significant figure in the Korean Methodist Church, Rev. Kim’s specific independence activities—particularly his involvement in the March First Independence Movement in the Yangyang rigion and in the Korean Independence Patriotic Corps (Daehan Doknip Aeguk-dan)—have not been properly evaluated due to errors and omissions in local historical records, especially the Gazetteer of Yangyang County. Furthermore, considerable scholarly confusion remains regarding the nature of the persecution he endured under the Communist (Soviet) regime during his missionary work in Siberia, as well as the exact location and circumstances of his martyrdom. Accordingly, this study empirically verifies Rev. Kim’s independence activities, his missionary work in Siberia, and the reality of his martyrdom through an analysis of newly uncovered sources, including the materials from the State Archive of Primorsky Krai, the handwritten memoirs of his wife An Won-jeong, his prison letters, and findings from field research. Through this analysis, the study seeks to restore the forgotten legacy of this martyr’s faith within the history of the Korean Church—particularly the Methodist Church—and to contribute to its faithful transmission. 2. Despair and Calling: Early Life and Conversion Kim Yeong Hak was born in 1877 into a wealthy yangban(noble) family in Geumcheon-gun, Hwanghae-do, where he received a traditional education in the Confucian classics. Amid the collapse of the feudal order and the loss of national sovereignty brought about by foreign encroachment during the late Joseon Dynasty, he spent his youth in deep despair and led a dissipated life. In 1906, however, he encountered the Christian Gospel through contact with an evangelistic team at Tosan Market and experienced a profound conversion. After receiving baptism and undergoing spiritual regeneration in 1907, he discovered new hope within the Christian faith—as a means of national renewal and of transcending the anguish of a ruined country. Following his service as a colporteur and evangelist, he was ordained as a pastor in 1914. Kim subsequently developed into a patriotic pastor who sought not merely to preach the Gospel, but to educate believers to“believe rightly in the Lord and embody patriotism in their daily lives.” His interactions with national leaders during his studies at the Methodist Theological Seminary (Hyeopseong), together with his extensive field experience, formed the basis for what may be described as a socially participatory ethnic faith. 3. Ministry in Yangyang and the Independence Movement This study corrects longstanding errors in the local historiography of the Yangyang region and demonstrates that Rev. Kim Yeong Hak served as the principal leader of the March First Independence Movement in the area. Leadership of the Yangyang March First Independence Movement: After his appointment as superintendent of the Yangyang district in 1918, Rev. Kim actively instilled patriotic faith among local youth. During the March First Independence Movement of 1919, although the demonstrations in Yangyang formally involved both Confucian and Christian groups, the actual planning, mobilization, and execution of the protests were led by youths of the Yangyang Methodist Church—including Kim Pil-seon and Kim Jae-gwi—and other church members under Rev. Kim’s guidance. Contemporary Japanese reports corroborate this leadership by describing the demonstrators as “hundreds of people centered on Jesus-believers.” Rev. Kim was arrested on April 4, 1919, while directing the protests on site, and subsequently served six months in prison. Organization of the Yangyang Corps of the Korean Independence Patriotic Corps: Immediately following his release in October 1919, Rev. Kim collaborated with Gangwon-do provincial leader Cho Jong-dae to organize a secret association known as the Yangyang Corps of the Korean Independence Patriotic Corps (Daehan Doknip Aeguk-dan), serving as its corps commander. He engaged in fundraising to support the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai and facilitated the dispatch of young people to the Independence Army. In 1920, he was again arrested in connection with the so-called Chulwon Patriotic Corps Incident, sentenced to one year and six months’ imprisonment, and incarcerated at Seodaemun Prison. These facts demonstrate that Rev. Kim was not a peripheral supporter, but rather a central leader of the independence movement in the Yeongdong region of Gangwon-do. 4. Siberian Mission and Communist Persecution After his release in April 1922, Rev. Kim volunteered at the SouthernMethodist Annual Conference in September to serve as a missionary to Siberia —a post that no one else was willing to assume. This decision arose from a pastoral conviction that missionary work and the independence movement were inseparable, and from a desire to care for suffering Korean compatriots abroad. Upon his appointment to the Sinhanchon Church in Vladivostok, he encountered systematic religious oppression under the Soviet Communist regime. Confiscation of Church Property and the Mechanisms of Persecution: Archival materials from the State Archive of Primorsky Krai (1923–1929), analyzed here for the first time, reveal the regime’s meticulous process of persecution. Soviet authorities confiscated church land and buildings in 1923 and coerced congregations into rental contracts imposing exorbitant fees. They repeatedly inventoried and monitored church property, while organizations such as the Revolutionary Communist Youth League harassed congregations through unauthorized occupation and disruption of church facilities. Deprivation of Religious Freedom: Within the rationing system, pastors and believers were deprived of food ration coupons—effectively denying them the means of survival—subjected to excessive taxation, and prevented from conducting missionary activities through restrictive worship permit requirements. The regime also attempted to coerce pastors into spying on one another. Rev. Kim firmly rejected such efforts. His outspoken defense of theism against Communist Party members during a public debate in 1924 further intensified state hostility toward him. 5. Suffering, Resistance, and Martyrdom Around 1929, as threats to personal safety reached a critical level, the Methodist Mission Board ordered missionaries to withdraw. While fellow pastors and many believers fled to Manchuria, Rev. Kim chose to remain, declaring that he “could not leave as long as a single saint remained.” Arrest and Exile: On January 2, 1930, Rev. Kim was arrested by the GPU (State Political Directorate) on fabricated charges of being a“vicious reactionary,” allegedly a Japanese spy and counter-revolutionary. He was detained in Vladivostok Prison for over a year without trial and subjected to intense pressure to apostatize, which he steadfastly resisted. In 1931, he was sentenced to ten years of hard labor and transferred to a Gulag in the Kolyma region of northeastern Siberia. Clarification of the Location and Circumstances of Martyrdom: Considerable confusion has long surrounded the place and cause of Rev. Kim’s death, with theories ranging from freezing, drowning, to death in prison. Through field investigation and textual verification, this study clarifies that Na-kang, cited in the 1933 obituary written by Do In-kwon, refers to present-day Magadan. The reported cause of death, nong-gareum, is identified as a natural phenomenon describing a fissure that forms between sheets of sea ice under extreme cold. Rev. Kim was forcibly mobilized for snow removal and ice-clearing labor—work necessary to maintain transport routes for supplies and prisoners during the early construction of the Magadan port. He fell into such an ice fissure and died in January 1933 (lunar December 1932). This was not a mere accident, but a death directly resulting from his refusal to renounce his faith and his deliberate decision to remain amid persecution—thus constituting genuine martyrdom. 6. Conclusion and Implications The life of Rev. Kim Yeong Hak represents a profound journey: overcoming the despair of the late Joseon period through Christian faith, devoting himself to national salvation and independence under Japanese colonial rule, and ultimately sacrificing his life to preserve the integrity of faith under Communist persecution in Siberia. Historical Restoration: By empirically establishing Rev. Kim’s leading role in both the March First Independence Movement and the Korean Independence Patriotic Corps, this study calls for corrections to local historical records, including the Gazette of Yangyang County, as well as to commemorative practices. Confirmation of Martyrdom: By clarifying both the location (Magadan) and circumstances (death in a nong-gareum during forced labor) of his martyrdom, this study rectifies long-standing historical inaccuracies. Denominational and National Significance: The reinstatement of Rev. Kim Yeong Hak’s martyrdom in the Doctrines and Discipline after a thirty-year absence, ratified by the 2025 Methodist Legislative Assembly, marks a realization of historical justice. Furthermore, his posthumous award of the Patriotic Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation by the Republic of Korea in 1990 confirms his national significance. At a time when the Korean Church faces declining public trust due to materialism and ideological excess, the spirituality of suffering participation and martyr faith exemplified by Rev. Kim offer essential values that must be recovered. His death is not merely a historical episode, but a compelling witness that challenges contemporary Christians to reconsider the meaning of authentic discipleship.