Social ecology and environmental psychology as applied to the design and renovation of American university campuses

Krumwiede, Robert William University of Minnesota 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

After years of budget cuts and deferred maintenance, many American colleges and universities are making significant capital investments in their physical infrastructure. These investments have taken the form of renovation and remodeling of existing facilities as well as construction of new campus facilities. Because of their size and scope, there is a need to maximize the effects of these investments in terms of the resulting social and intellectual development of students and maximization of research productivity on the part of faculty. For many years it has been known that the design of hospital and health care facilities can have a significant effect on the behavior and well-being of residents and staff. Significant research in social ecology and environmental psychology began in the late 1960's and reached a peak in the late 1970's and early 1980's. This research project focuses on making specific connections between basic social and psychological needs of campus residents and principles of architectural design that can be applied to the design and renovation of campus facilities. Christopher Alexander's <italic>A Pattern Language</italic> (1977) provided the taxonomy of a village which was used as a basis for principles of campus design. Research by Rudolf Moos, Robert Sommer, and other researchers in sociology, psychology, anthropology, geography, etc. was used to select six “principles of social ecology” that were cross-referenced with five design elements from Alexander's village taxonomy. The social ecology principles and the architectural design elements formed the two axes of a matrix. Analysis of research data produced design criteria for each cell in this matrix. The results were then posted on the internet for review and application. It was found that the matrix was very useful in defining why some features are important in campus design and how these features can best be applied. The matrix, and subsequent web presentation, also provided a very concise method of presenting information that can be used by facility planners and architects.

Novel titanium dioxide binding motifs for solar energy applications

McNamara, William Robert Yale University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

One of the great challenges facing modern scientists involves ensuring that future generations will be able to experience the same quality of life as the present generation. Currently, research into improving sustainability focuses on addressing this concern. For synthetic chemists, improving sustainability can involve increasing the efficiency of industrial processes and developing ways to harness renewable sources of energy. In practice, this can involve designing catalysts that make certain chemical transformations more efficient and finding ways to increase the efficiency of utilizing solar energy. The work described in this thesis presents the development of a low-donor, chelating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand and its coordination to different metal centers for catalytic applications. The development of novel binding motifs to sensitize TiO2 surfaces for solar energy applications is also described. A new chelating NHC ligand, bitriazole-2-ylidene (bitz) has been developed that exhibits uniquely low donor power when compared to other chelating NHCs. The absence of CH2 groups connecting the NHCs makes this ligand less likely to undergo Hoffman elimination in the presence of strong base. Metal complexes of bitz containing Rh, Ru, and Pd have been synthesized and tested for catalytic activity. The Rh(III) complexes containing bitz were found to be active for transfer hydrogenation catalysis. Solar energy is an abundant source of renewable energy. Many current devices that convert solar energy to electricity utilize TiO2 photoanodes that participate in oxidation chemistry. Attachment of catalysts to the surfaces of these TiO2 anodes can increase the efficiency of the device. Unfortunately, detachment of these catalysts from the surface can limit the effectiveness of current systems. Acetylacetone (acac) groups have been found to bind to TiO2 in a robust fashion and are resistant to detachment under oxidative conditions. This attachment has also been found to resist detachment during the assembly of a desired biomimetic MnIII/IV dimer in the presence of KMnO4. Hydroxamic acid groups have also been found to bind to TiO2 more tightly than conventional carboxylic acid groups. Dyes containing hydroxamic acid binding groups were found to resist detachment under acidic, basic, and near-neutral conditions when compared to carboxylic acids. These novel TiO2 binding groups could prove useful in developing future devices for solar energy conversion.

Social ecology and environmental psychology as applied to the design and renovation of American university campuses

Krumwiede, Robert William University of Minnesota 1999 해외박사

I. Estimation of nitrogen mineralization in soils from long-term application of fertilizer and its effect on winter wheat response to topdress nitrogen. II. Use of in-season sensor derived response indices to predict the response index at harvest

Mullen, Robert William Oklahoma State University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Scope and method of study</italic>. Hard red winter wheat (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.) experiments were conducted to evaluate temporal variability in N need due to historical N practice and the use of an in-season measure of response index (RI) to predict harvest RI. For chapter one, one long-term preplant N fertilizer evaluation trial's plots were split such that N was applied preplant, topdress, or not applied in 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. Differences in grain yield, grain N, and grain N uptake were investigated based on historical N rate and timing (or abandonment) of N application. For chapter two, sensor readings of NDVI were used to calculate an in-season RI, which was then correlated to RI measured at harvest in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The RI was calculated by dividing the highest average yield or NDVI of a treatment receiving N by the average yield or NDVI of a check (0-N) treatment. <italic>Findings and conclusions</italic>. For chapter one, historical N management did affect responsiveness in subsequent years. In both years, no differences in yield were noted between subplots that actually received N (either preplant or topdress) and subplots that did not receive N but historically did. For chapter two, the in-season RI was a reliable predictor of harvest RI at three stages of growth. This finding could result in improved N management strategies by giving credit to N contributed by the soil, resulting in increased return to producers and decreasing environmental impact.

Effect of ozone, treatment temperature, and antimicrobials on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in apple cider and orange juice

Williams, Robert Charles The University of Tennessee 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Inactivation of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 and <italic>Salmonella </italic> in apple cider and orange juice treated with ozone (0.9 g ozone/h) at 4, ∼20, and 50°C was evaluated. After treatment at 50°C <italic> E. coli</italic> O157:H7 populations were reduced by >5 log cfu/ml in cider and orange juice within 45 and 75 min, respectively. At 50°C <italic> Salmonella</italic> populations were reduced by 4.8 and >5 log cfu/ml in 15 min in cider and orange juice, respectively. <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 in cider (180 min) and orange juice (240 min) at 4°C was reduced by 4.8 and >5 log cfu/ml, respectively. <italic>Salmonella</italic> in cider (180 min) and orange juice (240 min) at 4°C was reduced by 4.5 and 4.2 log cfu/ml, respectively. <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 and <italic>Salmonella </italic> populations in cider and orange juice at ∼20°C decreased by <5.0 log cfu/ml during 240 min. Two additional studies were conducted to determine inactivation of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 and <italic> Salmonella</italic> in cider and orange juice treated with ozone in combination with antimicrobials. Ozone (O₃; 0.9 g ozone/h) was bubbled into juices (4°C) containing either dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC; 250 ppm) or hydrogen peroxide (HP; 300 ppm) for up to 90 min [Study 1] and DMDC (250 and 500 ppm) or HP (300 and 600 ppm) for up to 60 min followed by 24-h storage at 4°C [Study 2]. Study 1: All treatments resulted in <5 log reduction of either pathogen. However, O₃/DMDC (250 ppm) was more effective than O₃/HP (300 ppm) for reducing populations of <italic>E. coli </italic> O157:H7 and <italic>Salmonella</italic>, and greater inactivation occurred in cider than in orange juice (P < 0.05) <italic>Study 2</italic>: All treatment combinations, followed by refrigerated storage, caused >5-log reduction of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 and <italic>Salmonella </italic> in cider and orange juice, except O₃/DMDC (250 ppm) treatment in orange juice reduced <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 populations by <5 log cfu/ml. For all combinations tested, inactivation of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 and <italic>Salmonella</italic> was greater in cider than in orange juice, and O₃/DMDC caused greater reductions than O₃/HP (P < 0.05).

Nonlinear mechanical and actuation characterization of piezoceramic fiber composites

Williams, Robert Brett Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

The use of piezoelectric ceramic materials for structural actuation is a fairly well developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, actuators with piezoceramic fibers and interdigitated electrodes have risen to the forefront of the intelligent structures community due to their increased actuation capability. However, their fiber-reinforced construction causes them to exhibit anisotropic piezomechanical properties, and the required larger driving voltages make the inherent piezoelectric nonlinearities more prevalent. In order to effectively utilize their increased performance, the more complicated behavior of these actuators must be sufficiently characterized. The current work is intended to provide a detailed nonlinear characterization of the mechanical and piezoelectric behavior of the Macro Fiber Composite actuator, which was developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. The mechanical behavior of this planar actuation device, which is both flexible and robust, is investigated by first developing a classical lamination model to predict its short-circuit linear-elastic properties, which are then verified experimentally. The sensitivity of this model to variations in constituent material properties is also studied. Phenomenological models are then used to represent the measured nonlinear short-circuit stress-strain response to various in-plane mechanical loads. Piezoelectric characterization begins with a nonlinear actuation model whose material parameters are determined experimentally for monotonically increasing electric fields. Next, the response of the actuator to a sinusoidal electric field input is measured under various constant mechanical loads and field amplitudes. From this procedure, the common linear piezoelectric strain coefficients are presented as a function of electric field amplitude and applied stress. In addition, a Preisach model is developed that uses the collected data sets to predict the hysteretic piezoelectric behavior of the MFC. Lastly, other related topics, such as manufacturing, cure kinetics modeling and linear thermoelasticity of the Macro Fiber Composite, are covered in the appendices.

A study of the effect of an integrated continuum of intensive crisis intervention services (ICICIS), including Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), on civil commitments in North Central West Virginia

Williams, Robert D West Virginia University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The mental health service delivery system in West Virginia is ineffective at resolving psychiatric emergencies, as evidenced by a high civil commitment rate, leading to an annual $4 million non-budgeted expense to the state. West Virginia's two State hospitals are regularly at capacity, causing civil committed patients to be diverted to community psychiatric units, often at the state's expense. At one of the state's 13 Comprehensive Community Mental Health Centers (CCMHC), United Summit Center, two evidence based treatment modalities, ICICIS and ACT, are examined for their effectiveness at lowering the civil commitment rate per 100,000 and civil commitment hospitalization days. The results indicate that both modalities are effective. In evaluating the effectiveness of United Summit Center's ICICIS, a four-year study of commitment rates per 100,000 revealed a range for the 13 CCMHC of 38--462. The mean was 200. United Summit Center ranked second lowest with a rate of 65 per 100,000. In evaluating the effectiveness of United Summit Center's ACT program, 26 participants that had been in the program for one year, were compared across three conditions by an analysis of variance. The three conditions were annual civil commitment hospitalization days two years prior to joining ACT, one year prior to joining ACT and one year after joining ACT. The 26 participants averaged 60.35 civil commitment hospitalization days two years prior to joining ACT, 98.54 one year prior, and 18.73 one year after. The results showed significance at the p < 0.01 level when comparing civil commitment hospitalization days one year prior to joining ACT to one year after joining ACT.

Peircean Naturalism

Williams, Robert Anthony Duke University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Naturalism faces problems caused by a lack of agreement about whether there is or can be a meaningful and useful conception of naturalism as a general research position. Without a widely agreed upon account of what naturalism in general amounts to there is no clear and definitive way to adjudicate disputes as to what is consistent with naturalism; the absence of such an account also makes it impossible for specific projects in naturalistic inquiry to take guidance from naturalism in general. In the following, I develop a determinate account of naturalism in general, which I think could find acceptance among naturalists because it accounts for many of the features commonly associated with naturalism. To do this, I first lay out the problem to be solved, express its importance, and explain what a solution to the problem would involve. I then make appeal to an account of naturalism developed by Penelope Maddy and use this account to show that the published and unpublished work of Charles Sanders Peirce offers, prima facie, a more determinate account of naturalism than is commonly recognized and that goes beyond the account given by Maddy. With this Peircean account developed, I then measure it against the criteria I develop and conclude that a Pericean account of naturalism does promise to adjudicate various disputes in the naturalism literature and to offer guidance to the development and application of specific projects in naturalistic inquiry.

VINCENZO BORGHINI AND VASARI'S "LIVES" (ITALY)

WILLIAMS, ROBERT JOSEPH Princeton university 1988 해외박사

Codex Zouche-Nuttall, pages 1-41: Narrative structure, contents, and chronologies

Williams, Robert Lloyd The University of Texas at Austin 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a concise examination of the complete obverse manuscript (document 1) of the pre-Hispanic pictogram screen-fold painted by the Mixtec Indians of Oaxaca. The study begins with the historiography of Native American Mexican screen-fold books as related by the first historian of the New World, Peter Martyr d'Anghera, in his De Orbe Novo and proceeds through major authors from the early twentieth century to present day. The nature of "native" history is explored as is the nature of pictogram narrative history. The superficial narrative structure of Codex Zouche-Nuttall, document 1 is then defined and interpretative reading techniques employed in this dissertation are applied to it. The codex document 1 contents (pages 1-41) are then listed in detail by section, structure, personnel, events, and native dates corresponded with the European calendar, this latter in so far as is possible. This definition explicates each of three bifurcated sections of the document, each section consisting of a story plus genealogy or genealogies. Additionally, essays on codex contents are provided to further elaborate these divisions of study within Codex Zouche-Nuttall document 1. These essays explore certain mysterious parts of the stories, as in the case of the Ladies Three Flint and the Four Lords from Apoala. Inferences are made from codex text regarding Postclassic Period Mixtec social organization via both political structure and religion. The end result is a concise elaboration and explanation of the entire document.