Karl Heinrich Marx의 Praxis에 터한 실과 재배 단원 개발

고인규 한국교원대학교 대학원 2013 국내박사

이 연구의 목적은 Karl Heinrich Marx의 Praxis 철학에 터해 실과 교육 내용을 기반으로 기능적인 소외에서 벗어나 자기실현적 일을 경험할 수 있는 실과 단원을 개발하는데 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 Mager & Beach 모형의 준비, 개발, 개선의 3단계를 적용하여 Marx의 Praxis에 터한 실과 재배 단원을 개발하였다. 준비 단계에서는 문헌 고찰 및 요구 분석을 실시하였다. 문헌 고찰에서는 Marx의 Praxis 개념, 실과 교육, 단원의 개념 및 단원 개발 모형에 대하여 분석하였다. 요구 분석에서는 실과 교육과 Marx의 Praxis간의 관련성을 규명하고 실과 교육에서 Praxis 적용의 필요성을 확인하였다. 개발 단계에서는 개념 모형과 절차 모형을 개발하였다. 개념 모형은 Marx의 Praxis 와 종합기술교육의 내용을 참고하여 개발하였으며 개념 모형을 통해서는 단원 내용 요소를 추출하였다. 절차 모형은 단원 설계 모형을 분석하여 단원 설계 요소를 추출하고, 추출된 요소를 조직함으로서 개발하였다. 절차모형을 따라서는 단원을 개발하였다. 개선 단계에서는 전문가 집단으로부터 개발된 단원을 검증받고 이를 바탕으로 최종적으로 단원을 수정·보완하였다. 이 연구의 결과인 Marx의 Praxis에 터한 실과 재배 단원은 다음과 같은 특징을 가진다. 첫째, 일의 의미와 가치를 내면화하는 의미적 경험을 제공한다. 의미적 경험은 Praxis의 자기의식에 기초한 것으로, 이를 단원으로 구성할 때에는 일의 의미와 가치를 탐색하도록 하였다. 의미적 경험을 통해 학습자는 일하는 자신의 존재적 가치를 확인하고 내적 만족과 긍정적 자아 개념을 확립하여 일 과정에서 주체성을 확립할 수 있다. 둘째, 지식과 기능이 통합되는 기능적 경험을 제공한다. 기능적 경험은 Praxis의 자기대상화에 기초한 것으로, 이를 단원으로 구성할 때에는 일의 과정을 스토리텔링으로 형식화하였다. 스토리텔링을 통해 학습자는 일의 각 단계에서 자신이 알고 있는 지식을 이야기 형식으로 정리하고, 이를 기능적으로 수행하는 과정 속에서 지식과 기능을 통합하게 된다. 기능적 경험을 통해 학습자는 자신의 생각과 개성을 표현하는 실천성을 가지질 수 있다. 셋째, 일의 결과물을 활용하는 유용적 경험을 제공한다. 유용적 경험은 Praxis의 사회적 존재의 자각에 기초한 것으로, 이를 단원으로 구성할 때에는 일의 결과물을 자신을 위해 활용하는 것, 일의 결과물이 주는 문화적 향유를 경험하는 것, 일의 결과물과 관련된 경제적 이득을 얻는 활동으로 구성하였다. 유용적 경험을 통해 학습자는 일의 결과물을 활용하는 과정 속에서 소외를 극복하고 진정한 사회적 존재로서의 기본 자질을 함양하게 된다. Marx의 Praxis에 터하여 개발된 단원은 일하는 과정 속에서 학습자의 주체성, 실천성 등을 확립하여 진정한 사회적 존재가 되는 자기실현의 과정이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 단원의 개발은 실과 교육을 자기실현이라는 새로운 관점에서 이해하고 이를 통해 교과의 내재적 가치를 높여 실과 교육의 정당성을 공고히 하는 계기를 마련하는데 기여할 수 있다.

칼 바르트(Karl Barth)와 칼 마르크스(Karl Marx)의 노동관에 대한 비교 연구

이홍술 장로회신학대학교 대학원 2009 국내박사

This dissertation is comparison study of labor perspectives between Karl Marx(1818.5.5~1883.3.14) and Karl Barth(1886.5.10~1968.12.9). The reason that I take their labor perspectives as a dissertation is that labor is one of the most important things which are taught in the Bible and labor is important thing which is indispensable to human life. The reason that I choose to compare labor perspectives of sociologist, Marx with those of a theologist, Barth is that Marx was concerned about the labor things a lot and took a lot of study including capitalism and Barth was also devoted to socialism as a theologian to fight for laborers' benefit when he was young and he established his labor perspective. Both these men also developed their own labor perspectives, criticizing unreasonable competitive system of capitalism. Because of their prejudices, some people may ask whether there is any point in comparing a sociologist's labor perspectives with theologist's because a socialist and a theologist lead different lives. But that's not the case. I'm sure that Marx and Barth are good subjects of comparable men to each other in their labor perspectives. There are differences between them in that a sociologist, Marx without belief in God had limitation and a theologist, Barth with religious faith saw labor in a broader sense than Marx. These differences are shown well in this dissertation. this dissertation is composed of five chapters. In chapter 1, I dealt with the necessity, purpose, the way and the extent of this study. In chapter 2, I dealt with Marx's labor perspective. He developed his own labor perspective, criticizing labor perspectives in capitalism. The reason that Marx criticizing labor perspectives in capitalism was that labor could be bought and sold in capitalism. He thought, in the system of capitalism, men's labor is degraded to the things that could be bought and sold. That is, a capitalist who has capital buys and uses laborers' labor just as he buys and uses merchandise. He pointed out that as the result, laborers are alienated from society. In that case, laborers are forced to be at the capitalist's disposal because their labors are sold to the capitalist like commodity at the cost of receiving wages. In that situation, there are no laborers' benefit and laborers' freedom and they can not get goods they made. Marx called this situation alienation. Marx suggested a way of correcting these unreasonable system and he called it labor value theory. Labor value theory which Marx emphasized is a contrastive concept to price in capitalism. Simply speaking, it is a theory that price in capitalism is oriented to the goods that laborers produced and price in labor value theory is more oriented to the laborers who produced the goods. So Marx developed his theory in the perspective that he put more importance on the laborer who made the goods than the goods themselves. Marx tried to overcome alienation, emphasizing humanity and human social relationship by means of his labor value theory. In chapter 3, I dealt with Barth's labor perspective. Barth thought that labor is thorough command of God. He believed that labor is based on command of God, His opinion is that we can not talk about labor perspectives without thinking of command of God. He considered labor as command of creation and he mentioned labor specifically as the active life. According to the Barth, labor should be progressed with the viewpoint of Kingdom of God, acting on command of God and should be means contributing to social common welfare. He interpreted the cultural behavior as the same category of labor. In other words, he thought that men can be involved in the labor through cultural behavior. He thought that the number of specific criteria for cultural behaviors is five. That is, criterion of objectivity, criterion of the worth, criterion of humanity, criterion of reflectivity and criterion of its limitation. In chapter 4, I compared Marx's labor perspective with that of Barth's. I found out that both these two men had similarity and difference between them after doing comparison of their labor perspectives. Similarity is that both emphasized humanity and social relationship. Barth also put an emphasis on esteem of humanity in labor process like Marx and he asserted that social relationship should be maintained. Barth attached great importance to the concept 'us' and 'our' and his assertion was based on the phrase 'give us this day our daily bread' which is presented in ''the Lord's prayer'. Both also criticized competition strictly in labor process, for competition destructed humanity. Barth allowed proper solid competition. But competition is criticized because it is liable to bring about more exploitation to the laborers than solid competition with each other. He understood competition as contest. He thought that contest has ranking, and these competition must disappear in labor process. Both thought that division of labor is responsible for the cause of mistaken competition. There are some differences in their labor perspectives. First, Marx thought of labor as existential life but Barth thought of labor as service. Marx criticized religion strictly because he thought it is the sigh of oppressed people and opium of the masses and he also gave existential meaning to labor. On the contrary, Barth spoke about the kingdom of God and he thought that the way of constructing the kingdom of God is serving fellow masses and he made clear that the meaning of serving is known and certified in the community. Second, Marx thought of labor as shaping process of oneself but Barth thought of labor as command of God. Marx regarded labor as center of man because he thought that man can become a true existing man and can realize himself by means of labor. On the contrary, Barth thought that labor is based on not man himself but on command of God. Third, Marx thought of labor as the means of acquiring wages but Barth thought of labor as active life. Barth extended the boundary of labor to all life in general, and even to worship behavior. Fourth, Marx was concerned about only laborers' alienation but Barth was concerned about laborers' alienation and employers' alienation. Marx divided the society as 'haves' and 'have-nots'. Barth thought that employers as well as laborers are alienated from the society because they are alienated from capital together. In chapter 5, I summarized this study and I arranged the right labor perspectives which twenty-first century's laborers should have on the basis of Barth's labor perspective. They are as follows: First, humanity should be respected and social relationships should be considered. Second, a variety of sound cultural acts should be considered. Third, the process of meditation through reading, thought and contemplation should be considered. Fourth, the method of expanding the land of God should be considered. Fifth, we can consider the worship for God. Barth asserted it is well known fact that labor is worship. Sixth, the participation in common welfare for a society should be considered. Seventh, we can take part in the labor action as a binding work for nature.

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