The Political Dynamics of U.S. non-proliferation Policy : the Case of North Korea

Kim, Hyo-Jin 고려대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

Abstract The Political Dynamics of U.S. Non-Proliferation Policy: the case of North Korea. Hyo-Jin Kim Department of North Korean Studies Thesis Advisor: Dr. Sung-Wook Nam (Prof.) KOREA UNIVERSITY The purpose of this research is to explore the dynamics of U.S. non-proliferation policy by focusing on North Korea’s nuclear crisis which is deeply entangled in international non-proliferation complexities, particularly in the international non-proliferation regime. This dissertation argues that resolving nuclear issues in North Korea is dependent on the situational context producing an agreement in multiple settings in Northeast Asia. This dissertation has attempted to tackle the puzzle of how U.S. nuclear policy on North Korea has worked in the context of non-proliferation and how to evaluate it, using KEDO as the main focal point. Regarding U.S. policies on North Korea, it has been shown in this dissertation that North Korea continues to be a headache in the Non-proliferation regime, especially for the U.S. Since the 1950s, American presidents have tried to resolve the North Korean problems by employing different approach strategies. Despite these serious attempts, the North Korean regime has been giving the U.S, as well as other countries and the non-proliferation regime, a hard time in dealing with the nuclear crisis. As a source of explanation for the nuclear uncertainty management by the U.S. and the international regime, based on a variety of non-proliferation policies, this study tries to emphasize the importance of the actors’ perceptions, response to situation and the processes of decision-making within a very limited time, together with specific contexts under which decision makers choose policy alternatives. For this argument, this dissertation examines the overall North Korea nuclear program and the U.S. nuclear non-proliferation policy against North Korea in terms of the production of the 1994 Agreed Framework and the 1995 Agreement for the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). A controlled comparative case study of contextual factors examines how the U.S., South Korea and Japan, with asymmetric power, developed perceptions of threat and managed the crisis in order to suggest a joint solution to the North Korean nuclear threat. It is also argued that various policy attempts to resolve North Korea’s nuclear threat turned into comparatively simple coercion and incentives matrix, referring to the Agreed Framework and KEDO mainly because the U.S. administrations were entrapped with a limited policy option, which were strongly influenced by contextual factors such as the structure of society, the nature of foreign policy institutions and the role of political leadership, which could be categorized on two levels; domestic and external situations. The processes and outcomes of nuclear uncertainty management were the results of the interplay of these three contextual factors. Thus, this dissertation has tried to analyze the conduct of the U.S. nuclear policy on North Korea, in order to address the North Korean nuclear threat under both the Clinton (1993-2000) and the Bush (2001-2004) Administrations along with interpreting KEDO from a variety of perspectives. The capabilities of these two Administrations to carry out their preferred policies have been evaluated, in view of the constraints of implementation that largely influence their policies. In particular, attempts to evaluate KEDO were made, which faced the issue of different status involved countries. In so doing, both Administrations were deemed as the primary factors in their inclination towards a middle ground in dealing with North Korea, hence becoming similar towards the end of the Bush Administration. This dissertation also sought to identify the functions, constraints and effectiveness of U.S. nuclear non-proliferation policy on how to curb North Korea’s nuclear proliferation, particularly with regard to the policy approach and implementation strategies used by the Clinton and the Bush Administrations in terms of multilateralism and bilateralism, carrots and sticks, the use of economic, diplomatic and military means and the utilization of the international regime. The two Administrations under analysis were chosen for the study because of both the remarkable differences and interesting similarities in their nuclear policies and approaches to the North Korean nuclear problem. The approach taken by the J.W. Bush Administration rested on a defensive realist perspective that rogue states, and those who engage in proliferating weapons of mass destruction (WMD), must be dealt with in a firmer way, such as with the use of military strategies to stop their operations. On the other hand, the Clinton Administration favored the use of diplomatic approaches and negotiations, with a leaning towards economic sanctions in resolving Pyongyang’s nuclear threat. Similarities between the two Administrations include their initial isolationist stand regarding the North Korean problem. The Clinton Administration seemed to attempt to build a sort of institutionalized scheme to absorb the security risks and to manage the nuclear uncertainty by providing light water reactors (LWRs) through KEDO. The Clinton and Bush Administrations’ similarity lies in their initial policy positions during their term. That is, they both started with a policy of indifference towards North Korea. During his first presidential campaign, Clinton never made any mention of North Korea. The case was the same with Bush. However, subsequent events forced both the Clinton and Bush Administrations to address the North Korean threat. While Clinton was driven by the threat of the nuclear capabilities of North Korea, Bush was and using the threat of terrorism as the background for his actions in North Korea. Their approaches to the North Korean nuclear crisis have also been different. The Bush Administration deviated from the Clinton Administration’s policy of containment and engagement from the outset, by employing a conservative internationalist approach, based on a realist perspective, instead of Clinton’s liberal internationalist approach on institutionalism. Bush demanded that North Korea destroy its nuclear weapons before engaging or entertaining any diplomatic means; Bush used a multilateral approach, used economic and military sanctions instead of bilateral diplomacy and the carrot strategy utilized by Clinton; Bush ended Clinton’s Agreed Framework and the KEDO Clinton started. The rationale for the North Korean nuclear program is contested. On one hand, it is argued that it serves as a defense mechanism for the regime. On the other hand, it is argued that the nuclear build-up is for the accumulation of power, and, in turn, to threaten other countries. This dissertation found that the most dominant motivators for North Korea in developing a nuclear program are concerned with economic survival and security defense. In the North Korean case, observers view that the country uses its nuclear program as a bargaining chip for economic assistance from other countries, especially the U.S. The reason for this is that North Korea’s economy has been in a continuous slump, and immediate regime survival largely depends upon its capacity to maintain a functioning economy. North Korea has experienced a major food crisis for more than a decade, and has failed to provide the basic necessities for existence, thus causing an increase in the black market economy, the spread of foreign currency, a surge in refugee flows across the Chinese border, widespread electricity shortages, and inadequate infrastructure undermining modernization attempts. Overall, this dissertation found that the policies of the Clinton and Bush Administrations were limitedly effective in controlling North Korea’s nuclear matter without regards to policy options chosen by each of them. This research also found that compared to the Clinton Administration, the Bush Administration was more likely to be affected by the prevailing global context. This research will be a contribution to the existing body of literature on international theories, including area studies of Northeast Asia for a stability and comparative foreign policy. In addition, the dissertation will help practitioners understand the dynamics of non-proliferation regime and interactions of potentially nuclear proliferators, and provides insight on effectively how to deal with the nuclear uncertainty in producing a joint solution. It will serve as a humble explanation for practitioners and scholars to have a better idea of how to analyze and predict the dynamics of non-proliferation strategies and policies for enhancing a global security. 국문 요약 The Political Dynamics of U.S. Non-Proliferation Policy: the case of North Korea. 미국 핵 비확산 정책의 정치적 동학: 북한의 사례 통일정책전공 김 효 진 지 도 교 수 남 성 욱 본 논문은 북한의 핵 의지 사례를 통해 동북아에서 미국의 비확산(non-proliferation) 정책이 어떻게 구현돼 왔으며 핵 보유와 억지라는 불균형한 불확실성이 현재의 핵 비확산 체제 아래서 과연 효과적으로 관리돼 왔는지를 고찰하는 것을 주된 연구 목적으로 한다. 또한, 미 비확산 핵 투명성 확보를 통해 전세계 핵 관리의 안정성을 확보하고자 하는 현재의 핵 레짐과 미국의 핵 정책이 핵무기 개발을 추구하는 강한 핵 동기를 가진 국가들의 의도적인 핵 보유 의지와 핵 능력의 불확실성을 관리 가능한 체제의 규칙(Governance)을 집행, 유지하는데 내적인(internal) 한계가 있음을 밝힌다. 본 연구는 북한의 핵 개발 시도와 이를 억지하기 위한 미국의 대북 핵 정책과 전세계적 핵 레짐 속에서 1994년의 북미 합의와 그에 기초한 한반도 에너지개발기구(KEDO)가 어떻게 탄생했으며 어떤 기능과 역할을 하였으며 핵 레짐의 유지에 무슨 의미가 있는지를 규명한다. 동북아에 있어 미국의 비확산 정책은 냉전시기, 대소련 봉쇄정책의 일환이라는 글로벌 전략의 수단으로 작용해 왔다. 따라서, 동북아에서의 비확산 전략의 원칙은 미일동맹, 한미동맹이라는 일대일 양자동맹에 기초하여 권역별 방위체계를 수립한다는 미국의 대소련 방어전략(Grand principle)의 하위개념으로 작동하였다. 이 점은 특히, 동북아시아에서는 더욱 중요한 대공산권 안보개념이었다. 이는 구체적 비확산 전략의 집행이 상호방위 양자조약과 충돌하거나 배치할 수 없음을 의미한다. 그런데 북한의 핵 변수는 미국으로서는 준비되지도 학습되지도 못한 전대미문의 특수한 사례였다. 그러나 이러한 미국의 비확산 정책의 틀은 1980년대 후반 북한의 핵 개발 의혹이 본격화되면서 변화를 맞이하게 된다. 1990년대 클린턴의 민주당 정부는 북한과의 일대일 협상을 통한 핵 동결로 나아갔고, 뒤이은 부시의 공화당 정부는 초기 강경한 대북 노선을 택하게 된다. 이는 클린턴 정부 당시 체결된 제네바 합의와 한반도에너지개발기구(KEDO)의 이행과정에서 드러난 상호 신뢰형성의 실패에 대한 반작용의 결과였다. 그러나 부시 정부의 정책노선은 클린턴 정부가 취했던 전략과 유사한 방향으로 선회하게 된다. 이는 미 행정부의 외교정책 결정과정이 다양한 대내외 인자(influential factor)의 영향과 한계로부터 완전히 독립적이고 자율적일 수 없음을 반영한다. 구체적으로 미국의 대북 핵 정책은 미 행정부의 변화에 따른 정당 성향의 차이에 따라 이념적으로 변화한 것이 아니라 철저한 현실주의적 토대 위에 미국의 국가이익적 관점에서 무엇이 미국의 이익에 보다 더 부합하는가라는 질문에 답하는 과정으로 채택돼 왔음을 알 수 있다. 북핵 문제에 관한 한, 국제정치를 설명하는 이념적 논리로 방어적 현실주의와 공격적 현실주의 사이에서 변이의 과정을 거친 것으로 보였지만 이는 예측력 있는 이론이라기 보다는 문제와 상황을 이해하는 인식론적 차이에 불과하다. 본 논문은 북한 핵의 불확실성을 해결하기 위해 성사됐던 북미 핵 합의(제네바 합의)와 이후 한반도에너지개발기구(KEDO)의 설립과 집행, 신뢰붕괴로 야기된 청산에 이르기까지의 경험을 통해 미국이 학습한 것은 북핵 불확실성을 해소하기 위한 현실적 비확산 전략으로 보상을 통한 핵 수요 완화 협상과 주고받기(tit-for-tat game)식의 핵 동결의지 확인, 실천을 통한 최소한의 신뢰형성, 이를 통한 현상유지, 동일방식으로 이런 일련의 협상을 반복함으로써 얻어지는 현상유지의 지속, 즉 시간 벌기(끌기)로 핵 확산의 속도를 최소화하고자 하는 전략임을 주장한다. 미국의 핵 비확산 정책(Nuclear Non-proliferation Policy)은 미국 조야의 세계관을 반영하고 있다. 기본적으로 미국의 비확산 정책의 기초는 핵 무기를 보유코자 하는 핵 수요국과 핵 기술 및 핵 물질의 공급능력이 있는 공급국의 접점을 분리, 수요와 공급을 통제함으로써 국제적 핵 확산을 저지 및 안전을 확보하려는데 있다. 국제 비확산 체제 또한 이와 다르지 않다. 클린턴 정권은 경제적 보상으로 북한의 핵 요구(Demand)를 제거하려고 했다. KEDO는 대표적인 결과물이다. 그러나 이러한 양자협의에 기초한 대체전략은 실패했고, 부시 정권에서의 전략 수정은 핵 공급통제에 무게중심을 두는 것으로 나타났다. PSI(Proliferation Security Initiative)는 대표적 실행전략이다. 이는 관련국의 협조를 필수로 한다. 미국의 핵 통제정책이 일방적, 양자적 관계에서 다자적 협상에 의한 안보협력으로 진화했음을 반증한다. 미국은 북한의 핵 통제를 위해 전과 같이 양자관계로 회귀하지 않을 것임을 논리적으로 유추할 수 있다. 따라서 현재와 같은 6자 회담의 틀을 한동안 벗어나지 않을 것이다. 결국 북한의 핵 문제는 미국의 핵 정책의 구체적 차이와 상관없이 해결의 선택지가 넓지 않음을 알 수 있다. 본 논문은 다자협상을 통한 거래를 통해 핵 개발의 현재적 동결 외에는 현실적 대안이 없음을 밝힌다. 북한의 핵 개발 및 보유의지에 영향을 미칠 외생적 변수(예컨대, 체제붕괴, 북한 주민의 대량 이탈 등)가 일어나 핵 관리에 예측성이 사라지는 경우가 발생할 때까지는 어쩔 수 없이 북한 정권과의 현상유지적 기조가 핵 불확실성을 줄이는 방법 아닌 방법이 됐음을 말하는 것이다. 和文 要約 The Political Dynamics of U.S. Non-Proliferation Policy: the case of North Korea. 米国の核不拡散政策の政治力学関係: 北朝鮮の事例 統一政策專攻 金 孝 珍 指導教官 南 成 旭 本論文は北朝鮮の核保有事例を通して、北東アジアにおける米国の核不拡散(non-proliferation) 政策の展開経過を確認し、現在の核不拡散体制下で、核保有と抑止という不均衡性と不確実性を、効果的に管理出来ているか考察することを、主な研究目的としている。 本研究は、北朝鮮の核開発計画と、それを抑止する米国の対北朝鮮核政策および全世界的な核体制の中で、1994年の米朝合意とそれを元にした朝鮮半島エネルギー開発機構(KEDO)の誕生、その機能および役割、また核体制の維持の含意を解明する。 北東アジアにおける米国の核不拡散政策は、冷戦時代には、対ソ連封鎖政策の一環であり、世界戰略の一手段であった。従って、北東アジアにおける核不拡散戦略の原則は、米日同盟、 韓米同盟という、一対一 の二者同盟を基礎とし、地域別防衛体系の樹立を求めていた。これは米国の対ソ連防衛戦略(Grand principle)の下位槪念にも当てはまる。特に、北東アジアでは、より重要な、対共産圈安全保障の槪念になっている。具体的には不拡散戦略の実行が、相互防衛や二者條約と衝突することは背馳しないことを意味する。 一方、北朝鮮の核保有という変数は、米国にとって、準備や予備知識のない前代未聞の特殊事例であった。米国の不拡散政策の枠組は、1980年代後半に北朝鮮の核開発疑惑が明かになって以降の変化に対応している。1990年代、クリントン民主党政権は、北朝鮮との二者協議による核凍結を選択した。一方、ブッシュ共和党政権は、初期には、強硬な対北朝鮮路線を選択した。これは、クリントン民主党政権時に締結された、ジュネーブ合意に基づく、朝鮮半島エネルギー開発機構(KEDO)の履行過程で表面化した、相互信賴樹立の失敗に対する反動といえる。しかし、ブッシュ政権の政策路線は、その後、クリントン政権の戦略と同方向へ旋回した。これは米国各政権の外交政策における意思決定過程が、多樣な対内外因子(influential factor)の影響と限界から、完全に独立的かつ自律的ではないことを意味していた。 具体的には、米国の対北朝鮮核政策は、米国の歴代各政権において、政党の政治性向の差異による理念的な変化ではなく、現実主義的な土台の上で、米国の国家利益に合意致するかどうかという観点から採択された。北朝鮮の核問題に関し、国際政治を説明する理念的論理では、防衛的現実主義と攻擊的現実主義の間の変異過程を経たことが明らかであるが、これは予測力ある理論というよりは、問題と状況を理解する認識論的な差異に過ぎない。 本論文では、北朝鮮の核の不確実性を解決するために成立した米朝核合意(ジュネーブ合意)、およびその後の朝鮮半島エネルギー開発機構(KEDO)の設立、履行、信頼崩壊により放棄され清算に至るまでの経験を通し、米国が学んだことは、北核の不確実性を解消するための現実的な核不拡散戦略は、補償を通した核の需要緩和協議、すなわち報復合戦(tit-for-tat game)方式を通じた核の凍結意思確認および、凍結実行を通じて最小限の信頼を形成することによる、現状維持、こうした一連の協議の繰り返しによる現状維持の持続、即ち、時間稼ぎにより核拡散の速度を最小化する戦略であるだと、主張したい。 米国の核不拡散政策(Nuclear Non-proliferation Policy)は、米国朝野の世界観を反映している。基本的には、米国の核不拡散政策の基本は、核兵器を保有したい核需要国と核技術及び核物質の供給能力をもっている供給圏との接点を分離することにより、需要と供給を統制し、国際的な核拡散の阻止と安全を確保することである。クリントン政権は、経済的補償により、北朝鮮による核要求(Demand)を回避した。KEDOがその代表的な産物であった。しかし、こうした二者協議に基づく代替戦略は失敗した。ブッシュ政権では、戦略を修正し、核供給の統制に重心を置いた。PSI(Proliferation Security Initiative)がその代表的な実行戦略である。これは、関連国の協力が必須である。米国の核統制政策が二者関係から、多者間協議による安保協力に進化したことが、それを反証した。米国は北朝鮮の核統制のため、過去のような二者関係に回帰しないことを、論理的に類推していた。従って、現在の六者会談の枠組は、当分の間、維持されることになる。 結局、北朝鮮の核問題について、米国が、核政策を通じて具体的に解決する選択余地が少ないは明白である。本論文では、多者協議を通じた取引が、核開発の凍結以外、現実的には代案が無いことも明らする。北朝鮮の核開発及び核保有意志に影響を与える外生的変数(例えば、体制崩壊、北朝鮮住民の大量離脱等)が生じ、核管理への予測性が消える事態が発生するまで、北朝鮮政権との現状維持基調が、核の不確実性を低下させる方法である。

One-dimensional carbon-based materials and electrode architecture for advanced flexible Li-ion batteries

김규호 Seoul National University of Science and Technolog 2024 국내박사

유연 리튬이온전지의 가장 중요한 요소는 변형된 상태에서도 에너지 저장 성능을 유지해야 한다는 것이다. 하지만, 기존에 사용되던 리튬이온전지들은 특히 구리나 알루미늄 집전체와 같은 구성품들로 인하여 잘 구부러지지 않기 때문에 유연성을 얻기가 힘든 상황이다. 따라서, 금속 집전체를 사용하지 않는 탄소기반의 독립된 전극을 제조하는 기술은 유연 리튬이온전지의 유연성 한계를 극복하기 위한 유망한 기술 중 하나이다. 하지만, 독립된 유연전극은 세 가지 주요한 문제를 동반한다: (1) 제한된 활물질의 종류에 의한 낮은 비용량, (2) 금속 집전체를 사용한 전극과 비교하여 낮은 전기 전도도, 그리고 (3) 반복되는 변형 조건을 버티기 어려운 약한 기계적 물성. 이러한 관점에서, 1차원 현상을 갖는 탄소 재료를 활용하여 매우 유연한 독립된 전극을 제조하는 것은 위에 언급된 한계들을 극복하기 위해 진행되어야 하는 중요한 연구 분야 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 유연소자에 적용하기 위하여, 1차원 탄소 재료들의 개질과 그들을 활용한 독립된 유연 전극의 제조에 대한 접근 전략을 중점적으로 진행하였다. 챕터 2에서는 아연 산화/황화물이 증착된 황-도핑 탄소나노섬유의 복합 구조가 보고되었으며, 이는 전기방사 방법과 뒤이은 원자층 증착법에 의하여 제조되었다. 이러한 독특한 복합 구조를 형성함으로써, 아연 산화/황화물의 뛰어난 확산 특성과 황-도핑 탄소나노섬유의 높은 전기전도도의 장점을 동시에 달성할 수 있었다. - 192 특히, 아연 산화/황화물의 충전 및 방전 반응 동안 리튬이온의 매우 가역적인 변환 및 합금화 반응이 확인되었다. 더하여, 아연 산화물과 아연 황화물의 계면에서 리튬이온의 수송을 촉진할 수 있는 격자의 변형이 확인되었다. 챕터 3에서 다공성 탄소 매트릭스의 하이드록시 기능화를 통하여 단백질의 도움을 받은 유연하고 구리가 없는 음극을 개발하였다. 아연산화물 나노입자와 글루타민산을 개질 요소로 이용하여, 풍부한 하이드록시기와 잘 발달된 메조기공을 갖는 질소-도핑 탄소나노섬유를 성공적으로 합성하였다. 이러한 특징은 에너지 저장 성능을 향상 시킬 수 있도록 리튬이온 확산성 및 전기전도도를 크게 향상시켰다. 또한, 하이드록시 기능화된 탄소나노섬유 표면 작용기로 인하여 유연성이 크게 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 챕터 4에서는 매우 유연한 리튬이온전지용 음극 개발을 위해 코발트 산화물이 복합화된 메조기공 탄소나노섬유의 양자점을 통해 유도된 탄소나노주머니의 효과가 제안되었다. 메조기공을 갖는 탄소나노섬유와 탄소 나노주머니에 의해 성장이 제한된 코발트 산화물 나노입자는 탄소 양자점과 코발프 전구체에 의하여 성공적으로 제조되었다. 최적화된 샘플을 이용하여 제조된 유연전극은 차기 산화공정을 통하여 메조기공이 잘 발달되었음을 확인하였고, 높은 메조기공 부피율을 보였다. 이러한 유연전극은 변형된 상태에서도 뛰어난 에너지 저장성능을 보였다. 챕터 5는 수계 기반 연속 스프레이 전극 설계 시스템을 이용하여 매우 유연한 독립된 전극을 보고하였다. 최적화된 유연 전극은 탄소나노섬유 뼈대에 실리콘 나노입자와 탄소나노튜브 얽힘구조를 갖는 독특한 복합구조를 나타냈으며, 이를 통하여 물리적 및 전기화학 특성의 큰 향상을 보고하였다. 특히, 최적화된 유연전극은 강하게 결합되어있는 탄소나노섬유 뼈대, 실리콘 나노입자, 탄소나노튜브 망으로 인하여 3,000회의 유연성 평가 이후에도 구조적 안정성 및 전기화학 특성을 유지할 수 있었다. 따라서, 이러한 탄소나노섬유 개질 전략과 이를 이용한 독립된 유연전극 설계 연구는 유연 리튬이자전지 적용이 가능한 유력 후보가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Title: One-dimensional carbon-based materials and electrode architecture for advanced flexible Li-ion batteries The flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) primarily require the electrodes to withstand repeated deformation stresses, maintaining their energy storage performance. However, owing to the rigidity of conventional electrodes, achieving deformability is difficult, mainly because of the use of a metal foil current collector (Cu and Al). Thus, developing carbon-based self-supporting electrodes without a metal current collector is a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of electrode deformability in flexible LIBs. However, self-supporting electrodes exhibit three main problems: (1) low specific capacity owing to the restricted types of active materials, (2) relatively low electrical conductivity compared with conventional electrodes with metal current collectors, and (3) poor mechanical strength for maintaining electrode structure under the repeated deformable condition. In this stream, designing highly deformable self-supporting electrode using one-dimensional materials has suggested as promising research field to overcome aforementioned limitations. In this study, advanced approaches on the modification of one-dimensional carbon materials and following construction of highly deformable self-supporting flexible electrodes for the flexible LIBs application. In chapter II, novel hybrid structure of ZnOS lamination layer on S-doped CNF matrix is reported using electrospinning method and sequential ALD process. Through the development of the novel hybrid structure, superior kinetic property of ZnOS and high electrical conductivity of S-doped CNF can be achieved. It should be noted that during the charge/discharge process of ZnOS, a highly reversible conversion and alloying reaction with Li-ion occurs. Moreover, the distorted lattice structure at the interfacial region of ZnO/ZnS can facilitate the Li-ion transportation. In chapter III, a protein-assisted bendable Cu-free anode was developed using a hydroxy-functionalized mesoporous carbon matrix. Using ZnO nanoparticles and glutamic acid as modification agents, a well-developed mesoporous CNF structure with N dopants and rich hydroxy groups was successfully synthesized. This resulted in the excellent lithium-ion diffusion kinetics and enhanced electrical conductivity for the optimized electrode, which significantly improved the energy storage performance and flexibility. In chapter IV, quantum dot-induced carbon nanopocket effect of cobalt oxide-embedded mesoporous carbon nanofibers is proposed for highly flexible LIB anodes. A mesoporous carbon nanofiber with carbon nanopocket-confined cobalt oxide was developed using carbon quantum dots and a cobalt precursor. The resultant flexible electrode exhibited well-developed mesoporous morphology during the post-oxidation process, with a high mesopore volume fraction. The optimized flexible electrode demonstrated superior lithium-ion storage capability even under the repeated deformable condition. In chapter V, the highly flexible self-supporting electrode is developed using a water-solvent-based continuously spraying-electrode architecture system. The resultant flexible electrode exhibited a novel hybrid composite structure of the carbon nanofiber framework and Si nanoparticles with a carbon nanotube interlocking network, which noticeably improved its physical and electrochemical properties. In particular, the optimized flexible electrode maintained its structural stability even after 3,000 cycles of flexibility testing because of the tight combination of the carbon nanofiber framework and Si nanoparticels with the carbon nanotube interlocking layer. Therefore, the modification strategies of carbon nanofibers and following construction of highly deformable self-supporting electrodes can be a promising candidate for the flexible LIBs application. Keywords: Flexible lithium-ion batteries, carbon-based materials, one-dimensional materials, surface engineering, flexible electrode architecture.

(A) study on high efficiency quantum-dot light emitting diodes

김효민 Kyung Hee University 2018 국내박사

For the next generation display, quantum-dots (QDs) are one of interesting materials to replace organic materials in display. Colloidal QDs has a many advantages e.g. easy color tunability, low cost manufacturing, high color purity and various application fields. As mentioned advantages of QDs, it has been widely used for display, lighting, solar cell, biomedical, sensor and so on. Because of natural inorganic structure of QDs, QDs is expected to have a good stability to external environment such as water and vapor permission. However, even QDs has a theoretical stability with inorganic structure, the other factors should be supported and stabilized for QDs based all optoelectronic applications. In this thesis, we have studied on the highly efficient quantum-dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs). To achieve high performance for QLEDs, we considered many factors which affects to device performances such as device structure, charge transporting material, QDs material engineering and so on. In our study, various thin-film analysis mainly are focused to improve QLEDs performance and we introduces some technologies and materials for the high efficiency QLEDs. For the display application, we have studied an inverted structure QLEDs for active-matrix (AM) driving. In detail, we i) synthesized new n-type semiconductors for electron transporting layer (ETL) and ii) adopt it into QLEDs as single electron injection layer (EIL) and double stacked ETLs. And we studied p-n junction mechanism to fabricate QLEDs which are not affect by electrical property of electrode. In p-n junction study, we developed 2 kinds of junction consisted with iii) polymer/metal oxide and iv) metal oxide/metal oxide junctions. As the other concept, v) all inorganic QLEDs, vi) semi-transparent QLEDs and vii) powerful ETL based QLEDs for high efficiency device were suggested in the thesis.

Occurrence, source and biological toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Korean marine environment

이효진 Gyeongsang National University 2014 국내박사

최근 오폐수 처리장의 배출수 및 슬러지가 해양오염의 중요한 점오염원으로 인식되어지고 있다. 총19종의 PBDEs를 대상으로 두 지역의 하수 처리장에서 하수처리과정에 따른 PBDEs 발생 및 제거율을 파악하였다. 통영과 진해 하수처리장 유입수에서의 총 PBDEs 농도는 각각 69.6 ng/L, 183 ng/L 로 나타났으며, BDE-209가 유입수와 슬러지에서 우세한 조성비를 나타내었다. 두 하수처리장 배출수에서의 평균PBDEs 제거율은 98%로 확인되었으며, PBDEs 주요 제거 기작은 침강(sedimentation)으로 판단되어지며, 각PBDEs화합물의 브롬 갯수에 따라 제거율이 나르게 나타났다. 하수처리장에서Mass loading을 계산한 결과, 대부분의 PBDEs는 슬러지를 통해 제거되어지며, 처리장으로 유입된 PBDEs 양의 2 % 이하만이 최종 배출수를 통해 배출되어졌다. 통영과 진해 하수처리장에서 슬러지를 통해 배출되는 PBDEs 양은 연간 3.6 kg, 3.7 kg으로 나타났으며, 배출수를 통해 배출되어지는 양은 연간 21.6 g, 3.7 g 으로, 배출수를 통해 배출되어지는 PBDEs 양은 슬러지에 비해 매우 작지만, 무시할 수 없는 양이다. 슬러지는 지속성 유기오염물질의 저장고로서 오염물질 모니터링이 필요한 매질이다. 본 연구에서는23개 오폐수 처리장에서 산업, 하수, 축산 슬러지를 대상으로 PBDEs를 분석하였다. 각 슬러지에서의 Σ19PBDE 농도는 4.01‒10,400 ng/g dw의 범위를 나타내었으며, 산업 슬러지, 하수 슬러지, 축산 슬러지에서의 평균 PBDEs농도는 각각 1,560±3,610, 402±148, 27.6±50.4 ng/g dw로 나타났다. 각 처리장의 슬러지 타입에 따라 PBDEs 조성이 다르게 각각 나타났지만, 모든 슬러지에서 BDE-209가 우세한 조성비를 나타내었다. 또한 산업 슬러지에서는 BDE-28과 BDE-47이 상대적으로 높은 조성비를 나타내었으며, 하수 슬러지에서는 BDE-47과BDE-99, 축산 슬러지에서는 BDE-206, BDE-207과 BDE-208이 BDE-209다음으로 상대적으로 높은 조성비를 나타내었다. 계층적 군집 분석 결과 오폐수의 종류에 따라 슬러지가 3개의 그룹으로 분류되었으며, 각 슬러지가 토양에 적용되었을 때의 위해도를 계산한 결과, 슬러지의 토양적용에 따른 위해도는 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 해양환경 중 비점오염원에서의 PBDEs 농도를 알아보기 위해, 농업지역으로 알려진 고성만 인접 하천 및 조하대 지역 퇴적물에서 PBDEs를 분석하였다. 하천 퇴적물에서의 Σ19PBDE농도는 0.18-13.95 ng/g dw 범위로, 조하대 퇴적물에 비해 약2배 높은 농도를 나타내었으며, 연구지역에서 검출된 PBDEs농도는 산업활동이 활발한 국내외 연구지역에 비해 100배 이상 낮은 농도를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 하천과 조하대 퇴적물에서의 PBDEs조성비는 유사하게 나타났으며, BDE-209가 각각 79.0%, 79.0%로 우세하게 나타났다. 이는 국내의 높은 deca-BDE 사용 및 상대적으로 높은 옥탄올-물 분배계수 (Kow) 를 가지는 deca-BDE의 물리화학적 특징을 반영한 결과이다. 총유기탄소와 BDE-209, Σ19PBDE 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 저브롬화된 PBDE 화합물과 총유기탄소 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 오폐수 처리장의 배출수가 유입되는 통영만에서 방류구로부터PBDEs 유입에 따른 해양 생태계의 영향을 알아보기 위해 해수, 퇴적물, 생물(굴)에서 PBDEs를 분석하였다. 해수, 퇴적물에서의 총 PBDEs 농도는 각각 1.2-5.9 ng/L, 2.2-307 ng/g dw의 범위를 나타내었으며, 굴에서는 4.7-37 ng/g lw의 농도범위를 나타내었다. 하수처리장 방류구 인접 해수와 퇴적물에서 가장 높은 PBDEs 농도를 나타내었으며, 방류구로부터 거리가 증가함에 따라 농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 해수와 퇴적물에서 BDE-209가 주요 구성 화합물로 확인되었으며, 이는 우리나라의 난연제 사용 패턴과 유사하였다. 굴에서는 해수, 퇴적물과 다른 조성비를 나타내었으며, 생물농축계수(BCF)를 구한결과 100.2-102의 값을 얻었으며, PBDEs의 log BCF 값은 log Kow 값과 포물선 관계를 나타내었다. 방류구 주변 주상 퇴적물에서 PBDEs를 분석한 결과 표층 (0-1 cm)에서 저층(23-26 cm)에 비해 10배 높은 농도를 나타내었으며, 퇴적층 깊이가 증가함에 따라 농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 0-10 cm 퇴적층에서 BDE-209가 78%로 우세한 조성비를 나타내었으며, 퇴적층 깊이가 증가함에 따라 저브롬화된 PBDEs의 조성비가 증가하였다. 우리나라 연안 및 외해의 PBDEs 를 모니터링 하기 위해 두족류를 이용하였으며, 외해를 모니터링 하기 위해 동해와 서해에서 채집된 오징어에서 PBDEs를 분석하였으며, 연안지역을 모니터링 하기 위해 충남 서산, 조간대 지역에서 채집된 낙지에서 PBDEs를 조사하였다. 동해와 서해 오징어에서의 Σ19PBDE농도는 각각 0.98-19.1 ng/g lw, 12.6-73.3 ng/g lw 의 범위를 나타내었으며, 서해가 동해에 비해 2배 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 낙지에서의 PBDEs 농도는11.5 -110 ng/g lw의 농도 범위로 오징어에 비해 2배 정도 높게 나타났다. BDE-47 및 BDE-206, BDE-207, BDE-208, BDE-209가 연안 및 외해 두족류에서 주요 구성 화합물로 확인되었다. 본 연구결과와 2010년 보고된 김과 Stapleton의 연구에서 보고된 오징어에서의 PBDEs 농도자료를 비교한 결과, 2012년 채집된 오징어에서의 PBDEs 농도가 2006년 채집된 오징어에 비해 약 5배 감소하였다. 오징어 및 낙지를 통한 일일 PBDEs 섭취량을 구한 결과, 각각 0.051 ng/kg body weight (bw), 0.013 ng/kg bw으로 나타났으며, 오징어 및 낙지 섭취에 따른 인체 위해도는 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 해양생물에서 PBDEs 독성영향에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 PBDEs의 발달독성 및 유전독성에 따른 영향을 알아보았다. Grass shrimp 배아를 발달단계 초기와 후기로 나누어 PBDEs 노출에 따른 부화율 및 DNA 손상을 측정하였으며, 그 결과 PBDEs는 부화율 및 DNA손상에 뚜렷한 영향을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 UV에 조사된 PBDEs의 부화율 및 DNA 손상을 측정한 결과 대부분의 처리구에서 뚜렷한 영향을 나타내지 않았지만, UV가 조사된 BDE-47의 경우 부화율이 감소하였으며, 이를 통하여 생식독성의 잠재성을 확인 할 수 있었다. Wastewater treatment plant effluents (WWTPs) effluent and sludge have been recognized recently as a one of the major point source of marine environment pollution. Nineteen congeners form tri- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) were determined to characterize to occurrence and removal of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) during wastewater treatment processes in two sewage treatment plants (STP). The levels of total PBDEs in influent were 69.6 and 183 ng/L in Tongyeong and Jinhae STP, respectively. BDE-209 was the predominant congener in the influent and sewage sludge. The calculated total PBDEs removal rate was, on average, 98%. PBDEs were rendered sedimentation efficient for the removal of PBDEs with 98% removal rate, while the removal efficiencies might be varied for congeners with different Br atom numbers. According to the mass loading estimation, most PBDEs might have ended up in the sewage sludge, with <2 % being discharged with the treated effluent. The annual release of PBDEs was estimated at 3.6 and 3.7 kg/year through sludge from the Tongyeong and Jinhae sewage treatment plants, respectively. The annual release via effluent was estimated to be 21.6 and 3.7 g, respectively, which is less but should not be neglected.As a sink of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), sludge is an important medium requiring monitoring for chemical pollution. In the present study, industrial, domestic wastewater, and livestock sludges samples were collected from 23 wastewater treatment plants in Korea and analyzed for PBDEs. The concentrations of Σ19PBDE ranged from 4.01 to 10,400 ng/g dry weight (dw). The average Σ19PBDE concentrations in industrial, domestic wastewater, and livestock sludges were 1,560±3,610, 402±148, and 27.6±50.4 ng/g dw, respectively. The composition of PBDEs differed according to the type of sludge. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE-209 was dominant in all sludge samples. After BDE-209, relatively high levels were found for BDE-28 and -47 from industrial sludge, BDE-47 and -99 from domestic wastewater sludge, and BDE-206, -207, and -208 from livestock sludge. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, sludges were divided into three groups according to PBDE congener composition. A risk assessment of PBDEs in sludge used in soil amendment was carried out. Preliminary results indicated that the potential risk of soil exposed to PBDEs in sludge was relatively low.   To check non-point source levels of PBDEs in Korea marine environment, this study examined PBDE levels in sediments collected from creeks flowing through an agricultural village and its subtidal area, near Goseong Bay, Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs (Σ19PBDE) in creek sediments ranged from 0.18 to 13.95 ng/g dw, about twice those in subtidal sediments. PBDE concentrations were about two orders of magnitude lower than those reported in industrially active regions of Korea and other countries. BDE-209 was a major congener, accounting for 79.0% and 78.5% of total PBDEs in creek and subtidal sediments, respectively. This is consistent with the high consumption of deca-BDE in Korea and the very high octanol–water partition coefficient of deca-BDE. The relative compositions of PBDEs in creek and subtidal sediments were similar. BDE-209 and Σ19PBDE had statistically significant correlations with total organiccarbon (TOC). To investigate the effect of PBDEs in the marine environment from a WWTP effluent-receiving bay, concentration of PBDEswere determined in seawater, sediment and biota collected from Tongyeong Bay, Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs in seawater and sediment ranged from 1.2 to 5.9 ng/L and from 2.2 to 307 ng/g dw, respectively. Total concentrations of PBDEs in oysters ranged from 4.7 to 37 ng/g lipid weight (lw). The highest concentrations of PBDEs in seawater and sediment were found near the sewage effluent discharge point, suggesting effluent contributed to the PBDE contamination in the bay. The major congener of PBDEs in seawater and sediment was BDE-209, which is consistent with a consumption pattern of the brominated-flame retardant market in Korea. Biota had different accumulation patterns of PBDEs compared with seawater and sediment. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of all of the PBDE congeners ranged from 100.2 to 102.Log BCFs of PBDEs exhibited a parabolic relationship of bioaccumulation with log Kow. Oyster appeared slightly bioaccumulation potentials for higher-brominated congeners such as BDE-209 with a high log Kow. Nineteen PBDE congeners were analyzed in sediment cores taken from adjacent to the effluent discharge point, Tongyeong Bay. The PBDEs were congregated in the surface layer (0-1 cm) of sediment cores and were one order of magnitude higher than the bottom sediment layers (23-26cm). As a whole, the concentrations of PBDEs were decreased with increasing sediment depth. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) was a predominant congener, accounting for 78% from the segment 0-1 cm to 9-10 cm. While the percentage of deca-BDE decreased with increasing depth, the percentage of lower BDE congeners increased. The composition of lower BDE congener increased with increasing core depth. In order to evaluate the PBDEs pollution levels in Korean coastal and offshore waters, this study used cephalopods (squid and octopus) that inhabit such waters. Japanese common squids (Todarodes pacificus) were analyzed for 19 PBDE congeners from the eastern (East Sea) and western (Yellow Sea) coasts of the south Korea. Octopus(Octopus minor), benthic cephalopod, were collected from the intertidal zone in Seosan, Chungnam and analyzed for PBDEs. The concentrations of Σ19PBDE in squid collected from the East Sea and the Yellow Sea were in the ranges of 0.98-19.1 ng/g lw and 12.6-73.3 ng/g lw, respectively. The concentrations of PBDEs in the Yellow Sea were more than twice those in the East Sea. This is consistent with the consumption of PBDE in China and Korea. The concentrations of PBDE in octopus ranged from 11.5 to 110 ng/g lw. Theconcentrationof PBDEs inoctopuswere about two times higher than in squid. Differences in their prey and habitat may account for the difference in the PBDE concentrations between cephalopods. BDE-47, -206, -207, -208 and BDE-209 were major congener in squid mantle samples from East Sea and Yellow Sea and BDE-206 (nona-BDE) was the highest-concentration congener in octopus. We compared our study with the results of Kim and Stapleton’s (2010) study of 2006 levels. There was a significant decrease in PBDE concentrations between in 2006 and 2012. Today daily intakes of PBDEs were 0.051 ng/kg body weight (bw) for squid and 0.013 ng/kg bw for octopus. The hazard ratios of PBDEs were lower than 1.0, indicating that PBDEs were unlikely to bring health risks. The toxicological effects of PBDEs on marine organisms remain largely unknown. To understand how PBDEs affect the hatching sensitivity of grass shrimp embryos in different developmental stages, the hatching rates of embryos were measured after PBDE exposure for the early- and late-stage embryo of grass shrimp. PBDEs had no clear influence on the hatching rate. In addition, to investigate on the reproductive and genetic toxicities of UV-exposed PBDEs, the hatching rate and DNA damage of stage 7 embryos were also measured. PBDEs had no significant impact on the hatching rate and DNA damage of grass shrimp in most experimental conditions regardless of embryo developmental stage or UV exposure.However, in the case of UV-exposed BDE-47, the hatching rate was decreased, suggesting a potential reproductive toxicity. This research is meaningful because it is the first study to propose that PBDEs can cause reproductive toxicity in marine organisms after flowing into the ocean and undergoing photochemical reactions stimulated by UV.

Metabolic profiling of mice brains and its application

김효진 Incheon National University 2018 국내석사

High-fat diet causes the balance of energy homeostasis to be altered throughout the body and specifically causes inflammation of the brain. This reaction can cause brain damage and induce obesity. From previous studies, adipose tissue, plasma, urine, and liver from mice have been used for metabolite profiling during changes in energy intake, but the metabolic state has not been assessed in the brain. In the present experiments, brains from normal mice were used to establish the method for assessing brain metabolites and to identify the metabolites normally found in this tissue. After the method was established, brains from mice that were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks were used to identify the compounds that occur during inflammation and obesity. Also, brains of mice fasted for 24 hours were used to identify metabolites that potentially contribute to the regulation of energy metabolism in the brain. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) were used to detect hydrophilic compounds and fatty acids from brain samples. Furthermore, to visualize differences in high-fat, low-fat, and fasting conditions, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used. As a result, after short-term high-fat diet, C18:2 was increased in mouse brains. It is known that unsaturated fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents whereas saturated fatty acids induce inflammation in high-fat diets. In fasting mouse brains, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, which is generated when fat breaks down in the liver and with increased energy usage, was increased. Furthermore, it regulates food intake by sending signals to the hypothalamic area of the brain. In conclusion, C18:2 can act as an anti-inflammatory agent in the brain of obese mice. Furthermore, 3-hydroxybutyric acid can act as an energy source and regulate food intake in the brain during fasting conditions. These results provide a rationale for further studies on anti-inflammatory responses and regulation of the effects of feeding behavior on the brain. 고지방 식단을 사용하면 에너지 항상성의 균형이 깨져 뇌의 염증이 발생한다. 이 반응은 뇌 손상을 일으켜 비만을 유발할 수 있다. 이전 연구에서 생쥐의 지방 조직, 혈장, 소변 및 간은 에너지 변화를 통해 대사 산물을 측정하는 데 사용되었지만 뇌를 사용한 사례는 없었다. 이번 실험에서는 일반 쥐 뇌를 사용하여 대사 성분을 검출하고, 뇌 손상을 주는 성분을 알기 위해 4주간 단기간 고지방식 먹이를 주어 비만을 유도한 생쥐를 사용했다. 반대로 뇌에서 에너지 대사의 조절에 잠재적으로 기여하는 대사 물질을 확인하기 위해 24 시간 절식한 생쥐의 뇌를 사용했다. 이번 실험에서 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)과 gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID)를 사용 하여 대사 물질을 분석 하였다. 그리고 다변량 분석법인 주성분 분석 (PCA)과 부분 최소 제곱 회귀분석(PLS-DA)을 통해 고지방과 저지방의 차이, 절식한 쥐와 일반 사료를 먹인 쥐의 성분 차이를 시각화 하였다. 그 결과, 단기간에 비만이 유도된 쥐 뇌에서 C18:2가 증가하였다. 고지방식이로 인해 포화지방산이 염증을 유도하면, 불포화지방산이 항 염증반응 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. 절식한 뇌에선 3-하이드로부티르산이 증가하고 젖산은 감소했다. 24시간을 굶겼을 때, 케톤 성분이 분비되는데, 이는 간에서 지방을 분해시켜 에너지로 사용할 때 나오는 성분이다. 또한 케톤 성분은 음식 섭취를 조절해주는 신호를 뇌로 전달하는 역할을 한다. 이러한 연구를 통해 고지방식이를 한 모델에서 C18:2가 많이 나오는 것을 알 수 있었고, 절식한 모델에서 케톤 성분이 분비 되는 것을 추측할 수 있었다.

地方分權에 관한 法的 考察 : 中央行政權限의 地方移讓促進등에 관한 法律을 중심으로

김효진 건국대학교 대학원 1999 국내석사

A Legal Study on the Local Decentralization - With Special Reference to the Act on the Promotion of Transfer of Central Administrative Authorities to Local Autonomy Bodies - Hyo-Jin Kim Department of Law Graduate School of Kon Kuk University The regional local autonomy acts have been prescribed in Chapter 8 of the Constitutional Law in our country and the Local Autonomy Act. Was enacted and proclaimed as Law No. 32 in July, 4, 1979 on the base of this. However, the realization of the local decentralization of power relating to local autonomy was limited due to the temporary law of the military power in the past, and the consciousness of the people was also short to be decentralized. After then, the local autonomy law was revitalized in April, 6, 1988 and the full-scaled local decentralized system came into effect by the direct election by residents in the election of the chief of local autonomy and the local assembly members in June, 27, 1995. The purpose of the local decentralization of power was to practice the principle of small government by making the adminstration more democratic and efficient through carrying it out near the residents. This thesis is composed of 7 Chapters about the local decent- ralization of power; the general theory of the local decentralization of power in the 2nd chapter, problems in the current law in the 3rd chapter, contents and problems of the law of promoting the local tra- nsfer of the central administrative authority in the 4, 5th chapter, the improvement direction of the local decentralization of power in the 6th chapter, and the conclusion in the 7th chapter. In the second chapter, the local decentralization of power means the transfer of power into the regions from the center, has relative meaning such as 100 % absolute centralization or decentralization of power don't exist, and is divided into the function of division of the powers of government, rationalization, and the democratic function. Also the decentralization of power comes to the fore respectively in the world - In Japan, on the center of the law of promoting local decentralization of power appreciated as the third reform following by Meiji Restoration and postwar reforms, is the reform of decentr- alization of power being performed, In Britain, the decentralization of power has been being executed by abrogating the circle of power of London and other sixth cities since the revision of the law of self- government in 1985. France is doing the decentralization by the law of rights and freedom of Commune, Departmang and Regiyon in March, 1982, and Germany through rearrangement of the local autonomy system on account of its unification. In the third chapter, it shows the current situation in Korea, focusing on the legislative power of local autonomy, an authority that the local autonomy body can enact the general and abstract rules of local autonomy under its own responsibility to manage local autonomy affairs, the power of organization by local autonomy that is to decide its own organization independently by the form of local autonomy legislation within the area after the most of frames of the organization are concluded by the law of local autonomy, the law of local autonomy education and etc., the administrative power of local autonomy which is including authoritative and unauthoritative action of management by the local autonomy body, and the local financial power which expends on expenses required to practice local autonomy affairs and authorized affairs. The 4, 5th chapter embodies the work of decentralization of power by enacting the law of promoting the local transfer of central administrative authority in January, 29, 1999 as a way of legislation. This law was enacted for the purpose of promoting residents' welfare by underlying self-regulation and responsibility of the local autonomy body, and accelerating the local transfer of function of central government by preparing for institutional means in order to make the transfer of power of central administration into the local autonomy body efficiently and systematically. Though it has legally more powers than bi-conscious assembly's, which belongs to the existing old Ministry of Government Administration, there also happen many problems in the financial field, because it just treats the problems of the transfer of affairs. The 6th chapter, as a better direction of this problems, presents the turnover of affairs of institutional mandate into self affairs in case of the transfer of affairs, the conversion of national taxes into local taxes or establishment of new local taxes and introduction of taxes beyond court in case of finance, merger and abolition of the local administrative authorities into the local government or the transfer of function, and local autonomy police system as way of improving direction. The 7th chapter presents, as a conclusion that our country has experienced political and administrative system of central governing power without the local decentralization for a long time, and as a result, has come to the edge of the damage from the power of central government due to industrial and regional unbalance, housing, environment, and traffic problems and the decentralization came to the fore. Through reviewing the general contents of decentralization and problems relating to it, we can revitalize the local autonomy more with preparing for suitable field for the realization of decentralization.

EVALABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MICROALGAE AS ω-3 FATTY ACID SOURCE IN PIGS AND POULTRY

Kim, Hyo-jin Dankook Univ. 2011 국내박사

EXPERIMENT 1: EFFECTS OF DIETARY MICROALGAE AS ω-3 FATTY ACID SOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BLOOD PROFILE, APPARENT TOTAL TRACT DIGESTIBILITY, AND ILEAL NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN WEANLING PIGS In experiment 1, one hundred fifty weanling pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc), initial BW 6.24±0.21 kg] were used in 5-wk trial to evaluate the growth performance, and blood profiles fed dietary supplementation of microalgae as ω-3 fatty acid source. Pigs were randomly allocated to the one of following three dietary treatments: basal diet (CON) and CON with microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source added at different concentrations of 0.5% (MA0.5) and 1.0% (MA1.0). There were ten replications with five pigs per pen. Pigs fed 1.0% microalgae powder diet had higher G/F than those fed 0.5% microalgae powder diet (P<0.05) in 1 to 3 weeks. However, ADG, ADFI and G/F had no significant different among treatments (P>0.05). Lymphocyte concentration in blood was higher in pigs fed microalgae powder diet than those fed basal diet (P<0.05) in 35d. However, white blood cell, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in blood had no significant different among treatments (P>0.05). In experiment 2, sixteen piglets [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc), initial BW 10.52±0.23 kg] were surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo-cecal junction. The pigs were blocked by initial body weight and allocated randomly to one of three dietary treatment groups in a randomized complete block design. Each period involved 4 d of adjustment to the experimental diets and 1 d (12 h/d) of feces collection and 2 d (12 h/d) of ileal digesta collection. Pigs were randomly allocated to the one of following three dietary treatments: CON (basal diet) and CON with microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source added at different concentrations of 0.5% (MA0.5) and 1.0% (MA1.0). Dry matter and nitrogen apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was the highest in pigs fed 0.5% microalgae powder diet (P<0.05), and pigs fed basal diet were lowest compared with those fed microalgae powder diet (P<0.05). EXPERIMENT 2. EFFECTS OF DIETARY MICROALGAE AS ω-3 FATTY ACID SOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BLOOD PROFILES, CARCASS TRAITS AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MEAT IN FINISHING PIGS Ninety six finishing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc)] with an average BW of 73.01 ± 1.73 kg were used in a 42-d experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to 3 experiment diets according to their initial BW and sex (2 gilts and 2 barrows/pen; 8 pens/treatment). Dietary treatments were: 1) CON (basal diet), 2) MA0.2 [basal diet + 0.2% microalgae (Crypthecodinium cohnii) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source], and 3) MA0.4 [basal diet + 0.4% microalgae (Crypthecodinium cohnii) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source]. Pigs fed the MA0.4 diet was greater ADFI than those fed the CON and MA0.2 (P<0.05). However, no effects of treatments were observed on ADG and G:F. DM digestibility was greater in pigs fed MA0.2 diet than those fed CON and MA0.4 diets. N digestibility also was higher in pigs fed microalgae powder diet than those fed CON diet (P<0.05). No effect of dietary treatments on L* value was observed (P>0.05). However, a* value was higher in pigs fed the MA0.4 diet than those fed CON diet (P<0.05). Furthermore, the b* value was lower in pigs fed microalgae powder diet than pigs fed CON diet (P<0.05). In sensory evaluation, pigs fed MA0.4 diet was greater on color than those fed other experimental diets (P<0.05). However, no effect on marbling and firmness was observed (P>0.05). On day 1, drip loss in pigs fed the MA0.4 diet was higher than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). However, on day 3, pigs fed CON and MA0.4 diets had higher driploss than pigs fed MA0.2 diet (P<0.05). The pH value of the MA0.4 treatment was higher than CON and MA0.2 treatments (P<0.05). However, no differences of dietary treatment on cooking loss and WHC were observed (P>0.05). Myristate and palmitate contents of meat were lower when pigs fed microalgae powder diet than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). However, total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content had no effect among treatments (P>0.05). Palmitoleate content of meat was lower when pigs fed microalgae powder diet than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). However, oleate and total mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content were higher when pigs were fed microalgae powder diet than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). Total ω-6 fatty acid content of meat in pigs fed microalgae powder diet was lower than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). Furthermore, pigs fed MA0.4 diet displayed higher total ω-3 fatty acid content of meat than those fed other diets (P<0.05). Total ω-6/ω-3 was lower when pigs fed the MA0.4 diet than those fed the MA0.2 diet (P<0.05). No effects of dietary treatments on total poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and total PUFA/SFA were observed (P>0.05). EXPERIMENT 3: EFFECTS OF DIETARY MICROALGAE AS ω-3 FATTY ACID SOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BLOOD PROFILES, MEAT QUALITY AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MEAT IN BROILERS Five hundred four 2-d-old ROSS 308 (BW of 42.6 ± 0.1g) broiler chicks were randomly allotted into to one of three dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) CON (basal diet), 2) MA0.1 [basal diet + 0.1% microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source], and MA0.2 [basal diet + 0.2% microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source]. There were 5 replicate pens per treatment with 20 birds per pen. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). Lymphocyte concentration of blood was higher in pigs fed microalgae powder than those fed basal diet (P<0.05). However, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were not significantly different among the treatments (P>0.05). Relative weight of liver, spleen, gizzard, abdominal fat, bursa of Fabricius, and breast and thigh meat had no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05). The stearic acid (C18:0) composition of breast meat was lower in MA 0.1 treatment than in CON treatment (P<0.05). Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), DHA (C22:6 N-3), ω-3 fatty acid and USFA compositions of breast meat were higher in pigs fed microalgae powder than in those fed basal diet (P<0.05). ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio, saturated fatty acid contents and SFA/USFA ratio of breast meat were lower in pigs fed microalgae powder than in those fed basal diet (P<0.05). EXPERIMENT 4: EFFECTS OF DIETARY MICROALGAE AS ω-3 FATTY ACID SOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY, BLOOD PROFILES, AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF EGG YOLK IN LAYING HENS Two hundred sixteen ISA brown laying hens (40 wk of age) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments during 6 wks. There were 12 replicates for each treatment with 3 adjacent cages (2 hens/cage, 38 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm) representing a replication. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) CON (basal diet); 2) MA0.5 [CON + 0.5% microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source], and 3) MA1.0 [CON + 1.0% microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder as ω-3 fatty acid source]. Egg production from 4 to 6 weeks was higher in MA1.0 treatment than in CON treatment (P<0.05), however there are not different significantly on egg production from 0 to 3 weeks (P>0.05). Egg weight had no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05). Difference of white blood cell concentration was higher in hens fed microalgae powder than in those fed basal diet (P>0.05). Difference of triglyceride concentration was higher in MA0.5 treatment than in CON treatment (P<0.05). However, red blood cell and total cholesterol concentrations of blood had no significant difference (P>0.05). Inclusion of 0.5% microalgae powder in the laying hens diet improved the egg yolk color compared with hens fed basal diet at 6 week (P<0.05). However, haugh unit, egg strength and egg shell thickness had no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05). Palmitic acid (C16:0), DHA (C22:6 n-3) and saturated fatty acid composition were higher in hens fed 1.0% microalgae powder than in those fed basal diet and 0.5% microalgae powder (P<0.05). Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), ω-6 fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid content and SFA/USFA ratio were lower hens fed MA1.0 than in those fed basal diet and 0.5% microalgae powder (P<0.05). EPA (C20:5 n-3) content was higher in MA0.5% treatment than in CON and MA1.0 treatments (P<0.05). The ω-6/ω-3 ratio was lower in hens fed 1.0% microalgae powder than those fed basal diet (P<0.05).

(A)Study on Selective Growth and Characterization of Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dots on GaAs Substrates

Kim, Hyo Jin Kwangwoon University 2001 국내박사

Isolation of XENP-like cell lines from mature yolk sacs : 성숙한 난황낭으로부터 유사 배외내배엽 세포주의 분리

KIM HYO JIN 한양대학교 2012 국내석사

At blastocyst stage, mammalian embryos consist of the committed progenitors for the placental trophoblast, the extraembryonic endoderm (yolk sac endoderm), and the epiblast lineage (which includes all “somatic” cell types). In vitro, the trophoblast and epiblast precursors are represented by trophoblast stem (TS) and embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, respectively, and the extraembryonic endoderm precursors are represented by extraembryonic endoderm precursor (XENP) cell lines, which our laboratory isolated first. Despite of their extraembryonic commitment, XENP cells can easily convert into many somatic cell types in vitro, i.e. they are plastic and multipotent, like their ES cell sibling. We now discovered that cell lines that are similar to XENP cells can be easily isolated from the yolk sacs of post-gastrulation. These yolk sac-derived XENP-like (YXL) cell lines share with XENP cells the characteristic morphology, growth factor requirements, and key markers. The YXL cell lines emerge from explanted yolk sac with the same high speed as XENP cells emerge from explanted blastocyst (<1 week). And using a single nucleotide polymorphism, we found that female yolk sac-derived XENP-like cell lines exhibit non-random (paternal) X chromosome inactivation, definitively excluding a somatic origin. These data suggest that contrary to current opinion, extraembryonic endoderm precursor cells persist in the mature yolk sac, and that they can give rise to YXL cell lines. YXL cells are indistinguishable from XENP cells, and are of extraembyonic endoderm origin. Study of YXL cells will be useful for understanding yolk sac biology and mammalian stem cell hierarchies in general. Therefore, in addition to their own therapeutic potentials, XENP cells and YXL cells are of general interest for regenerative medicine.

Analyses of PTS-enzyme II gene and heterologous expression of fructokinase gene in Corynebacterium glutamicum

Kim, Hyo-Jin PaiChai University 2004 국내석사