조사 분포의 계량적 측정을 통한 정보 탐색 연구― 구어성 텍스트와 문어성 텍스트의 특성 비교 ―

임현열 중앙어문학회 2023 어문논집 Vol.95 No.-

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the distribution of particles(조사 [josa] in Korean linguistics) in Korean texts. Moreover, the study examines how particle usage reveals characteristics of spoken and written texts. The study investigates spoken and written language features in texts by comparing unique texts. These may include comparing reading and listening to passages in Korean textbooks with those in a balanced corpus. For this purpose, the “bareun” deep learning-based morphological analyzer, coupled with Python’s “konlpy” library, was employed as the analytical framework. Furthermore, the study used Excel’s pivot tables, various filter functions, and correlation coefficient functions to analyze the data from multiple perspectives. The results provide insight into the use of particles in the ongoing discourse on the characteristics of spoken and written Korean texts. Additionally, this study identified certain characteristics in Korean textbook texts, particularly in listening passages, which may not fully represent aspects of the Korean language.

한국어 음성합성 기술의 초분절음 진단 체계: 언어치료용 AI에 적용될 기술을 예시로 하여

임현열 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2023 인문과학연구 Vol.- No.78

This study was initiated to find ways to prevent speech synthesis technology from causing the uncanny valley effect to users in the field of speech therapy. Through past research, microdiagnosis of segmental sounds and solutions for them were explored. Here, the items to be diagnosed and the diagnostic methods for microdiagnosis of suprasegmental sounds were systematically presented. The diagnostic items for suprasegmental sounds were categorized into three dimensions: length, pitch, and intensity of the sound. For each dimension, it has been shown that pause duration and speech rate should be considered as diagnostic criteria for 'length,' pitch range, pitch level, and pitch variability for 'pitch,' and sound pressure level, peak amplitude, mean square amplitude, and other factors for 'intensity.' Moreover, these measurements, in common, are not solely concerned with achieving accurate speech; they are also relevant to the nuanced aspects of emotional expression, depending on the degree and level. Therefore, we meticulously examine the characteristics inherent in natural human speech for these elements and establish the current voice. It was mentioned that if you calmly reflect the elements that cannot be implemented in synthetic technology, you can enter a more complete technology section where you do not feel the uncanny valley. Nevertheless, it is essential to emphasize that the speech therapy AI discussed here serves as an exemplar of AI requiring delicate communication, and the scope of application proposed in this study can be extended to encompass psychological counseling AI, educational AI, and beyond.

한국어 TTS에 적용되는 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 발음 처리에 대하여-TTS의 발음에 대한 국어 음운론적 관점의 진단-

임현열 국어국문학회 2019 국어국문학 Vol.0 No.187

이 연구에서는 한국어 TTS가 산출하고 있는 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄와 관련된 발음의 문제점을 살펴보고, /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 적절한 발음 처리를 위해 TTS 시스템에서 고려해야 할 점들을 국어 음운론의 관점에서 제시하였다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 네이버 파파고와 구글 번역기의 TTS에서 다양한 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄를 어떻게 처리하고 있는지 살폈다. 그 결과, 한국어 TTS에서 /ㄴㄹ/의 유음화는 비교적 정확하게 처리하고 있는 데 반해, /ㄴㄹ/의 비음화와 관련하여 정확성이 낮다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 이러한 현상의 원인을 한국어 TTS가 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 유음화와 비음화에 관여하는 형태소 정보를 적절히 반영하지 못하고 있기 때문이라고 진단하였다. 이에 이 연구에서는 한국어 TTS의 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄 발음 성능 향상을 위해 문자열을 발음열로 변환하는 과정에 형태소 정보를 반영하여 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 발음을 처리하는 방안을 제시하였다. 더불어, 위와 같은 방식으로 자연스러운 발음이 산출되기 어려운 일부 사례가 있기 때문에 해당되는 사례는 별도로 목록화하여 해당 단어의 발음 정보에 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 발음 처리 정보를 탑재해 두어야 한다는 점도 언급하였다. In this study, we investigated the pronunciation problems of /n-l/ string in Korean TTS system, and suggested the points to consider in TTS system for proper pronunciation processing of Korean TTS. To this end, this study examined how Naver Papago and Google Translator handle various /n-l/ strings. As a result, it was found that the accuracy of the lateralization of /n-l/ string was comparably high, but the accuracy of nasalization of /n-l/ string was very low. Also, it is diagnosed that the cause of this phenomenon is that the Korean TTS does not adequately reflect the morphological information related to the lateralization and nasalization of /n-l/ strings. In this study, we propose a method to process the pronunciation of /n-l/ string by reflecting the morpheme information in the process of converting the string to the pronunciation string in order to improve the pronunciation performance of Korean TTS. In addition, there are some cases where it is difficult to produce natural pronunciation in the above-mentioned method. Therefore, it is noted that the corresponding case should be listed separately and the pronunciation information of /n-l/ string should be loaded in the pronunciation information of the corresponding word.

韓中漢字音對應關係研究:基於生成型AI的計算語言學方法及其在漢字教育中的應用

임현열 경성대학교 한국한자연구소 2024 한자연구 Vol.- No.39

This study employs Generative AI and computational linguistics techniques to analyze the correspondence between modern Korean and Chinese HAN-character sounds. The research focuses on 5,978 characters categorized by difficulty levels, aiming to confirm systematic phonological correspondence patterns. Method: The study utilizes advanced computational methods to examine the phonological relationships between Korean and Chinese characters. It categorizes the characters based on difficulty levels and analyzes their sound patterns. Results: The research confirms high-consistency patterns in Korean onset-Chinese initial and Korean coda-Chinese final mappings. It also identifies complex relationships between Korean vowels and Chinese vowels. The study reveals that Chinese exhibits greater syllable type diversity compared to Korean. Additionally, it finds slightly higher correspondence rates for ‘basic’ characters compared to ‘advanced’ ones, though the overall difference is not substantial. Conclusions: Based on these findings, the study proposes language learning strategies that prioritize high-consistency patterns for foundational phonological correspondence. It recommends adopting gradual approaches for complex correspondences and incorporating phonological knowledge into education. This approach aims to help learners understand commonalities and differences between the two language systems. The research offers insights for Korean language education and HAN-character vocabulary learning. It suggests that consistent learning strategies can be developed regardless of character difficulty. Future research directions include developing AI-based personalized learning systems and conducting longitudinal studies on learners' acquisition of correspondence rules. This study introduces an innovative methodology integrating Generative AI with computational linguistics for phonological analysis. It potentially enhances HAN-character vocabulary education and represents a new paradigm for language education research.

한국어와 베트남어에서의 한자어 ‘國家’ 사용 맥락 비교 연구: Leipzig Corpora Collection(LCC) 기반 분석

임현열 중앙대학교 문화콘텐츠기술연구원 2024 다문화콘텐츠연구 Vol.- No.49

This study comparatively analyzes the usage contexts of the HAN-character word ‘國家’ (nation/state/country) in Korean and Vietnamese. Utilizing newspaper corpora from the Leipzig Corpora Collection (LCC), we extracted and analyzed words and bi-grams co-occurring with ‘國家’ in each language. The analysis yielded three primary conclusions. First, substantial commonalities were identified in the usage of the ‘國家’ concept in both languages, particularly in contexts of international relations, government and administration, economic development, and national security. This reflects the shared fundamental meanings and functions of the ‘國家’ concept within the HAN-character cultural sphere. Second, differences in the usage of the ‘國家’ concept between the two languages were also observed. In Vietnamese, combinations with terms related to education, sports, and environment were more frequent, while in Korean, references to government institutions and policies were more prevalent. These differences reflect the distinct sociocultural contexts and historical experiences of each country. Third, the analysis of usage contexts of this HAN-character word enabled an empirical understanding of similarities and differences between the languages. The significance of this study lies in three aspects. First, it presents a methodology for systematically analyzing the usage contexts of HAN-character words. Second, it empirically elucidates cultural and social contextual differences reflected in language use. Third, these research findings can contribute to enhancing mutual understanding between Korea and Vietnam, and serve as foundational data applicable to practical fields such as language education, translation, and international communication. Future research should extend this methodology to other HAN-character words shared by Korean and Vietnamese, and incorporate more complex language pattern analyses to deepen the scope of investigation.

[K-문화 소식] 경성대학교 한국한자연구소, 대중과 함께하는 지역인문학센터

임현열 K-문화융합협회 2023 K-문화융합저널 Vol.3 No.1

Automatic Mapping of a Large-Scale Dataset of Korean and Vietnamese Readings of Chinese Characters: An Analysis of Phonological Correspondences

임현열 경성대학교 한국한자연구소 2026 한자연구 Vol.- No.45

This study develops an automatic procedure for mapping and analyzing Korean and Vietnamese readings of Chinese characters. The dataset was constructed from the graded Chinese-character list (급수별 배정한자) provided on the official website of the Society for Korean Language & Literary Research (한국어문교육연구회). Characters with multiple Sino-Korean readings were divided into separate records according to their meaning–reading distinctions. When multiple Sino-Vietnamese readings remained unresolved because sufficient lexical context was unavailable, the first-listed reading was used for analysis. The final dataset contained 6,236 records. Unicode code points were used to match the same characters across the Korean and Vietnamese data. Sino-Korean readings were decomposed into onsets, nuclei, and codas by using the structure of precomposed Hangul syllables. Sino-Vietnamese readings were decomposed into onsets, nuclei, codas, and tones through NFD normalization, tone extraction, NFC recomposition, and rule-based parsing. The correspondence analysis was conducted on 6,219 records with valid readings in both languages. The analysis was designed to establish an initial quantitative baseline for the major correspondence patterns across the full dataset. The results showed that coda correspondences were generally more regular than onset and nucleus correspondences. Sino-Korean ㄴ, ㅁ, ㄹ, and ㅂ corresponded mainly to Sino-Vietnamese -n, -m, -t, and -p, respectively. Sino-Korean ㅇ corresponded mainly to -ng and -nh, while ㄱ corresponded mainly to -c and -ch. Onset and nucleus correspondences showed greater variation. The results provide a quantitative basis for comparing the two reading systems and may support further research on historical phonology and Sino-Korean vocabulary education for Vietnamese learners.

한자와 예술의 융합, <한자 디자인 공모전> 응모작이 교양한자 교육에 주는 시사점

임현열 중앙대학교 다빈치미래교양연구소 2024 교양학연구 Vol.- No.28

This study analyzes the use of Han characters and Han character compounds in video content submitted to the <Han Character Idea Content Design Contest> by art students. The findings reveal that a wide range of Han characters and compounds were used without repetition. This indicates that art students exhibit a strong desire for expression even when using Han characters. It suggests that liberal arts Han character education for art students should adopt an open syllabus approach. The study also noted the frequent use of intermediate-level Han characters, highlighting the importance of educational designs that expose students to Han characters of varying difficulties, rather than simply lowering the difficulty level. Moreover, the research confirms that using Han characters within larger units such as compounds and idioms is more effective than using them in isolation. This approach can enhance students' creativity and expression skills through the flexible yet structured use of four-character idioms. However, the study's limitation is its focus on works by art students. Future research should compare Han character usage patterns across students from various academic disciplines to develop comprehensive liberal arts Han character education strategies.

구조화된 오류 데이터 분석을 통한 한국어 학습자의 철자 오류와 발음 오류의 관련성 연구 - 중국인의 한국어 철자 오류에 대한 국어 음운론적 관점의 분석-

임현열,고랑원 국제한국언어문화학회 2019 한국언어문화학 Vol.16 No.1

韓國 漢字音과 中國 漢字音의 對應에 관한 硏究

임현열,이찬규 한국어문교육연구회 2008 어문연구 Vol.36 No.3

The objective of the present study is to explain the regular correspondent relation between the Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters and the Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters from a synchronic viewpoint. The result of this study is expected to provide basic information necessary for not only Chinese who learn Korean but also Koreans who learn Chinese to develop and apply ‘the strategy to correspond Korean pronunciation Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters.’ For this study, we selected 824 characters from the list of Chinese characters for Korean language education, and corresponded between the Korean representative pronunciation of these Chinese characters and their Chinese representative pronunciation. Correspondence between the pronunciations of Chinese characters was divided into three types as follows: 1) correspondence between the initial consonant of Korean and the initial consonant of Chinese; 2) correspondence between the part corresponding to V in the open syllable of Korean and the final consonant of Chinese; and 3) correspondence between the part corresponding to VC in the closed syllable of Korean and the final consonant of Chinese. Based on these correspondences, we showed that there is a regular correspondent relation between the Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters and the Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters, and suggested the possibility for Chinese learners who learn Korean to guess the meaning of unknown Korean words originated from Chinese characters using these correspondences. In order to show concrete examples, ‘Seong-gyeong(성경, 聖經)’ and ‘Gak-seong(각성, 覺醒)’ of the Korean words were presented as examples to show the process of understanding Chinese characters through ‘the strategy to correspond Korean pronunciation Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters.’ 이 硏究의 目的은 共時的인 觀點에서 韓國 漢字音과 中國 漢字音 사이에 存在하는 一定한 對應 關係를 밝혀 提示하는 데 있다. 이 論文에서는 漢字音 對應을 위해 韓國語敎育用 漢字 目錄 가운데 824字를 選別하고 이들 漢字의 韓國語 代表 讀音과 中國語 代表 讀音을 基準으로 對應하였다. 漢字音 對應은 다음의 세 가지 類型으로 構成되었다. 1) 韓國語 初聲과 中國語 聲母의 對應. 2) 韓國語 開音節의 V에 해당하는 部分과 中國語 聲母의 對應. 3) 韓國語 開音節의 VC에 該當하는 部分과 中國語 聲母의 對應이 바로 그것이다. 이러한 對應을 통해 韓國 漢字音과 中國 漢字音 사에는 一定한 對應 關係가 있음을 보이고, 이러한 對應 關係를 利用하여 中國人 學習者가 배우지 않은 漢字語의 意味를 推測해낼 可能性이 있다는 點을 指摘하였다. 그리고 一例로 ‘聖經’과 ‘覺醒’이라는 漢字語가 ‘ 字의 韓國音-中國音 對應 戰略’에 의해 理解되는 過程을 보였다.