培立가스로부터 메탄의 選擇的 回收에 관한 硏究

김선일 朝鮮大學校 大學院 2005 국내석사

연잎 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 암세포 사멸 효과

김선일 단국대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

연잎을 MeOH로 추출 후 동결 건조하여 flavonoid compound의 함량을 측정한 결과 45.8 ㎍/g이 함유되었다. 연잎의 알콜 추출물 항산화 효과를 알아보고자 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 nitric oxide(NO) 소거능을 합성항산화제인 BHA에 비교하여 측정하였다. DPPH법을 이용한 항산화 측정 시 RC50 (Reducible Concentration 50%) 값이 연잎 추출물의 경우 0.066 ㎎/㎖인 반면에 BHA의 경우 0.125 ㎎/㎖이므로 BHA보다 연잎 추출물이 항산화 효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. NO 소거능도 DPPH법과 비슷한 결과를 나타내고 있는데, RC50 값이 BHA의 경우 0.5 ㎎/㎖이고, 연잎 추출물의 경우 0.125 ㎎/㎖이어서 BHA보다 우수하게 NO를 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 항암효과를 알아보고자 A549 cell(폐암세포)에 추출물 0.5 ㎎/㎖을 24시간 처리하였을 때, 최대 54%의 세포사멸효과를 나타냈다. 1 ㎎/㎖의 처리구에선 0.5 ㎎/㎖ 처리구보다 낮은 48%의 세포사멸효과를 나타냈는데, 이러한 예상 밖의 결과가 나타난 이유는 확실치 않다. HeLa cell(자궁경부암세포)에서는 0.5 및 1 ㎎/㎖에서 각각 19%와 77%의 세포사멸효과를 나타냈다. A549 cell에 추출물 0.5 및 1 ㎎/㎖을 48시간 처리한 처리구에선 80%의 세포사멸효과가 나타났으나, HeLa cell에서는 추출물 0.5 및 1 ㎎/㎖을 48시간 처리한 처리구에선 각각 25%, 63%의 사멸효과가 나타났다. Lyophilized of Lotus leaf extracted in MeOH contained 45.8 ㎎/㎖ of total flavonoid compounds. To investigate the antioxidant effects of leaf extract, DPPH radical scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging activities were measured and compared with synthetic antioxidant, BHA. Judging from the Antioxidant effects by DPPH method, RC50 (Reducible Concentration 50%) of leaf extract and that of BHA were 0.066 ㎎/㎖ and 0.125 ㎎/㎖, respectively, showing that the antioxidant effect of Lotus leaf appeared superior to the BHA. Results of nitric oxide(NO) removal activity also showed similar result as DPPH method, RC50 of BHA was 0.5 ㎎/㎖, while RC50 of Lotus leaf was 0.125 ㎎/㎖ showing better activity than BHA in NO removal. To observe the anti-cancer effect, 0.5 mg/ml of the extract was applied on A549 cell (lung cancer cell) for 24 hours, which showed maximum number of 54% of cell death. With the application of 1 mg/ml of the extract showed 48% of cell death, lower than the one with 0.5 mg/ml, leaving the causes unknown. In case of HeLa cell (cervical cancer cell), death of 19% and 77% were shown in the concentrations of 0.5 and 1 ㎎/㎖ respectively with 24h treatment. When 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of the extract was applied on A549 cell for 48h, both showed 80% of cell death, while in case of HeLa cell showed 25% and 63%, respectively.

pH, 알칼리도와 염소이온이 동관의 부식에 미치는 영향

김선일 건국대학교 대학원 1999 국내석사

It is of vital importance to provide consumers with safe drinking water The internal corrosion in distribution system is of concern partly because it can shorten the life of pipes by reducing wall thickness until there are leaks, partly because tubercles formed reduce the effective carrying capacity of pipes, and partly because it is often responsible for undesirable corrosion by-products such as lead, copper, iron etc. that deteriorate water quality, At present, the service pipeline for consumer's tap have being done with a wide variety of materials such as steel, copper, cast iron and stainless steel etc. In these materials, copper pipes were chosen for this study because it is generally known that the corrosivity of copper pipe is very low, i.e. resistant to corrosion. That's true to some extent compared to uncoated steel pipes, but it is not true in real sense, somewhat fragile in case of pitting corrosion, according to the reports experienced in some advanced countries[Edwards, M., et at., 1996]. There are a bundle of factors affecting the corrosion of copper pipe. In order to alleviate the release of copper corrosion by-product, It is required to consider pH and alkalinity adjustments as key factors above all, To establish a relationship of cause-adverse effects in terms of alkalinity is of critical importance, that is to say, if the basic impacts of pH and alkalinity on copper corrosion are not clearly understood, utilities might run in the danger of unknowingly aggravating corrosion problems. This research works hypothesized a priori that the three different factors as pH, alkalinity and chloride be of major factors in the corrosion of copper pipes, which are relevant to the release of corrosion by-products. The results obtained in this research showed that for water samples at pH 7, 8, and 9, and at 10, 50, 100, 150 mg/L of alkalinity as CaCO_(3), higher PH levels led to lower concentrations of copper by-product to a certain extent. At a given pH, higher alkalinity had a tendency to produce higher copper by-product. chlorides were similar to that of alkalinity in relation to copper by-product. This phenomenon might be due to the Nantokite(CuCl) formation on the inner walls of the copper pipe in time. 25 and 50 mg Cl^(-)/L were added to each sample adjusted with a given pH and alkalinity, respectively. The average percent reduction of copper release was 45.7% at 25 mg C^(-)/L and 66.7% at 50 mg C^(-)/L. At pH and alkalinity changed in the tap water under stagnated state, it found that higher pH led to lower concentrations of copper by-product. At designed PH, higher alkalinity produced elevated concentrations of copper by-product. This showed that pH and alkalinity were the major factors of the corrosion of copper pipes. The analysis of both correlation and simple regression was done to evaluate the effects of pH, alkalinity, chloride and reaction time on the corrosion by-product release. In correlation analysis, it found that pH and alkalinity had significant effects on the concentration of copper by-product. From the regression coefficients computed by simple regression analysis, pH affected the total concentration of copper by-product more than alkalinity did. From the water samples at pH 7, 8, and 9 and at 10, 50, 100, 150 mg/L of alkalinity as CaCO_(3) in simulated distribution system, higher alkalinity at the same pH had the tendencies of increase in pitting(local corrosion). At 25 and 50 mg C^(-)/L, higher alkalinity had a tendency to increase in pitting corrosion. In the simulated distribution system with tap water, higher pH showed a tendency to decrease in pitting corrosion. At pH 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5, the pitting corrosion did not occur regardless of alkalinity.

스쿼시 동호인의 운동참여정도가 여가만족 및 운동중독에 미치는 영향

김선일 전주대학교 교육대학원 2009 국내석사

The effects of the Participation degree on the Leisure satisfaction and Exercise addiction of Squash participants kim, Sun-il Major in Physical Education Graduate School of Education Jeonju University This study is aimed to provide the basic data for squash members' expanding and giving more opportunity to general people to participate in squash. For this, we surveyed the squash club members' participating frequences and their satisfaction level. By playing squash and through it, making their leisure time more effective and giving more satisfaction to them, the more fruitful ways should be created. For the above purpose, we sampled some squash club members in jeonla province of over 20 year old and elected 300 members among them by (C. S. M) method and finally 273 members were used for the data. What used on this study is L.S.S method devised by B&R and translated into Korean by Lee jong gil(1992) and more developed by Shin gyu lee correcting the ex-date and adding some factors of exercise addiction of the participants. For analysing this data, we adopted the method of F.A and Anova. The verification is accomplished accordingly by adopting "Scheffe" method. Through the above processing data and analysis, we came to our conclusion as follows. First, the different level of exercise participation on the basis of characteristics of demographic statistics is only appeared in some intensity of exercise by sexual difference. In the characteristics of the different age of level, the squash career is the only important factor to influence Also, according to the occupational characteristics, all kinds of variables have their differences just except the exercise frequences. The frequences of participation are statistically influenced also by house income. Second, respecting satisfaction difference according to demographic statistics, there is no close relationship between sexual difference and the related leisure- satisfaction. But meaningful differences are shown in related to the differences of age, occupation and house income. The satisfaction level is higher in the age of between 20 and 40. Occupationally self-managers and house wives are more satisfied with the squash because they have more time and accordingly have more opportunity to participate in and intensity to the leisure time of squash playing. Also, more economic affluence give them more satisfaction by allowing them to concentrate more and spending time more feely to the squash. Third, the exercise addiction according to the demographic statistics is highly related to sexual differences, age differences and occupation but not too much related to the income level but exercise addiction is highly appeared in female and old age than in female and young age. In related to the occupational characteristics, there is some significant differences according as their jobs. The more exercise addiction is appeared in self-manager and job-searchers. Fourth, the differences of leisure satisfaction level according to the participation level is dependent on the sub-variables of the exercise time, player's career, frequences and the intensities. Those sub-variables are related to the participation rate. Statistically, between one hour and one half hour long exercise time is giving most satisfacory result.Also, in respect to the exercise intensity, the intensity is obtained by exhausting out their energy. Over 6 times a week in frequences and over 3 years in career experience is giving them the most powerful satisfaction. Fifth, exercise addiction as a result of how much they are participating in is little related to the time and intensity of exercise but somewhat more related to the frequences and career level. The symptoms of exercise withdrawl and exercise needs are more shown in the group of participant rate 6 times over per week. The result we can find in the career of over 3years shows that they are most affected by exercise- stopping, exercise needs and emotional attachment in all these three aspects.

Sieving 효과를 이용한 미세유체소자의 크기별 입자 분리 및 회수

김선일 한양대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

Microfluidics에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는 요즘 이를 이용한 크기별 입자/세포 분류가 생물학, 화학, 의학 등 다양한 분야에서 활발히 연구되고 있다. 그중 미세 기둥구조를 이용한 필터 방식은 입자/세포의 물리적 크기에 따라 분류가 가능하여 다양하게 응용되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 방식은 입자/세포가 지속적으로 유입될수록 필터에 점차적으로 쌓여 고순도 분류를 할 수 없게 되고 나아가 유체 흐름이 막히면서 입자/세포가 받는 압력이 증가해 입자의 상태나 세포의 Viability에 영향을 주게 된다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 구조적 특성을 기반으로 미세유체소자에 Actuator를 결합한 Microfluidic sieving(μ-sieving) 소자를 개발하였다. 특히 Actuator를 이용한 μ-sieving 효과로 유체에 진동을 발생시켜 고순도의 입자/세포를 분류할 수 있게 하였으며 Cross 형태의 채널을 이용하여 포획뿐만 아니라 수거까지 용이하게 하였다. 제작한 소자를 통해 Polystyrene particle과 유방암 줄기세포를 이용하여 순도, 처리량, 수거 효율, 세포 활성상태를 실험적으로 확인하였다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같이 Actuator를 이용해 발생되는 μ-sieving 효과로 고순도의 입자/세포 분류와 수거 및 배양이 가능한 미세유체소자를 소개하고자 한다.

안도 타다오의 建築空間構成에 나타나는 階段技法에 關한 硏究

김선일 國民大學校 1995 국내석사

디지털 세금(Digital Tax)에 관한 문제점과 개선방안

김선일 경희대학교 경영대학원 2019 국내석사

ABSTRACT Negative Problems and Improvement Plan of Digital Tax Kim, Sun Il General Management Graduate School of Business Administration Kyung Hee University This study examines the problems of digital tax and discusses how to improve it. With the advent of the digital economic era, new types of economic activity based on e-business have been created. FinTech industry and online commerce have activated, and transactions take place through digital content. However, existing tax laws alone are difficult to properly tax new types of digital transactions. The existing taxation system was a system that could be taxable in the presence of substance and the transaction understood. In a digital economy, it is hard to define the tax base because electronic transactions are difficult to identify and often directly traded without going through the middle stage. Also, it can not capture revenue as there are more virtual businesses online and transaction details are digitized. In addition, digital transactions between countries arise from differences in tax codes between countries, resulting in problems of taxation rights. For the digital tax to be introduced, cooperation between the international community is needed, not just by one country's efforts. In recent years, international discussions on the imposition of digital taxes have been going on briskly. Recently, South Korea passed a VAT (Value Added Tax) bill on digital transactions. As a result, VAT can be levied on international digital transactions from 1 July 2020. But there is still a problem with corporate tax. In order to tax corporate taxes, it is not just necessary to revise the corporate tax law. Multinational digital transactions require international cooperation because the regions they provide and the areas they consume are different, and each country does not have the same tax codes. At the G20 economic ministers' meeting and the European Union's meeting, they agreed on a plan to levy global digital taxes by 2020. Its focus is to establish standards for imposing digital taxes on global information and communication companies such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, which have been suspected of evading taxes by exploiting tax havens. Key points are the introduction of taxation criteria based on the location of paid users and the application of common corporate tax rates to tax havens by governments when IT firms abuse tax havens. This study investigates overseas cases of digital tax and analyzes problems by grasping the domestic situation. It also presents appropriate improvement plans for the taxation of reasonable digital taxation The contribution points of this paper are as follows. First, this paper discusses digital taxation issue and provides the taxation authorities with the policy. Second, this study provides useful information on digital tax taxation by compiling and presenting the contents of discussion on digital tax taxation both abroad and at home. Third, this paper contributes to achieving taxable equity by presenting the need for digital taxation and the basis for taxation. 본 연구는 디지털 조세에 대한 문제점들을 살펴보고, 이에 대한 개선방안을 논하고자 한다. 디지털 경제 시대가 도래하면서 e-business를 기반으로 하는 새로운 경제활동의 유형들이 창출되었다. 핀테크 산업이나 온라인 상거래가 급증하였고, 디지털 컨텐츠들을 통해서도 거래가 일어난다. 하지만 기존의 세법만으로는 새로운 유형의 디지털 거래에 대해서 적절히 과세하기가 어렵다. 기존의 과세제도는 실체가 있고 거래가 파악이 되는 상황에서 과세가 가능한 시스템이었다. 하지만 디지털 경제에서 전자 거래의 경우 이에 대한 확인이 어려우며, 중간유통단계를 거치지 않고 직접 거래되는 경우도 많기 때문에 과세점 파악이 어렵다. 또한 온라인상에서 가상사업장이 많아지고 거래내역이 전자화되면서 세원의 포착이 어렵다. 그리고 국제 간 디지털 거래는 국가 간 세법규정의 차이로 인하여 과세권의 문제가 발생된다. 디지털 조세가 원만하게 도입되기 위해서는 한 국가의 노력으로만 되는 것이 아니라 국제간 협력이 필요하다. 최근 들어 디지털 조세 부과에 대한 국제적 논의는 활발히 진행되고 있는 상황이다. 최근 한국은 디지털 거래에 대한 부가가치세 법안이 통과되었다. 이에 따라 2020년 7월 1일부터는 국제적인 디지털 거래에 대해서는 부가가치세를 부과할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 아직 법인세 과세에 대한 문제가 남아있다. 국내에서 법인세를 과세하기 위해서는 단지 법인세법만 개정하면 되는 것이 아니다. 다국적 기업의 디지털 거래는 제공하는 지역과 소비하는 지역이 다르고 국가마다 세법규정에 차이가 있기 때문에 국제적인 공조가 필요하다. 세계 주요 20국(G20)의 경제 각료 회의 및 유럽연합(EU) 회의에서 2020년까지 글로벌 디지털세금을 부과 하는 방안에 합의했다. 그동안 조세 피난을 악용해 세금을 회피한다는 의혹을 받아온 페이스북·구글·마이크로소프트·아마존과 같은 글로벌 정보통신 기업들에 대해서 디지털 세금 부과를 위한 기준을 마련하는 것이 초점이다. 돈을 지불한 사용자의 위치에 따른 과세 기준을 도입해야 한다는 방안과 공통 법인세율을 적용하여 IT 기업들이 조세 피난처를 악용할 경우 각국 정부가 공통 법인세율을 조세 피난처에도 적용하는 방안이 핵심사항이다. 본 연구는 우선 디지털 세금에 대한 해외의 사례들을 조사하고, 국내의 상황을 파악하여 문제점들을 분석한다. 그리고 합리적인 디지털 조세의 과세를 위하여 이에 대한 적정한 개선방안을 제시한다. 본 논문의 공헌점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 디지털 세금의 과세방안에 대해서 논의가 진행되고 있는 시점에 과세쟁점을 분석하여 과세당국에 정책을 제시한다. 둘째, 해외와 국내의 디지털세 과세 논의에 대한 내용들을 정리하여 제시함으로써 디지털 세금 과세에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공한다. 셋째, 디지털 세금의 필요성 및 과세근거들을 제시함으로써 과세 형평성 달성에 이바지한다.

관광호텔 마케팅 전략개발에 관한 연구 : 지방 특급호텔을 중심으로

김선일 경기대학교 경영대학원 1997 국내석사

Recently marketing environment changes rapidly and the qualitic change of demand is accelerated from high growth phase to low growth phase on industrial environment. In this paper it lays far-reaching aim that local hotels in Korea develop effective marketing strategy in the future and enable them to help practically. First: A conception of hotel marketing and market subdivision. strategic project of hotel marketing, and marketing mix seek their own approach. Second; Through corroborative study and analysis on strategic development of marketing in local hotel, I was rise to corresponding problems. Third; on the basis of these problems, I took concrete shope strategic development of marketing in local deluxe hotel. Researching contents subdividing into the first part, the middle part, and the last part, I discussed them to accomplish research purpose. The first part was studied theoretical investigation of hotel marketing, subdivision of hotel market, strategic project of hotel marketing, and mix of hotel marketing around internal and external literature research as a literary study in this paper. The middle park was studied a corroborative analysis of marketing on deluxe hotels, In order to collect for a corroborative analysis, I visited each hotel; I hotel in Deajeon. C hotel in Jeanju, G hotel in Jaegu form March 20, 1994 to March 30 1994 for 10 days and then divided around employee group. The last part was studied a developmental disposition and application plan around case stadies and problems. In all-out estimation and problems. ① Relation ship among environmental characteristics, strategic type as marketing study. Because local hotels in Korea have their own strategic type, they have relation to the standard of being late of environmental characteristics. ② Correlation environmental characteristics with strategic type to see type of strategic group, hotels have to do with abundance by provided with environment, growth characteristic, and local characteristic. ③ The difference of strategic aim of marketing in strategic type group on dividing into environmental characteristics, absic type of marketing strategy, strategic type of marketing, strategic aim development of new products, and enlargement of occupation rate of market. In conclusion, First, Hotel has to agree to sales promotion trying to deliver, public relationships, and propaganada messages and give itself to do special manpower and resonable cost system, specially abroad advertisement of hotel enterprice. Second, After grasp certainly problems and management realities on organization and sales employee, hotel has to create an atmosphere about sales promotion for all employee. Third, Preparing for enlargement of female tourism it is necessary for them to develop of special advertisement media, tourism course, and shopping products. Forth, Hotel has to bring about differentiation of competitive products given rise to special image for guest. Fifth, Hotel has to do product analysis in relation to marketing strategy.

삼일열 말라리아의 임상 증상 발현시 interleukin(IL)-18의 역할 분석

김선일 가천의과학대학교 2006 국내박사

공직자 부정부패 방지를 위한 법적 통제방안

김선일 건양대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

This article is to study on the legalistic control measures against the illegality and corruption of the public officials. The purpose of this study is to survey on the public officials corruption were changed, fundamental reasons of corruption were analysed and find a change trend of the public officials corruption, and I suggest options for eradication of corruptions. This article consist of 5 chapter, first introduction, second theoretical backround third analysis of current legislation related anti­corruption of korea,fourth legalistic control options against the illegalty and corruption, fifth conclusion. Since the execution of the Law of Anti-corruption in 2002, the Civil Rights Commission (former Anti-corruption Commission) and the National Integrity Commission have been executing activities of the anti-corruption in the various fields. Notwithstanding, the incidents related corruption and absurdity have occurred continuously, which could lead to the credential level about overall public official society of Korean people is staying in the low level. The core of public officials' integrity is just right on the justifying and unbiased job execution. And so, in order to secure public officials' integrity, and to remove citizens' suspicion and unbelief against the public officials' justifying job execution, the establishments of the laws and systems which are able to prevent effectively the justification impediment factors from interior and exterior environments. Firstly, impediment factors from exterior environments are that the influential power is executed unjustifiedly against the public officials' job execution, the power is included the dishonest meditation, corruption and solicitation, etc. Although the practices of corruption and solicitation resulting from relation-paternalism deeply rooting of our society, are becoming a major cause of illegality and recognizing persistence damage connecting with a directive damage, when the practices are connected only with giving-and-receiving interests like bribe money in the currently acting laws such as the Criminal Law Act, the Additional Punishment Law, the Attorneys-at-Law Act are applied partially to those cases, there is no regulations related the laws which are not effectively regulated corruption and solicitation themselves. Acts such as giving and receiving bribery related the jobs of the public officials are hampering factors the justice performance of duties by the public officials. With analysing of status of corruption of the public officials, legalistic control measures against the illegality and corruption, legalistic control measures of the foreign countries, drawing the issues and I insist the policy suggestions related those things. The conclusion which is the illegality and corruption of the public officials are not legal system but men, could be repeated. We should refrain rapidly from wrong consciousness if one's abide by laws, they lose ultimately. The legalistic control measures against the illegality and corruption of the public officials are the followings. First, anti­corruption using prite public governance, when investigating of corruption we can try to eradicate corruption through preriminary convention of civil group and by exchanging mutual information ,monitoring ,controling each other and providing cases. Second, the situation under the prosecutors are investigating and questioning about corruption of the public officials, the investigation and question by the prosecutors are continually relating with the ruling government and political issues, and those cases could cause public indignation and could loose peoples' confident. So the administration for the corruption of the public officials as the independent organization should be established direct under the president, the chief of the administration of an office is to be vice-minister level. Third, integration of regulation regarding public ethics. the system of independent auditor in the organization of an auditor office should be managed, and gave the rights for keeping political neutral position, investigating and questioning against the illegality and corruption of the public officials. Fourth, construction of autonomous internal control system for advanced prevention of offical corruption and effective management public offical carry out self­regulating themselves. detailed legalistic control options against public corruption public officials are the followings. First, it is to establish the measures for anti-corruption on the laws in accordance with establishment and operation of anti-corruption using private public governance. Second, it is to establish the measures anti-corruption on laws in accordance with the Public Officials Ethics Law. Third, it is to establish the measures for anti-corruption on laws in accordance with the law of the Criminal Procedure Code. Fourth, it is to make the suggestions about the laws and the situation on social conditions. In the field, there are included operation of the property registration system, strengthen of organizations of the public officials anti-corruption commission,construction of autonomous internal,control system, right-sizing of punishment, restriction of giving-and-receiving gifts, the restriction on employment, etc. Key Words : Public Officials, Illegality and Corruption of Public Officials, Public Officials Ethics Law, Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, Property Registration of Public Officials 본 연구의 목적은 한국의 공직자에 의한 부패 행위가 어떻게 변화했는지를 파악하여 부정부패의 원인에 대한 실태를 분석하여 부정부패를 근절하기 위한 법적ㆍ제도적 정책 대안을 제시하는데 있다. 본 논문은 제1장 서론, 제2장 공직자 부패의 이론적 배경, 제3장 한국의 공직자 부패 방지와 관련된 현법령 분석, 제4장 공직자 부패 방지관련 법적 통제방안, 제5장 결론 등 모두 5개 장으로 구성되었다. 2002년 부패방지법이 시행된 이래로 지난 10년간 국민권익위원회와 그 전신인 부패방지위원회, 국가청렴위원회는 다양한 부문에서 부패방지 활동을 전개해왔다. 그러나 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 공직자의 부패ㆍ비리 사건은 끊임없이 발생하고 있으며, 이로 인해 공직사회 전반에 대한 국민들의 신뢰는 매우 낮은 수준에 머무르고 있다. 공직자의 청렴성의 핵심은 바로 공정하고 소신있는 직무수행에 있다. 따라서 공직자의 청렴성을 확보하고, 공직자의 공정한 직무수행에 대한 국민들의 의혹과 불신을 걷어내기 위해서는 내외부로부터의 공정성 저해 요인을 효과적으로 방지할 수 있는 법과 제도를 확립하는 것이 무엇보다 시급한 일이라 할 수 있다. 외부로부터의 공정성 저해 요인으로는 우선 공직자의 직무수행에 대한 부당한 영향력 행사, 즉 부정한 알선ㆍ청탁을 꼽을 수 있다. 우리 사회의 뿌리 깊은 연고ㆍ온정주의로 인한 알선·청탁 관행은 부패행위의 주요 원인이자 부패로 직결되는 고질적인 폐해로 인식되고 있으나, 현재 형법이나 특가법, 변호사법 등에서는 금품 등 이익의 수수와 결부되었을 때만 제한적으로 처벌하고 있으며, 부정한 청탁 자체를 효과적으로 제재할 수 있는 법률 규정은 부재한 상황이다. 본 논문은 공공기관의 부패 실태를 분석하기 위해서 우리나라의 각종 부패방지 기구의 현황과 정책을 분석하였으며, 외국의 선진부패방지 정책을 검토하여 그에 대한 정책적 대안을 제시하였다. 물론 검찰이나 경찰을 대신하는 독립적 기구를 설치하는 것도 대안으로 제시되고 있지만, 그것도 역시 그 기구의 구성원들의 소신과 희생 없이는 언제까지나 정권의 심부름꾼 내지는 시녀의 역할을 하는데서 벗어날 수 없다고 할 수 있다. 여기서도 결국은 법제도가 문제가 아니라 사람이 문제라는 결론을 다시 되풀이할 수 밖에 없다. 법을 지키면 오히려 손해본다는 잘못된 의식 등은 하루 빨리 지양해야 할 것이다. 공직자 부정부패 방지 관련 법적 통제방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 민·관 거버넌스를 통한 부패방지로써 공직자 비리 조사 시 시민단체와 사전에 협약된 민간기구와 합동하여 공직자 비리 수사를 진행함으로써 절차의 투명성을 높이는 것이다. 또한, 부정부패 척결을 위해 노력하고 실시간 상호 정보교환 및 감시, 통제, 사례를 제공함으로써 부정부패를 차단하는 것이다. 둘째, 고위공직자 비리조사를 검찰에서 조사와 수사를 함으로써 끊임없는 정부 및 정치적인 문제와 결부되어 국민의 공분 및 신뢰를 상실함에 따라 고위공직자 비리조사처를 독립기관인 대통령 직속기관으로 설치하여 차관급 직제로 운영해야 한다. 셋째, 개별 법률에 규정되어 있는 공직윤리 규정을 통합하는 것이다. 공직자 윤리법을 공직윤리의 기본법으로 하여 국가공무원법과 지방공무원법에 규정되어 있는 각종 공직자 의무규정 및 부패방지 규정과 국민권익위원회의 설치와 운영에 관한 법률에 규정되어 있는 공직자 행동강령은 공직자 윤리 규정으로 공직자 윤리법에 통합하여 규정함으로써 법적용을 단일화 시키는 것이다. 넷째, 자율적 내부통제 시스템 구축이다. 공직자 부정부패의 사전예방 및 행정 효율화를 위하여 공직자 스스로 부패로부터 자신을 통제하자는 것이다. 공직자 부패방지 관련 법적 통제방안을 세부적으로 제시하면 아래와 같다. 첫째, 부패방지 및 국민권익위원회의 설치와 운영에 관한 법률에서는 고위공직자비리조사처의 설치, 제도개선 권고 강화 및 조사권인정, 부패업무의 총괄 과 전개, 공직자 행동강령의 강력한 추진, 신고자의 신변보호 및 신분보장의 문제, 부정부패 민간영역 확대, 민·관 거버넌스 구축을 통한 부패방지 등을 포함하였다. 둘째, 공직자윤리법상 부패방지 대책으로는 공직윤리관련 규정 통합, 이해충돌대상 범위확대, 재산등록제도, 재산신고사항 고지거부 금지, 퇴직공직자 취업제한 개선, 공직자 윤리위원회의 조직 강화, 행정벌의 강화와 형벌 부과의 엄격성 등이 포함된다. 셋째, 형사법적 부패방지 대책으로는 필요적 고발 및 참고인 출석강제, 공범증인의 면책 및 양형의 엄격화, 가석방 및 사면권 제한, 형법적 통제가능성, 부정부패행위 기소배심 도입 등이 포함된다. 넷째, 법률적 제언 및 사회적 여건 마련으로는 부정청탁 금지 및 공직자의 이행충돌방지법의 도입, 자율적 내부통제 시스템 구축, 사전 예방 및 시민의 적극적 감시, 윤리의식 강화 및 보수의 합리화, 독립수사기관 필요성과 설치의 문제 등을 포함하 였다.