박춘재·이창배·이춘희의 <경기12잡가> 선율 비교연구 : 달거리 적수단신(赤手單身)이후의 선율을 중심으로

김명기 추계예술대학교 교육대학원 2018 국내석사

본 연구는 한 세기 동안 전승된 경기12잡가 중 달거리의 선율비교를 통하여 전승과정 속 선율의 변화양상을 연구한 논문이다. 연구 음원으로는 1910년경 녹음된 전문 소리꾼 박춘재가 남긴 유성기 음반의 음원과 1970년대의 근대 명창 이창배 그리고 현재 경기명창으로 활발한 활동을 펼치고 있는 이춘희의 음원을 연구주제로 하였다. 각 시대를 대표하는 명창들의 음원을 악보화 하여 한 세기 가까이 전승된 동일한 노래가 어떤 변화를 거치며 전승되었는지 그 변화양상을 파악하고자 하였다. 선율의 분석에 앞서 경기12잡가의 생성부터 발전과정, 사설의 분석을 함께 살펴보았으며 사설의 말 붙임을 통하여 사설의 변화도 함께 연구하였다. 세 명창의 선율 변화를 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경기12잡가의 형성은 서울과 경기를 중심으로 상업이 발달되며 서민층의 문화양식 발전이 바탕이 되었다. 이후 사계축의 추교신 조기준, 박춘경과 같은 전문소리꾼과 가객 집단에 의해 현재와 같은 구전심수(口傳心授)의 방법으로 전승되었다. 박춘경의 제자 박춘재의 활동이 돋보인 잡가의 성장기에는 유성기음반과 방송국의 개국, 공연장의 기반확립과 잡가집의 출판과 맞물리며 큰 인기를 끌었고 이 무렵 8잡가와 잡잡가가 모두 갖추어져 현행12잡가의 형태가 완성되었다. 이후 전문소리꾼들이 권번 예기들의 음악사범으로 활동하며 훗날 묵계월, 안비취 등과 같은 여류명창의 배출로 이어졌다. 전문소리꾼과 권번 출신의 소리꾼들은 매스미디어의 발전과 함께 큰 인기를 누리며 1950년 한국전쟁 전까지 큰 발전을 이루었다. 사회적 혼란과 함께 전승이 단절된 이후 1960년경부터 이창배를 중심으로 경·서도 소리꾼들이 모여 전승체계를 정비하였고 현재와 같은 체계적인 전승구도를 이루었다. 둘째, 세 명창이 부른 <적수단신>과 <매화타령>의 장단과 빠르기가 다르게 진행되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 달거리의 두 번째 단락인 <적수단신>은 도드리장단으로 박춘재의 노래는♩.=70~ 75의 빠르기이고 이창배는 ♩.=60, 이춘희는 ♩.=48의 빠르기로 세월과 함께 느려진 것으로 보인다. 달거리의 마지막 단락인 <매화타령>은 굿거리장단으로 박춘재의 노래 ♩.=65, 이창배의 노래 ♩.=60, 이춘희의 노래 ♩.=50~55으로 큰 차이는 없지만 세 번째 단락 역시 현재의 소리인 이춘희의 노래가 전 세대보다 느린 것을 알 수 있었는데 장단의 변화는 없으나 빠르기는 후대에 전승될수록 점점 느려지고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이는 이창배를 기준으로 전승이 활발해졌고 1975년에 이르러서는 무형문화재로 지정되면서 전승이 체계화 되었다. 전승의 체계화 속에 시김새와 같은 표현들이 정교해 지면서 속도 또한 느려졌다고 할 수 있다. 셋째, 박춘재의 장단운용은 첫째, 셋째 박을 비중 있게 쓰고 있으며 다섯, 여섯째 박은 사설에 따라 다르게 진행한다. 이는 사설의 붙임과 관련이 있어 보이는데 박춘재는 가사의 조사를 탈락시키거나 줄여부르는 부분이 빈번하였으며 탈락된 가사의 부분은 쉰다. 이에 해당하는 부분은 주로 다섯째와 여섯째 박에 해당하였으며 분박의 형태가 간결하여 주요음을 평으로 부르는 진행이 많은 대신 3도 혹은 4도와 같은 도약진행이 빈번하게 이루어졌다. 특징적 시김새로는 삼분박한 리듬에 장2도 상, 하행을 이루며 특정 가사를 쳐주며 부르고 있고 또한 서도소리의 시김새와 속청의 사용이 두 명창의 노래보다 빈번하였다. 이창배의 장단은 이춘희와 동일하게 진행되는데 같은 패턴의 장단을 반복하여 진행하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이창배는 동일한 음으로 길게 뻗어 부르다 끝부분을 잘게 떨며 요성으로 부르고 셋째 박은 16분음표로 잘게 세분박하여 순차 하행 후 장2도의 하행으로 진행하는 특징을 보였다. 특히 b1(라)-d2(도)-b1(라)음의 진행에서 b1음은 속청으로 부르고 있다. 이춘희의 장단은 합장단에 강세를 주어 노래하는 특징을 보였다. 이창배와 같이 셋째 박의 리듬을 세분박하여 진행하였고 장단의 마지막 분박인 여섯째 박은 주로 e1-d1음의 하행이나 b1(라)-a1(솔)음의 장2도로 하행하는 선율이 배치되어 시김새를 정형화 한 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 세 명창의 음계구성은 모두 ‘솔 음계’로 동일하게 구성되어있다. 박춘재의 달거리는 실음채보로 a(솔) - b(라) - d1(도) - e1(레) - f#1(미)음으로 구성되어있다. ‘적수단신’의 실제 사용음역은 a(솔)부터 두 옥타브 위 d2(도)까지이며 세 번째 단락은 a(솔)부터 한 옥타브 위 a1(솔)까지이다. 이창배의 달거리는 실음채보로 a(라)음이고 음의 구성은 a(솔)- g(라)- b♭(도)- c1(레)- d1(미)음으로 구성되었다. 실제 사용음역은 두 번째 단락 g(레)음부터 c2(레)까지이며 세 번째 단락의 실제 사용음역은 e1(솔)부터 f2(라)까지이다. 이춘희의 달거리는 음원의 실음은 c(도)음이고 음의 구성은 g(솔) - a(라) - c1(도) - d1(레) - e1(미)음으로 구성되었으며 실제 사용음역은 두 번째 단락 b(레)음부터 c2(미)까지이다. 이와 같이 경기잡가의 생성부터 현재까지 한 세기를 거친 전승과정 동안 큰 음악적 변화는 보이지 않았지만 창법과 시김새의 구성은 많은 변화를 보이고 있다. 박춘재의 노래는 빠른 속도로 부르는 대신 리듬의 분할이 간결하고 그에 반해 이창배와 이춘희의 달거리는 노래의 속도도 느려져 정교한 시김새와 함께 말붙임이 정형화 되어 전승되고 있다. 이번 연구를 통하여 유성기 음반에 수록된 곡들이 현재 전승되고 있는 대부분의 성악곡들보다 빠르게 부르고 있음을 알 수 있었는데 이는 선행 연구된 논문들을 통해서도 속도의 상이점이 여러 번 거론된 바 있다. 하지만 대부분의 연구자들도 추측할 뿐 정확한 자료를 제시하고 있지 않아 그 이유를 단정할 수는 없다 하겠다. 동명(同名)의 곡이기는 하지만 한 세대를 거치며 속도와 특징적인 시김새들이 다르게 나타나고 있는 것은 구전(口傳)으로 전승된 영향일거라 생각하며 앞으로도 고제(古制) 경기소리의 연구를 통하여 성악곡들의 현대적인 해석과 연구 자료로서의 활용도 기대해 본다. This study is about the changing aspect of a song's melody in the transmission process through comparing the melody of 'Dalgeoree' among the 'Gyeong-gi 12 Japka' which have passed down throughout a century. As a music source of this study, we selected the vocal music recordings using gramophone in around 1910 left by Chun-jae Park, a professional vocalist, and music recordings of Chang-bae Lee of the 1970s, and the music of Chun-hee Lee who is now actively performing as popular Gyeong-gi vocalist. This study tried to grasp how the same song experienced a change throughout nearly a century's transmission history by making a musical note of vocal recordings performed by each era's representative vocalists. Before analyzing the melody, this study examined the process of formation and development of <Gyeong-gi 12 Japka> and the editorial analysis, and the editorial changes have also been studied through the attached words to the editorials. The results of the study about the change in the melody of three First, the formation of 'Gyeong-gi 12' was based on the development of cultural style of the common people and the commercial development centering on Seoul and Gyeong-gi province. Since then, it has been handed down by professional singers and group of composers such as SaGyeChug's Gyo-sin Chu, Ki-joon Cho, and Chun-kyung Park in the way f 'GuJeonSimSu'. During the time Japka has prospered where the activity of Chun-jae Park, one of Chun-kyung Park's disciples, stood out, Japka became very popular with the release of gramophone recordings, establishment of broadcasting stations, establishment of performing stages, and publishing of 'Japka' songs. At that time, 8 Japka and other Japka were developed, thus completing the formation of current 12 Japka. Since then, professional vocalists have acted as a music instructor for Gwon-Beon Yegi, which eventually led to the release of professional women vocalists such as Gye-wol Mook and Bi-Chwi An. The professional vocalists and vocalists from Gwon-Beon have enjoyed great popularity with the development of the mass media and made great progress until the Korean War in 1950. With the disruption of society, the tradition is cut off until around 1960, and since then vocalists from Gyeong-gi and Seo-do province gathered around Chang-bae Lee, restoring and forming the system of the tradition as of now. Secondly, we can see that the rhythm and pace of the <Jeoksudanshin> and <Maehwataryeong>, which were performed by the three popular vocalists, proceeded differently. <Jeoksudanshin>, which is the second episode of the 'Dalgeoree', is Dodeuri Jangdan, and the singing of Chun-jae Park is 70 ~ 75 fast, that of Chang-bae Lee is 60 fast, and that of Chun-hee Lee is 48 fast, implying that the pace of the song has slowed over time. <Maehwataryeong>, the last episode of the 'Dalgeoree', is Gutgeori Jangdan, and the singing of Chun-jae Park is 65 fast, that of Chang-bae Lee is 60 fast, and that of Chun-hee Lee is 50~55 fast, meaning that the third paragraph also shows that the current Chun-hee Lee's song is slower compared to previous generations, and although this is not a big difference, the pace is gradually getting slower as it is passed on to later enerations while there is no change in Jangdan. The transmission became popular with Chang-bae Lee, and by 1975 it was designated as an intangible cultural inheritance, making the transmission of tradition more standardized. Through the standardization of transmission of tradition, expressions such as Sigimsae were more elaborated and the pace was also slowed down. Third, Chun-jae Park's rhythm usage emphasizes the first, and third beat, while the fifth and the sixth beat are used differently according to the verse. This seems to be related to the attachment of the verse, but Chun-jae Park frequently omits or abbreviates the Korean postposition of the lyrics and parts of the lyric that have been omitted are skipped. These parts were mainly the fifth and sixth beats, and the form of rhythm was concise, with most progressions of the major tones were in the same key and frequent disjunct motions such as the 3rd or 4th. The characteristic Sigimsae is the descending / ascending motion in the major 2nd within the triple rhythm, the accentuation of certain lyrics and that the Sigimsae and Sokcheong of the Seodosori were used more frequently when compared to the other two master singers. Chang-bae Lee's Jangdan is performed in the same way as Chun-hee Lee’s, as the same rhythmic patterns can be seen as being repeated. Chang-bae Lee lengthens the same note and ends off with a vibrato, and the 3rd was divided into sixteenth notes and then progress into a major 2nd descending motion after a descending stepwise motion. In particular, in the descending progression of b1(do) -d2(do) -b1(do) in, the b1 note is sung in Sokcheong. The rhythm of Chun-hee Lee showed a strong accentuation in Hapjangdan when singing. Similarly to Chang-bae Lee, the rhythm of the third and sixth beats were divided into triple rhythms and the sixth beat of the metre were mainly composed of melodies of e1(re) -d1(do) descending motion or b1(la) -a1(sol) major 2nd descending motion in order to standardize Sigimsae. Fourth, the composition of the scales of the three master singers are all in the 'scale of sol’. Dalgeoree by Chun-jae Park is composed in the notes of a(sol) - b(la) - d1(do) - e1(re) - f1#(mi). The actual range of pitch of 'Jeoksudanshin' is from a(sol) to d2 (degrees) which is two octaves higher, and the third paragraph is from a(sol) to a1(sol) which is one octave higher. In the transcription of the actual pitch, Chang-bae Lee's Dalgeoree is in the note of a(la) and composed of a(sol) - g(la) - b♭(do) - c1(re) - d1(mi). The actual range of pitch is from g(re) to c2 (re) in the second paragraph and the actual range of the third paragraph is from e1(sol) to f2(do). Chun-hee Lee’s Dalgeoree is in c(do) and composed of g(sol) - a(la) - c1(do) - d1(re) - e1(mi), and the actual range of pitch is from the second paragraph b(re) to c2 (mi). In this way, while there has not been a great musical change during the transmission process through the centuries from the creation of the Japka to the present, there have been many changes in the singing style and Sigimsae. The song of Chun-jae Park is short, yet the division of rhythm is simple while in contrast, the Dalgeoree by Chang-bae Lee and Chun-hee Lee is slower, passed down with a standardized Sigimsae and malbutchimsae. Through this study, it was found that the songs recorded on the phonograph were sung faster than most traditional vocal music song lores. This finding of the difference in tempo were mentioned several times in preceding studies. However, most researchers did not put forth accurate data and depended on guesswork, thus failing to present a clear reason. Although it is a song of the same name, it can be thought that the difference in the speed and characteristic Sigimsae is attributed to the influence of oral transmission through the generations. It is anticipated that the study of the ancient Gyeong-gi sori be used as a tool for modern interpretation and research data for traditional vocal music.

大宇自動車의 世界化 戰略에 關한 硏究

김명기 成均館大學校 1997 국내석사

陽이온 光重合開始劑로서 Methyl(2-oxocyclohexyl)phenylsulfonium salts에 관한 硏究

김명기 성균관대학교 2005 국내석사

The discovery of compounds which efficiently generate acids with high quantum yields upon irradiation by UV or visible light have made possible the development of several new and commercially important technologies. These photoinitiators are generally thermally stable and do not undergo thermally induced reactions with the monomers. Moreover, the photo reaction should occur with high quantum efficiency and without the simultaneous liberation of by-products, which may inhibit or retard the polymerization. Whilst these are the properties of an ideal cationic photoinitiator, in practice a photoinitiator will never totally fulfil all of these requirements. In this study, I synthesized Methyl(2-oxocyclohexyl)phenylsulfonium salts to develop the photoinitiators which can react with high quantum efficiency in the region around 250~280nm. The chemical structure and characteristics of synthesized photoinitiators were confirmed by using instrumental analysis such as NMR, DSC, UV spectrometer. The activity of the initiators was evaluated in the bulk polymerization of vinyl ether and epoxy monomers. It was confirmed that the newly synthesized photoinitiators worked effectively to polymerize an epoxy monomer smoothly. Although currently of less commercial importance than light induced radical polymerization, the field of cationic curing has found growing interest as a valuable alternative to the acrylate technology. It offers unique advantages to the end user. The recent developments of new cationic photoinitiators as well as of new, highly reactive monomers allow reactivity performances which approach those of radical curing systems. Further developments of both the photoinitiators and the resins are expected to continue at a fast pace, stimulated by the need for new tailor-made solutions to best meet new and existing industrial requirements. Light induced cationic photopolymerization can, thus, be expected to find further widespread use in the future.

Studies on synthesis of emitting materials and development of devices for organic light-emitting diodes

김명기 서울대학교 대학원 2011 국내박사

소규모 외식산업 자영업자의 기업가정신이 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증적 연구 : 프랜차이즈 가맹점과 비가맹점간의 비교를 중심으로

김명기 中央大學校 産業.創業經營大學院 2010 국내석사

본 연구는 소규모 외식산업 자영업자의 기업가정신이 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해서 이론적 고찰 및 선행연구를 기초로 하여 개인의 배경적 특성을 성별, 연령, 학력, 업종경험, 창업경험, 창업환경, 인적네트워크로 나누었고 개인의 심리적 특성을 통제기준, 성취욕구, 모호성수용력으로 나누었다. 기업가정신은 혁신성, 위험감수성, 진취성을 구성요소로 하여 가설 설정하고 이를 실증분석 하였다. 연구가설에 대한 실증분석을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인의 심리적 특성은 기업가정신에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 개인의 심리적 특성중 통제기준은 기업가정신의 구성요소중 혁신성, 모호성수용력은 위험감수성, 성취욕구는 진취성에 각각 유의적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기업가정신이 경영성과에 미치는 영향에서는 기업가정신의 구성요소인 혁신성과 진취성은 경영성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었으나 위험감수성은 유의적 차이가 없었다. 셋째, 프랜차이즈 가맹점과 비가맹점간의 기업가정신이 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 비교해 보면 혁신성과 진취성은 공히 경영성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 프랜차이즈 가맹점과 비가맹점의 비교 중 위험감수성은 프랜차이즈 가맹점에서는 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 비가맹점에서는 음(-)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. This study has positively analyzed the effect of the entrepreneurship of the self-employed of minor food service companies on their managerial performance. In order to attain this study goal, this article has classified the characteristics of personal background intro sex, age, academic career, experience in the industry, experience to start a business, environment to start a business, and human network, and the psychological characteristics of individuals into criteria for control, desire for success, and ambiguity tolerance, based on theoretical consideration and investigation on advanced research. It sets up hypotheses making the components of entrepreneurship as innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness and analyzes them positively. The positive analysis on the study hypotheses is summed up below. First for criteria for control, one of the psychological characteristics of individuals, it is researched that innovativeness and ambiguity tolerance effects risk-taking and desire for success effects proactiveness, significantly Second, about the effect of entrepreneurship on managerial performance, it was shown that the components of entrepreneurship, innovativeness and proactiveness, affected managerial performance positively, but risk-taking indicated no significant difference. Third, according to the comparison of the effect of entrepreneurship in franchise affiliates and non-affiliates on managerial performance, innovativeness and proactiveness did affect managerial performance positively. Fourth, for the comparison between franchise affiliates and non-affiliates, risk-taking did not affect managerial performance for the franchise affiliates significantly but did affect that of the non-affiliates negatively.

公用收用과 損失補償에 관한 硏究

김명기 檀國大學校 1987 국내석사

The modern nation has became to execute the public works on more quantity in order to succeed national purpose to be public interests works and welfare works as welfare administration nation, as the greater part of the public works is to accomplish by the neccessary element on the land, nation and self governing body is to be raising one's head with serious problem for acquisition of public use land on efficient execution of the such public interests works. Specially, the case of our country has made the use land problem difficultly for excessive charge of use land expense on a rise of land price and poor finance of the starting business person. Therefore, to be order and to be rational of land on same time to be guaranteed the current compensation on violation of individual proprietary right by public interests works have to plan the utilization, to realize welfare national claim was to be confronting together difficultly. Common, public interests works has drove the land by key point on the greater part, neccessary land to be executing of public interests works, common has received by the prior consensus and has received, it is impossible to receive on consensus, refusal of land proprietary right person (owner) to be neccessary on public interests works, common but it disregarded for proprietary right person (owner) individual intention partly on case that land proprietary right person (owner) is true (appeared), and it shall have done for neccessary to receive the land with compulsion by the legal force. Accordingly, on the theory is problem function on system on according to the executing neccessary use land of public interests works and common or the order, the legal basis to be conception of public use reception use in order to investigate suitability of loss compensation is investigating with theory on public use reception use, the following, proprietary right guarantee limitation or notion on loss compensation and legal, theoretic case or the executing reception system to investigate the actual condition of Domestic nation and interior and exterior and problem function of loss compensation has occured through reflection or knowledge of people. 1. To be appearing reality defect of land price balance (level) by pluralization of land price body and disatisfaction of land proprietary right person (owner) to be occuring the mutual loss sense at the first by problem function of public use land reception. 2. It is occuring problem of loss compensation to be looked for living compensation confrontation, suitability of loss compensation, developing interests re-reception by problem of loss compensation. Accordingly, on the theory is to notify plans on suitability of compensation price and confirmation of possive compensation system by improvement plans on mentioned problem function of forwards. To establishment of possive compensation system (1) to establish for compensation system by living compensation center, (2) the estimation problem of living compensation is the investigation and the base technicial research or it is neccessary for establishment of regulation, the saving for emergency of information is to due these compensation estimation. To be suitability plans of compensation price (1) land price to be unification or it is to due developing specialization of estimation to be unification on estimation organization or land price body. (2) To apply representative of standard land price through suitability for separation method or standard land selection (3) It must assure rationality of estimation price through observation of land price estimation meted. Only, to investigate observation of estimation level to be foundation on actual market materials, it can look to be thought method to apply land estimation on statistical approaching method to be became tile newest theory in order to these.

화장품 신소재 개발을 위한 조직배양 노니(Morinda citrifolia L.) 부정근의 효능평가와 유효성분 분석

김명기 忠北大學校 2011 국내박사

This study evaluated anti-oxidant, whitening, wrinkles effects, and anti-allergic effects of the noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) adventitious roots, selected an indicator material showing a great anti-allergic effects, and then established qualitative and quantitative methods for purification and structural analyses of the active ingredient. Also, several different extraction and drying methods were compared to see change in rubiadin, anthraquinone, phenolic, flavonoid, and extraction yield, and to identify effective processing. 1. Evaluation of biological activity The toxicity on the extracts of tissue cultured noni adventitious roots, were evaluated, and their effects on DPPH scavenging, SOD-like, and protection against H2O2 induced cell damage were identified and proved to be slight. As a result of tyrosinase inhibition, inhibition of melanin in B16F1 melanoma, and western blotting of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 expression, the effect of whitening activity was minor. The activity of elastase inhibition, stimulation of collagen, and procollagen type-Ⅰ synthesis was little which means that the effect on wrinkles was negligible. However, when the noni adventitious roots were evaluated on anti-allergic, crude extracts showed excellent effectiveness on histamine releasing inhibition of 85% at 100 μg·mL-1. Thus, liquid-liquid extractions were conducted using several organic solvents and each fraction was evaluated on histamine releasing and TNF-α synthesis inhibition. Among them, hexane and methylene chloride extracts were more effective than others, in which the hexane fraction showed about 54% efficacy at 25 μg·mL-1. In the results of the effect of lethality inhibition through systemic anaphylactic reaction on tissue cultured. lethality by systemic anaphylactic reaction decreased by almost 36% in the groups that noni adventitious roots and stem cell medicated were orally administered. Also, as a result of evaluated effect of histamine releasing inhibition using a rat visceral mast cell, it was controlled effectively when treated with 1 mg·mL-1. 2. Selection of target compound To select target compounds with anti-allergic activity in noni adventitious, the extracts were partitioned with solvents. Active ingredients obtained from hexane and methylene chloride layers were a fraction with preparative LC. Target compound from HPLC was identified by GC/MS/MS, LC/MS-IT-TOF, and UV/VIS spectrophotometer. From these results, rubiadin was selected as a target compound. In addition, the structural analysis was conducted through extraction and purification of rubiadin in noni adventitious roots to establish qualitative analysis. Noni adventitious roots were extracted with chloroform : ethyl acetate mixture (100%, 100:1, v/v). The extract was developed by preparative TLC with chloroform : ethyl acetate (3:1, v/v), a band Rf 0.68 were collected, and. further purification was conducted to get rubiadin by preparative LC. Purified rubiadin was identified by LC/MS/MS, LC/MS-IT-TOF, UV/VIS spectrophotometer, FT-IR, and NMR analysis. 3. Efficiency of extraction and dry methods To evaluated optimum extraction condition on rubiadin, extraction of noni adventitious roots was performed with different solvent types, ratio of water to methanol (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% water), extraction time, and extraction method. In contrast, a reverse-phase HPLC assay method was developed to determine rubiadin content in noni adventitious roots in which HPLC equipped with a C-18 column using a gradient solvent system of methanol and water and UV detector at 280 nm was used. As a result, roots contained 0.02% of rubiadin but no rubiadin was detected in other plant part. Rubiadin, anthraquinones, phenolic, flavonoid content and extraction yields in the adventitious roots were higher than theose in the ex vitro roots. The extraction efficiency using different types of solvents were increased in order of methanol (0.08%) > ethanol (0.05%) > acetonitrile (0.03%) > acetone (0.02%) and methylene chloride (0.02%). Rubiadin extraction using different solvents showed that 1 hour of ultrasonic extraction was effective in order of 60 % methanol (0.21%) > 80% methanol (0.13%) > 100% methanol (0.07%), 40% methanol (0.07%) and 2 hours of reflux extraction was effective in order of 60% methanol (0.21%) > 40% methanol (0.17%) > 80% methanol (0.14%). To compare the extraction efficiency of active ingredient by the extraction methods and extraction time for noni adventitious roots were extracted by ultrasonic extraction, shaking extraction, reflux extraction, homogenizer extraction, high pressure extraction, and soaking extraction. The order of extraction efficiency of rubiadin content was homogenizer extraction (2 h) > ultrasonic extraction (8 h) > shaking extraction (24 h) > high pressure extraction (24 h) > soaking extraction (6 h) > reflux extraction (2 h). The highest phenolic content was found in the extraction from ultrasonic extraction and anthraquinone content was highest in the reflux extraction. But extraction yield was found to be insignificant differences according to the extraction methods Two-time extraction and 1:100 were promising for cost-effective method. To find out the best drying methods, noni adventitious roots were dried using freeze dry, oven dry, and shade dry method. Rubiadin, anthraquinone, and extraction yield were highest in the freeze dry method. 4. Conclusion Noni adventitious roots from bioreactor culture conditions were excellent in anti-allergic activity. Rubiadin, a target compound was isolated from noni adventitious roots and its structure was identified by spectral data. To evaluate the effective extraction condition of the active ingredient, extraction process of noni adventitious roots was performed with various solvents, apparatus, and drying methods. The results suggested that the noni adventitious roots can be used for valuable resource.

삭마 깊이 계측용 삽입형 센서 개발

김명기 한경대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내석사

원형질체와 몇 가지 살균제 효과 검정 방법을 이용한 고추 탄저병 살균제 계열별 효과검정

김명기 충북대학교 2009 국내석사

Colletotrichum acutatum, is a major devastating pathogen in South Korea causing anthracnose disease of pepper. In order to identify a suitable fungicide for the disease management and to find out the development of fungicide resistance, seven groups of fungicides with different mode of actions were evaluated against mycelial growth (poisoned food technique) and spore germination. Similarly, the tests were also carried out with the protoplasts isolated from C. acutatum on PDA amended with an osmotic stabilizer sorbitol and different concentrations of various fungicides. Further, 10 fungicides belong to 3 major groups namely Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor (3), preventive fungicides (3) and strobilurins (4) were tested on inoculated pepper fruits in vitro and under field conditions. All the seven fungicides tested against the mycelial growth on PDA amended with different concentrations were grouped in to 3 types based on their activity as 1. fungicides only effective against mycelial growth (tebuconazole, carbendazim, carbendazim + diethofencarb), 2. fungicide only effective against spore germination (propineb, trifloxystrobin and kresoxim methyl) and 3. fungicides ineffective against both mycelial growth and spore germination (polyoxin-B). Cellophane paper laid on PDA plates were smeared with 100 ㎍ of C. acutatum JC24 spores (1x106 spores/ml) and incubated for protoplast isolation at 25 C for 20 h. After incubation, the cellophane paper was added with 2% lysing enzyme, 1.2 M sorbitol and 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and shaken at 70 rpm for 2 to 3 hours. The contents were filtered through cheese cloth and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Protoplast deposited at the bottom of centrifuge tube were collected and used for further studies. The regeneration of isolated protoplast was evaluated on plates amended with various fungicides at different concentrations. The regeneration was totally inhibited by propineb at a concentration of 10 ㎍/㎖ Similarly, the fungicide tebuconazole also exhibited 100% efficacy against protoplast regeneration at 0.5 ㎍/㎖, while the same showed 85.1 and 75.7% control value against the mycelial growth at the concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 ㎍/㎖, respectively. The fungicides kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin showed 0, 21.9 and 15.1, 2.1% control value when used alone and 91.8, 75.3% and 64.7, 20.7% control value when used in combination with SHAM against protoplast regeneration at a concentrations of 10 and 1 ㎍/㎖, respectively, while the efficacy of carbendazim against both mycelial growth and protoplast regeneration was same at all concentrations tested. The optimum media and incubating temperature for the protoplast regeneration test on fungicides amended plates were evaluated. Regardless of the difference in regeneration on the plates amended with fungicides alone and in combination with SHAM, all the temperatures tested were on par with each other. Similar results were obtained in the experiments done with different types of media viz., PDA, CM (Complete Medium) and MM (Minimal Medium). Over all observations revealed that the CM (complete media) amended with fungicides and SHAM, incubated at 25 ℃ was found optimum for the evaluation of protoplast regeneration. But the plates amended with different media and fungicides when smeared with 100 ㎍ of spores at a concentration of 1x103/ml comparatively showed very low effect. The inoculation methods and effect of different fungicides against the pathogen were evaluated in vitro and in the field as well. Pepper fruits inoculated with 1x106/ml spore load on injured (pin pricking) and uninjured fruits incubated at 30℃ for 10 days showed 90% incidence on all the fruits. To evaluate the efficacy of fungicides against the disease, they were sprayed on inoculated fruits 24hours before (preventive) and 24hours after (curative) the pathogen inoculation. Azoxystrobin was highly effective and showed 97.3 and 94.6% control value while the kresoxim methyl showed 45.9 and 44.0% control value in preventive and curative application, respectively on the uninjured fruits inoculated with the pathogen. A field trial was conducted during 2008 to evaluate the effect of various fungicides. The fungicides were sprayed for 4 times at 10 days interval starting from 150days after planting. Among the fungicides tested, pyraclostrobin was highly effective and recorded a control value of 95.3%, while the folpet recorded the least (46.5%). In nut shell, the strobilurin fungicides are the effective against the anthracnose pathogen C. acutatum under both in vitro (azoxystrobin) and field assessments (pyraclostrobin). Evaluation of fungicides with different mode of actions against C. acutatum revealed that the tebuconazole was effective against mycelial growth while propineb and strobilurins fungicides were effective against the spore germination. Evaluation of strobilurins fungicide against the mycelial growth was not so good rather going for evaluation of protoplast regeneration. The fungicides used so far showed differential responses under different evaluation system like in vitro and in vivo tests, has to be given due importance and needed thorough investigation. Development of optimum evaluation parameters to assess fungicide resistance in vitro and in vivo is in progress.

전남 장성군 고려시멘트 부지 활성화를 위한 공간계획 연구

김명기 신한대학교 일반대학원(박사) 2024 국내박사

도시의 기능이 변화함에 따라 도시 발전을 견인하는 산업 기능도 변화하고, 기존에 이전이 필요했던 공장 부지를 활용하여 지역의 기능적 가치를 높이고 도시 경관을 개선하려는 관점에서 연구를 시작하였다. 공장부지를 합리적으로 개발하기 위해 지역주민이 요구하는 공간의 기능적 요구와 주변 도시 개발을 검토 및 종합하여 장성군 고려시멘트공장 개발계획에 합리적인 공간 활용에 대한 대안이 제시되어야 한다. 공간 활용의 기능적 성격을 검토하여 개발에 따른 이해 관계를 종합적으로 살펴보아 고려 시멘트 이전 부지에 대한 합리적인 개발 계획안을 제시하고자 한다. 고려시멘트공장은 오랫동안 장성지역의 경제발전을 견인해왔지만, 시멘트공장이 도시의 확장을 방해하고 도시의 이미지를 저해하다면서 지역의 민원이 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 도시경관을 훼손하고 발전축을 주변지역과 단절시키는 시멘트공장은 향후 지자체와 한국시멘트가 공동으로 개발할 예정이며, 이에 따라 공장 부지에 대한 합리적인 개발방안이 필요하다. 개발 계획을 수립하기 전에 도시 내 공장 부지에 대한 사례 연구와 활용 계획을 통해 공간 활용 방안에 대한 개념의 정립이 필요하다. 아울러 주민참여 대책의 필요성과 주민의견 수렴도 공간 활용 방안에 반영해야한다. 공장 부지 계획에 필요한 주요 기능으로 주거, 자급자족, 문화, 공원 등을 제시되었다. 선행연구, 지자체, 주민 의견 등을 종합하여 관련 업무절차법에 따라 주거기능, 상업기능, 산업기능 등을 중점적으로 추진하고, 문화공간으로 활용하고자 하는 주민의 요구를 반영한 공간 계획을 제시하였다. 주민조사와 인터뷰를 실시한 결과, 어린이 도서관, 주민 만남의 장소, 공공주택 등 주민의 자율성이 보장되는 교육과 대화의 장소가 필요하다고 제시하였다. 도시개발은 개발의 논리나 경제적 타당성보다는 시민, 개발주체, 도시의 역사 등 다양한 관점에서 접근해야 한다. 이러한 각 영역과의 소통을 통해 합리적인 방안이 결정되어야 한다. 향후 본 연구 논문이 고려시멘트공장 부지 개발과정에서 합리적인 설계안의 방향이 되어 지역 발전에 기여하는 개발이 되기를 기원한다. As the urban’s function changed, the industrial function that drove the urban's development also changed, and research began with the perspective of increasing the functional value of the area and improving the urbanscape by utilizing factory sites that had previously required relocation. In order to rationally develop the factory site, we attempted to review and synthesize the functional demands for space requested by local residents and the development of surrounding cities and present a reasonable plan in the Jangseong-gun Koryo Cement Factory development plan. The relocation of the Koryo Cement Factory, which is located at the center of the urban development axis of Jangseong-eup and is hindering the long-term development of the region, and the selection of an efficient development plan for the space are major urban planning tasks for Jangseong-gun. The Koryo Cement Factory has been driving the economic development of the Jangseong region for a long time, but citizens have continuously filed complaints about the relocation of the cement factory, saying it is cutting off the urban's internal and external expansion and deteriorating the urban's image. The cement factory, which damages the urban landscape and disconnects the power generation axis from surrounding areas, will be developed cooperatively by local governments and Korea Cement in the future, and accordingly, a reasonable development plan for the factory site is needed. Before presenting the development plan, the concept was organized through case studies and utilization plans for factory sites in the urban. In addition, the need for resident participation measures and residents' opinions were reflected. Housing, self-sufficiency, culture, and parks were presented as major functions required for factory site planning. By combining prior research, local governments, and residents' opinions, we have drawn up a plan that focuses on residential functions, commercial functions, and industrial functions in accordance with the relevant business procedure laws, and reflected residents' demands for use as cultural and green space. A multi-functional plan was presented as a conclusion. As a result of resident surveys and interviews during the planning process, it was suggested that a place for education and conversation where residents' autonomy is guaranteed, such as a library for children, a meeting place for residents, and public housing, is needed. Even in establishing development plans, we realized that it is still insufficient for residents to become the main subjects of the plan and participate. From the beginning of the plan, it is necessary to prepare a plan that reflects the opinions of residents together with the project operator, the local government in charge of permits and permits, and the designer. Even in establishing development plans, we realized that it is still insufficient for residents to become the main subjects of the plan and participate. From the beginning of the plan, it is necessary to prepare a plan that reflects the opinions of residents together with the project operator, the local government in charge of permits and permits, and the designer. The development of the Koryo Cement factory site proposed in this study began with the goal of creating a new urban image in the region and once again presenting a pivotal role in urban development. Urban development must be approached from various perspectives, including citizens, development agents, and the historiurban of the urban, rather than the logic of development and economic feasibility. A reasonable plan must be decided through communication with each of these areas. We hope that this will become a reasonable design plan in the future development process for the Goryeo Cement Factory site.