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무전해도금법을 이용한 SiC/Cu 복합재료 제조와 강화재 형상에 따른 열특성 평가
Electro-less copper plating, as a method of providing good electric conductivity on ceramic or polymer surfaces, is widely used in many industrial fields, such as a semiconductor circuit, a printed circuit board (PCB) and various composite materials. In general, a semiconductor circuit or a printed circuit board (PCB) is preferred a copper plating layer having a low surface roughness. On the other hand, in order to obtain a high density sintered body, a copper plating layer of high surface roughness is preferred. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the surface roughness of the plating layer for the plating purpose of each material. In this study, we examined the surface roughness of the Cu plating layer by adjusting the plating conditions such as the initial surface roughness of material, the plating rate and the plating time affecting the surface roughness of the electro-less Cu plating layer. SiC/Cu matrix composites are candidate materials for heat sinks due to their high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion. And Using the continuous SiC fiber as a reinforcement reduces the vol% of SiC fiber than using SiC powder. Therefore, SiC fiber reinforced Cu matrix composite is a good heat sink material having a high thermal properties. But, the wettability of carbon on copper is weak. In order to solve these problem, SiC/Cu composite was fabricated by electro & electroless plating process. Results show that SiC fiber reinforced composite fabricated by electro-less plating has a good thermal properties than SiC powder reinforced composite.
Casting법에 의해 제조된 탄소섬유/알루미늄 복합재료에 관한 연구
Has a long lifespan and low energy consumption of LED is received attention by eco-friendly light source. But, LED is have problems that light output decline and lifespan decrease at elevated temperatures. In addition, Coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) gap of between substrate and heat sink showed increasing trend with increasing thermal conductivities. Accordingly, between substrate and heat sink is may occur crack. So, the new material with high thermal conductivities and low coefficient of thermal expansion is required. In this study, carbon fiber with high thermal conductivities and low thermal expansivity reinforced Al composites were manufactured using a casting process, and Carbon fiber/aluminum (CF/Al) composites were successfully fabricated without pressure casting using wettability modification of carbon fiber. The wettability of liquid aluminum on carbon fibers was enhanced through electroless plating of copper on carbon fibers.
플라즈마를 활용한 선택적 표면 개질과 무전해 동도금법을 이용한 플렉서블 회로 패턴 형성 및 접합력 향상에 관한 연구
Flexible circuits are widely used in mobile devices and wearable devices because they are lightweight, compact and high durability against repetitive bending. Recently, there has been growing interests in fabrication of high durability and low-cost flexible circuits as the wearable electronics market grows sharply. In general, flexible circuits are formed by using lithography process after coating the polymer substrate with copper. However these processes use a large amount of harmful chemicals and need many manufacturing steps. Moreover, the importance about adhesion strength and fatigue properties has been highlighted as the market demands high mechanical and electrical performances of flexible circuits. In this study, a directly formed copper circuit was fabricated with using plasma and electroless copper deposition and also the effects on the adhesion strength, the fatigue properties and fracture mechanisms of fabricated Cu/PET composite films depending on the change of nanostructures formed by the plasma treatment were discussed.
3D 프린터를 활용한 Ti 소재의 공정최적화 연구 및 환자 맞춤형 의료부품 제조
금속 적층 제조 기술 (Metal additive manufacturing : AM)은 기존의 금속 제조 공정과는 달리 레이저나 전자빔과 같은 열원을 이용하여 금속 분말을 선택적으로 용융시켜 제품을 제조하는 공정이다. 기존 제작공정(분말야금, 기계가공, 주조, 단조)은 복잡한 기하학적 형상의 제품을 제조하는 것이 불가능할 뿐만 아니라 가공 중 발생되는 소재의 낭비가 심한 큰 단점을 가지고 있는 반면 AM 기술은 복잡한 내부 구조를 갖는 최종 제품을 직접 제조 할 수 있고, 가공 중 발생되는 소재의 낭비율이 기존 가공에 비해 현저히 적은 장점을 가지고 있다[1,2]. 특히 AM 기술 중 전자빔 용융(Electron beam melting) 방식과 선택적 레이저 용융(Selective laser melting) 방식은 우수한 정밀도와 고밀도의 제품을 생산할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다[3-5]. 이러한 장점을 활용하여 환자맞춤 인체 삽입형 의료부품 및 고성능 열 교환기와 같은 의료산업 및 각종 산업분야를 포함한 매우 광범위한 분야에서 활발히 연구되고 있다[6,7]. AM 산업에서 활용되는 금속은 대표적으로 스테인리스 스틸, 티타늄, 알루미늄 등이 있다[8]. 그 중 AM 기술을 이용하여 티타늄 소재의 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 티타늄 및 티타늄 합금은 높은 비강도, 우수한 생체적합성 및 높은 내부식성의 특성을 가지고 있고[9], 이러한 장점을 활용하여 생물 의학 및 항공 우주 분야에 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 티타늄 소재의 경우 대표적인 난삭성 소재이기 때문에, 일반적인 가공방식(선반, 밀링)의 절삭가공을 할 경우 절삭공구에 용착 현상이 쉽게 발생하며 고속가공 시 표면경화가 발생하는 등 다양한 문제점으로 가공이 어렵다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 또한 고부가가치 산업인 항공/우주, 생체소재로 사용되는 제품의 경우 복잡한 형상으로 인하여 티타늄 소재 성형에 대한 어려움을 가지고 있다. 더 나아가 의료 제품으로 사용되는 Ti-6Al-4V 합금의 경우 상업용 순수 티타늄 (Commercially Pure Titanium : CP-Ti)의 비해 아주 우수한 기계적 물성치를 지니고 있지만 인체에 유해한 알루미늄과 바나듐이 유출될 수 있는 가능성이 있고[10], 특히 알루미늄은 알츠하이머 병을 유발할 수 있다고 보고되고 있다[11,12]. 이러한 문제점을 극복하고자 AM 기술을 접목하여 인체에 유해한 알루미늄과 바나듐이 포함되어 있지 않은 CP-Ti에 대한 공정개발연구가 진행되고 있다. 일반적으로 AM 기술로 제조된 CP-Ti의 기계적 특성은 국부적으로 반복되는 급속 냉각 및 가열 공정을 통해 발생하는 Thermal shock에 의해 발생된 잔류응력에 영향을 받는다[13,14]. 일부 조건에서는, 마르텐사이트 미세 조직 형성에 의해 기계적 강도를 향상시킬 수 있어[15], 주조나 단조로 제작된 Ti-6Al-4V 합금의 기계적 물성치에 버금가는 결과를 나타낼 수 있다. 따라서 CP-Ti-소재를 활용한 AM 기술이 의료 산업뿐만 아니라 광범위한 산업에서 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 독성의 알루미늄, 바나듐 등이 포함되어 있지 않은 CP-Ti 소재에 대한 SLM 방식 3D 프린팅 공정최적화에 대해서 연구하였고, 이론적 에너지 밀도 값을 기준으로 공정조건을 설정하여 최적공정영역을 찾아내었다. 그리고 에너지 밀도 별로 미세구조와 상분석, 기계적 특성 분석을 하였고, 레이저 스캔 속도를 레이저 조사 거리 (Point distance: PD)와 레이저 조사 시간 (Exposure time: ET)으로 계산하는 장비 특성을 활용하여 PD, ET에 따른 미세구조를 분석하였다. 또한 도출된 최적공정조건을 바탕으로 인체 삽입형 의료부품을 적층 제조하였다. Selective laser melting (SLM) technique is one of the additive manufacturing processes, in which functional, complex parts can be directly manufactured by selective melting layers of powder. SLM technique has received great attention due to offering a facile part-manufacturing route and utilizing a hard-to-manufacturing material (e.g. Titanium). The SLM process allows the accurate fabrication of near-net shaped parts and the significant reduction in the consumption of raw materials when compared to the traditional manufacturing processes such as casting and/or forging. The SLM processing are typically used to stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and etc. Among them, research on titanium materials is actively promoted using the SLM. Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical and aerospace applications due to titanium high strength-to-weight ratio, good biocompatibility, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, titanium is a typical hard-cutting material, it is difficult to process due to various problems such as the occurrence of welding phenomenon on the cutting tool and the hardening of the surface during high speed machining when the cutting process of the general machining method. Also, in the case of high value-added products such as aerospace and biomaterials, it is difficult to form titanium materials due to complicated shapes. Furthermore, Ti-6Al-4V alloys used in medical products have excellent mechanical properties compared to commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), but the Al and V released from Ti-6Al-4V alloy is possibly toxic to the human body. In particular, Al has been suggested to induce Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the research for using CP–Ti has been conducted in the metal additive manufacturing field. In this study, SLM 3D printing process optimization for CP-Ti material which does not contain toxic aluminum, vanadium, etc. Based on the derived optimal process conditions, the implant medical parts were manufactured. In this study, we demonstrated that the optimization of SLM 3D printing process without the toxic materials(e.g. Al, V). Also, we successfully manufactured of implant medical parts through the our optimized 3D printing process.
열간 비대칭 압연에 의한 알루미늄 6061 합금의 기계적 특성 향상
지구 온난화가 가속화됨에 따라, 탄소 배출량을 줄이기 위해 운송기기에 경량소재가 요구되고 있다. 알루미늄 6061 합금은 높은 비강도로 인해 경량 소재로 주목 받고 있습니다. 그러나 기존 강판에 비해 연신율이 60 ~ 70 %로 낮고 소성이방성이 높기 때문에 열간 가공으로 제품이 생산됩니다. 열간 가공은 제품의 강도를 감소시키고 후 처리로서 인공 시효 처리에 의해 강도가 증가시키게 됩니다. 결과적으로, 낮은 연신율 및 높은 소성이방성이 공정 비용을 상승시킵니다. 알루미늄 합금의 소성 이방성은 전단 변형으로 인해 <111> // ND 텍스처를 발생시킴으로써 감소시킬 수 있습니다. 그러나, 이전 연구에서 연신율은 상온에서 비대칭 압연함으로 현저하게 감소하였습니다. 본 연구에서는 알루미늄 6061 합금에 대해 열간 비대칭 압연하였고 알루미늄 합금의 집합조직과 기계적 특성에 대해 분석하였습니다. 비대칭 압연 온도가 증가함에 따라, 높은 전단 변형으로 인해 ND 방향으로 {111} <112> 집합조직이 발생하였습니다. 생성 된 {111} <112> 집합조직은 소성 변형률 (r-value)을 증가시켰다. 또한 소성 이방성의 값인 Δr이 낮아졌다. 알루미늄 6061 합금의 기계적 특성에 대한 비대칭 열간 압연의 영향을 분석하기 위해, 압연 후 생성 된 석출물, 항복 강도 및 연신률을 분석했습니다. 압연 온도가 상승함에 따라, Mg2Si 석출물이 점차적으로 형성되어 항복 강도를 증가시킨다. 그러나, 압연온도가 350 ℃를 초과하면 회복 및 재결정의 효과로 인해 항복 강도가 감소하고 연신율이 증가하였다. As global warming accelerates, lightweight materials are required for transport to reduce carbon emissions. Aluminum 6061 alloy is attracting attention as a lightweight material due to its high specific strength. However, due to the low elongation of 60~70% compared to the existing steel sheet and high plastic anisotropy, the product is formed by hot working. Hot working reduces the strength of the product, and the strength is increased by artificial aging treatment as a post-treatment. As a result, low elongation and high plastic anisotropy increase the process cost. The plastic anisotropy of this aluminum alloy can be reduced by developing a <111>//ND texture due to shear deformation. In previous studies, however, the elongation decreased significantly with asymmetrical rolling at room temperature. In this study, asymmetric hot rolling was performed on aluminum 6061 alloy, and the effect of asymmetric hot rolling on the texture and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy was investigated. In addition, the effects of the texture and mechanical properties of aluminum 6061 alloy which was performed to asymmetric hot rolling on the formability and plastic anisotropy were analyzed. As the asymmetrical rolling temperature increased, {111} <112> texture developed in the ND direction due to the high shear strain. The generated {111} <112> texture resulted in an increase in the plastic strain ratio(r-value). In addition, Δr, value of plastic anisotropy, was lowered. In order to analyze the effect of asymmetric hot rolling on the mechanical properties of aluminum 6061 alloy, the precipitates, yield strength and elongation produced after rolling were analyzed. As the rolling temperature rose, Mg2Si precipitates gradually formed to increase the yield strength. However, when the roll was more than 350℃, the yield strength decreased and the elongation increased due to the effect of recovery and recrystallization.
AZ31합금위에 RF-CVD법에 의한 Si-DLC 코팅층의 미세구조 및 물성에 관한 연구
송우진 忠南大學校 産業大學院 2012 국내석사
본 연구에서는 RF-PECVD를 이용하여 마그네슘 합금(AZ31)위에 코팅 조건에 따라 DLC 및 Si-DLC 코팅 한 후 형성된 박막층의 모재와의 계면특성을 HRTEM(High Resolution Transmision Electromicroscope)으로 고찰하고, 코팅 전·후의 기계적 특성, 마모특성 및 부식거동을 비교해 보고자 하였다. In this study, we investigated the properties and microstructual changes after the coating of Si-DLC layers on AZ31 alloys by RF-CVD coating process. The characteristic of Si-DLC films were evaluated by various techniques including high resolution transmission electromicros cope, micro raman spectroscope, nano indentation, potentiostat/galanos tat, and revetest dynamic scratch adhesion tester.
비대칭압연이 시효처리된 Al-Mg-Si 합금의 기계적 특성과 성형성에 미치는 영향
Al-Mg-Si alloy was rolled asymmetrically at several temperatures to apply shear deformation, and the effects of the initial precipitate on shear deformation, texture evolution, formability, and plastic anisotropy were studied. Texture was analyzed using a EBSD, and the formability and plastic anisotropy of the specimen were evaluated using the value and value calculated from the plastic strain ratio (r-value) which was determined from the change in the length of the specimen during tensile deformation. Asymmetric rolling induces a larger equivalent strain than symmetric rolling, and the equivalent strain increases as the asymmetric rolling temperature increases. When a specimen with peak-aged initial precipitates was asymmetrically rolled, less shear deformation occurred at room temperature than in a solution-treated specimen without initial precipitates. In contrast, a larger shear deformation occurred at high temperatures (500℃). With asymmetric rolling at room temperature, the specimens without initial precipitates had higher formability and lower plasticity, while for asymmetric rolling at high temperature, the specimens with initial precipitates had higher formability and lower plastic anisotropy. This is due to the <111>//ND texture, such as {111}<110> and {111}<112> orientation that has similar and high r-values at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the rolling direction, developed by the shear deformation that occurred during asymmetric rolling.
기계학습을 적용한 마르텐사이트 조직의 재구성 및 이미지 분석
In terms of automated reconstruction of the prior austenite grains from as-quenched martensitic structure, we applied a deep learning algorithm to recognize prior austenite grains boundaries hidden in the martensitic matrix. The FC-DenseNet architecture based on FCN (fully convolutional networks) was used to train the martensite and ground truth label of the prior austenite grain boundaries. The original martensite structures and prior austenite grain boundaries were prepared using different chemical etching solutions. The initial detection rate of PAGS was as low as 37.1%, which is not suitable for quantifying the basic properties of the microstructure such as grain size or grain boundary area. By changing the weight factor of the neural net loss function and increasing the size of the data set, the detection rate was improved up to 56.1%. Even if the detection rate reaches 50% or more, the quality of the reconstructed PAGS was not comparable to the analytically calculated results based on EBSD measurements and crystallographic orientation relationships. The prior austenite grain size data sets were obtained from the martensite samples via the FC-DenseNet method, and have a linear correlation with the mechanical properties measured in the same samples. In order to improve the accuracy of the detection rate obtained using neural networks, it is necessary to increase the number of neural networks and data sets.
무전해도금에 의해 제조된 CF/Cu 복합재료의 열적, 기계적 특성에 관한 연구
구리기지에 저렴하고 분산이 용이한 탄소단섬유를 강화상으로 첨가하여 CF/Cu 복합재료를 제조하였으며 탄소단섬유의 분율과 배열방향에 따른 열적,기계적 변화를 연구하였다. 무전해도금법에 의해 CF 표면에 구리가 코팅된 CF/Cu 복합분말을 핫프레싱함에 의해 CF/Cu 복합재료가 제조되었다. CF/Cu 복합재료의 열전도도는 in-plane 방향에서 CF분율이 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 15%이상에서는 감소하였는데 이는 CF의 뭉침에 의한 phonon 산란 증가가 열확산도를 저하시켰기 때문이다. 열팽창계수는 CF의 부피분율이 증가함에따라 in-plane 방향에서는 감소하고 through-plane 방향에서는 증가하였는데 이는 CF 장축의 열팽창계수가 구리기지보다 작고 단축의 열팽창계수는 구리기지보다 크기 때문이다. 열전도도가 복합재료 내 CF의 뭉침현상에 의해 크게 좌우되는 반면에, 열팽창계수는 CF의 뭉침 현상에 의한 영향보다 CF의 배향성에 더 큰 영향을 받는다. 인장강도는 열전도도와 같이 in-plane 방향에서 CF분율이 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 15% 이상에서는 감소하였는데, 이는 CF의 뭉침현상에 의한 결과이다. 압축강도는 CF의 부피분율이 증가함에 따라 in-plane 방향과 through-plane방향에서 각 방향에서의 강도의 대비가 큰 것을 확인 할 수 있었는데, 이는 압축 하중이 가해질 때 배열된 CF의 배향성 차이에 의한 결과로 사료되며 in-plane 방향의 경우 압축하중이 가해지면 강화재(CF)의 회전이 일어나며 CF와 Cu 계면 사이에서 균열이 전파되었기 때문이며 through-plane 방향에서는 강화재(CF)의 파단을 통한 균열의 전파가 진행되었기 때문이다. 인장강도가 복합재료 내 CF의 뭉침현상에 의해 크게 좌우되는 반면에, 압축강도는 CF의 배향성에 더 큰 영향을 받음을확인 할 수 있었다. Cu matrix composites reinforced with chopped carbon fiber (CF), which is cost effective and well dispersed, were fabricated using electroless plating and hot pressing, and the effects of content and alignment of CF on the thermal and mechanical properties of CF/Cu composites were studied. Thermal conductivity of CF/Cu composite increased with CF content in the in-plane direction, but it decreased above 10% CF, which was due to reduction of thermal diffusivity related with phonon scattering by agglomeration of CF. The coefficient of thermal expansion decreased in the in-plane direction and increased in the through-plane direction as the CF content increased. This was because the coefficient of thermal expansion of the long axis of CF is smaller than that of the Cu matrix, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of its short axis is larger than that of the Cu matrix. The thermal conductivity was greatly influenced by the agglomeration of CF in the CF/Cu composite, whereas the coefficient of thermal expansion was more influenced by the alignment of CF than the aggregation of CF. Tensile strength of CF/Cu composite increased with CF content in the in-plane direction, but it decreased above 10% CF, which was due to reduction of agglomeration of CF. As for the compressive strength, it was confirmed that the strength contrast in each direction was large as the volume fraction of CF increased. This was thought to be a result of the difference in orientation of the arranged CF when a compressive load was applied. In the in-plane direction, when a compressive load was applied, the reinforcing material (CF) rotate and crack propagate between the CF and Cu interface. This was because, in-plane direction, the propagation of cracks through the fracture of the reinforcing material (CF) proceeded. It can be confirmed that the tensile strength is greatly influenced by the aggregation of CF in the composite material, whereas the compressive strength is more affected by the orientation of CF.