韓國形 船舶建造保險國文約款 開發에 관한 硏究

김창진 韓國海洋大學校 大學院 2015 국내석사

슬라이딩 모드 관측기를 이용한 매입자석 동기 전동기 센서리스 제어에 관한 연구

이학철 부경대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

본 연구는 매입자석 동기전동기의 센서리스 제어를 위한 슬라이딩 모드 관측기에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 전동기의 위치 정보를 엔코더나 레졸버와 같은 센서를 사용하지 않고 슬라이딩 모드 관측기를 사용하여 매 제어 주기 마다 회전자의 위치정보를 추정하였다. MATLAB/Simulink를 이용하여 매입자석 동기전동기의 속도 제어 블록을 설계하고 속도제어 블록 안에 슬라이딩 모드 관측기를 설계하여 시뮬레이션을 하였다. 또한 실험을 통하여 모터의 3000rpm 구동과 제어조건을 만족하였다. 시뮬레이션과 실험에 적용된 매입자석 동기전동기는 600W 급이다. 속도 지령과 부하토크를 바꾸었을 때, 위치와 속도 추정 오차가 발생한다. 그러나, 그 오차들은 작아서 모터를 구동하는데 거의 영향을 받지 않는다. 만족할만한 구동 특성은 슬라이딩 모드 관측기의 각항들인 q축의 인턱턴스와 전기자 저항 값을 실제 구동 모터에 존재하는 값과 일치 시키면 된다. 그러나, 운전특성의 불안전을 야기 시킬 수 있으므로 관측기의 각 항들을 신중하게 선택하여야 한다. 특히 인턱턴스 값을 신중히 선택하여야 될 것이다. 향후 과제로는 현재 실험의 조건은 초기 기동시 회전자를 특정 위치에 고정 시켜놓고 기동을 하는 방법을 제안하고 있지만 초기 기동시에 회전자를 특정 위치에 고정 시키지 않고 회전 자계를 이용하여 어느 위치에서든지 초기 기동을 할 수 있는 알고리즘 개발이 필요하다. Recently brushless type permanent magnet synchronous motor is replacing the most common brush type motor in the automotive industry. Brush type DC motors have brush friction loss and noise, and the brush has limits of durability. Compared to DC brush motor, brushless permanent magnet synchronous motor has high efficiency and less noisy performance. To apply field oriented control of a brushless permanent magnet synchronous motors, it is required to know rotor position information. Commonly encoders or resolvers are used to know the position. These sensors has disadvantages of spacing and high cost problems. This paper presents the sliding mode observer for sensorless control of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. The sliding mode observer has been presented as a robust estimation method. Most of previous these works, however, were not for interior PMSM (IPMSM), but for non-salient pole PMSM and its observer design is conducted in the stationary reference frame. Thus, in this paper, we investigate the design of the sliding mode observer and its driving characteristics for the IPMSM. The proposed sliding mode observer is designed in the rotating reference frame, and good drive performance is achieved even the observer parameters are mismatched with those of actual motor. The proposed method is applied to a 600W IPMSM, and then the simulation and experiment results are presented.

선박집행의 실효성 확보에 관한 연구 : 선박가압류를 중심으로

정해석 한국해양대학교 대학원, 해사법학과 2016 국내박사

Abstract A Study on Secure to Allow More Effective Arrest of Ships Jeong, Hae Seok Department of Maritime Law The Graduate School of Korea Maritime And Ocean University Due to its geographic characteristics, South Korea has well-developed port facilities and relies on marine transportation for most of its international transportation. Vessels, the key part of international marine transportation, are the subject of many legal disputes. The provisional attachment of foreign vessels is one of the means used by Korean claimants to secure claims that arise from international marine transportation. They are resorting to this practice increasingly frequently in an increasingly tougher shipping market. However, the provisional attachment of foreign ships often proves difficult because of the procedural differences between South Korea and other countries. Therefore, there is a need to improve the domestic system and make it easier for domestic claimants to provisionally attach foreign vessels, by examining the salient points of The International convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952, and The International Convention on Arrest of Ships, 1999, which seek to strengthen the merits of the vessel execution systems of countries and harmonize them. Thus, this paper investigates the problems of the vessel execution system of Korea and identifies five areas for improvement through legislation. First, considering the unique characteristics of vessels—chief among them being the fact that they are in movement—it would be advisable to revise Article 173 of the Civil Execution Act and make it applicable, not only to the attachment of vessels, but also to the provisional attachment of vessels, rather than have Article 278 of the Civil Execution Act govern the matter. A proviso should be added to Article 278 of the Civil Execution Act, stipulating that “Article 173 shall apply to the provisional attachment of a vessel,” and the phrase “at the time of attachment” of Article 173 should be changed to “at the time when attachment takes effect”. With this amendment, the court with jurisdiction over the scheduled destination port would have jurisdiction over the vessel before its arrival, provided that the vessel’s ETA report has been filed. Second, it would not be untoward to allow the local court to exercise international juridical jurisdiction, in view of the fact that there is no reasonable ground to believe that it would be unfair to the owner of the vessel, or that it would cause delays in the trial; and that it is not impossible to recover claims on the final ruling of the court as long as the foreign vessel is located in Korea. Thus, Article 14 of the Civil Procedure, which governs maritime competence, should have a second section that sets forth that “the jurisdiction court shall have marital competence in a case where provisional attachment is in effect for a foreign vessel or the claimant provides cash or a P&I Club letter of guarantee.” This would allow claimants to file lawsuits in Korea through provisional attachment of vessels. Third, there have been no cases where a motion for the attachment of a vessel was denied because of conflicting interpretations of Article 744 of the Korean Commercial Code. Deleting Article 744, which imposes restricting conditions on the provisional attachment of a vessel, would not hurt the cargo interests, either, because the increased sophistication and the development of communications technology have made it fairly easy to procure substitute vessels, or release provisional seizures by providing security. In addition, the global legislative trend is to eliminate restrictions on the attachment of vessels that are ready for departure. It seems to be desirable that Article 744 should be deleted, from the viewpoint of both equity between Continental and Anglo-American law and of practical considerations. Fourth, in the case of maintenance and preservation measures, large costs may occur, sometimes in excess of the claim, hurting the claimant’s interests. In addition, a number of factors can make it difficult to obtain a ship’s certificate of registry. 1). When the execution officer requests that the master of vessel provide the certificate, the master may refuse to furnish the document. And it will be difficult for the officer to search the ship and find the document on his own. 2) Even if the execution officer has obtained the certificate, he may be reluctant to keep the document for fear that he might lose it. 3) When the claimant withdraws the provisional attachment, speedy departure will be difficult for the ship because it takes considerable time to retrieve the certificate. While a Korean vessel can be provisionally attached by change of registry, this can’t prevent the movement of the vessel. This circumstance can give rise to new legal relations such as maritime lien, potentially eliminating the benefits of the efforts to preserve the claims. Thus, Article 712 of the old Civil Procedure Code should be revived. Fifth, P&I Club letters of guarantee should be recognized for Korean vessels, too, in order to allow the shipowner to release and operate the vessel as soon as possible, provided that the terms and conditions of Article 13 of the Act on the Procedure for Limiting the Liability of Shipowners and the basic conditions for providing the letter of guarantee which used in the industry are met. Therefore, a new clause should be created in Article 299 of the Civil Execution Act (Revocation of Execution of Provisional Attachment), stipulating that “Clause 2 of Article 181 shall apply to the provisional attachment of a vessel.” This revision would be based on Article 13 of the Act on the Procedure for Limiting the Liability of Shipowners and the common practice in the provision of letters of guarantee. Furthermore, Clause 2 of Article 181 shou

스마트 신발용 에너지 하베스팅 모듈을 위한 전력변환장치 해석

강지수 부경대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

Energy harvesting technology refers to energy recycling technologies that collect wasted energy such as light energy, thermal energy and kinetic energy and generate electric energy. Energy harvesting technology is drawing attention as an alternative to solving the battery problem of small electronic devices. A lot of research has been conducted worldwide. Among them, research has been conducted on how to use kinetic energy by human walking. This paper introduces analysis of power conversion device of energy harvesting module for smart shoes. The boost converter uses switching elements to increase the output voltage by changing the duty ratio of a PWM signal. Therefore, circuit analysis of the boost converter must be performed to obtain the desired output voltage. The analysis of the boost converter makes it possible to design the boost converter circuit. To validate analysis of the boost converter, simulation results using Matlab/Simulink and PSIM and experimental results are presented.

3-Methylcholanthrene Induces Phenotypic Change Associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BNL CL.2, Epithelial Liver Cells

오지윤 부산대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well known as carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens. However, the effects of PAHs on carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. A tumorigenic liver cell line BNL 1MEA.7R.1 (1MEA) transformed by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) from a non-tumorigenic liver cells BNL CL.2 (BNL). QPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis were used to determine the expression level of miRNA, mRNA and proteins. To identify functionality, cell motility was assessed by using a transwell migration assay. Both mRNA and protein levels of epithelial marker E-cadherin were significantly decreased in 1MEA cells in comparison with BNL cells. The expression levels of mesenchymal markers and related transcription factors were enhanced in 1MEA cells accompanied with increased cell motility. Furthermore, 1MEA cells showed the decreased expression of both miRNA-34 family and miRNA-200 family, which could explain the enhanced levels of EMT activating transcription factors. Interestingly, Twist was most increased in 1MEA cells and knockdown of this gene blocked cell motility significantly, suggesting that the phenotype of 1MEA could be mediated by Twist. Taken together, these results indicate that the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be activated during premalignant transformation induced by 3-MC through increased Twist. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)와 같은 환경오염 물질은 암의 발생과 진행에 관여하고 있다. 그러나 carcinogenesis에서 PAHs의 역할은 아직 많이 알려져 있지 않다. 환경오염 물질 중에 하나인 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)는 PAHs 계열에서 강력한 carcinogenesis를 일으키는 물질이다. 많은 연구에서 carcinogenesis를 일으키는 물질 중에 하나이며, 3-MC의 역할에 대해서 많이 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구의 목표는 암의 발생과 진행 과정에서 3-MC가 어떤 역할을 하는지 EMT현상에 초점을 맞추었다. Mouse non-tumorigenic liver cell인 BNL CL.2 (BNL)에 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)에 의해 transformation된 mouse cancer cell인 BNL 1MEA. 7R.1 (1MEA)을 이용하여 두 type들들을 비교해 본 결과 E-cadherin, EpCAM의 발현이 RNA, protein 모두 1MEA에서 상당히 감소해 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그에 반해 vimentin, fibronectin과 같은 mesenchymal marker의 발현은 1MEA에 상당히 증가해 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Epithelial marker를 downregulation하고 mesenchymal marker의 upregulation을 유도하는 transcription factor인 Slug, Snail, Twist, Zeb1, Zeb2를 BNL과 1MEA에서 비교해 본 결과 1MEA에서 높게 발현하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 Twist가 BNL과 1MEA에서 많은 차이를 보였다. EMT를 일으키는 transcription를 저해시키는 miRNA-200 family와 miRNA-34 family의 발현이 1MEA에서 낮게 발현되었다. EMT-ATFs 중에서 가장 차이가 많이 보였던 Twist를 Knockdown 시켰을 때 변화를 확인해 본 결과 siTwist를 이용해 EMT를 유도하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. BNL에 3-MC를 처리하면 1MEA에 같은 현상이 발생하는지를 확인하기 위해서 7일간 처리한 결과 E-cadherin이 감소하고 vimentin이 증가하였다. 결론적으로 3-MC에 의해서 epithelial 형태를 mesenchymal 형태로 변화시키며 EMT-ATFs 중에서 Twist의 발현 증가가 매개되어짐을 시사한다.

Adriamycin resistance induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Slug transcriptional factor in MCF-7 cells

유미라 부산대학교 대학원 2014 국내석사

Adriamycin is currently used for the therapy of breast cancer patients, but acquired resistance to adriamycin is a critical problem in breast cancer therapy. Recent studies suggested that induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) might confer both metastatic properties to breast tumor cells resulting in drug resistance and tumor recurrence. The goal of this research is to examine gene expression change involved with adriamycin resistance in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cells, especially, focused on EMT phenomenon. E-cadherin, which is epithelial marker, was significantly decreased, however, the mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin showed a clear increase, implicating adriamycin resistance induces EMT-like phenotypical changes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. To investigate target transcription factors which are involved in EMT, it is determined the gene expression of Slug, Snail, Twist, Zeb1, and Zeb2, leading to downregulation of epithelial marker and upregulation of mesenchymal markers. Importantly, MCF-7/ADR cells predominantly express the Slug which is a member of the Snail family of C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor. In addition, the knockdown of Slug in MCF-7/ADR cells significantly recovered the epithelial characteristics. Collectively, these findings suggest that Slug could play an important role in acquiring adriamycin resistance in MCF-7 cells.

Per2 Deletion Aggravates Fasting-induced Metabolic Changes in Hepatic Sulfur Containing Substances

이소민 부산대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

Short-term fasting of mice involves systemic metabolic remodeling, which has a significant effect on the level of endogenous metabolites. In particular, hepatic lipid accumulation is known to be a representative phenomenon of metabolic adaptation to fasting. Period circadian clock 2 (Per2), known as clock gene, plays a central role in the circadian rhythm to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Sulfur-containing amino acids and metabolites are essential to maintain antioxidant activity and biological function. This study was conducted to examine the effect of Per2 deletion on metabolic changes of sulfur-containing substances in the liver of 24 hours fasted mice. No change in the level of hepatic methionine and cysteine was observed, and that a significant decrease in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and glutathione was induced in the liver of wild-type mice after 24 hours fasting. Notably, Per2 deletion significantly aggravated the decrease in SAM and triglyceride accumulation observed in the liver of 24 hours fasted mice. SAM to S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, an indicator of transmethylation activity, was significantly decreased in the liver of Per2-/- mice compared with that of wild-type mice, which induces the downregulation of expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase to synthesize phosphatidylcholine. This led to a decrease triglyceride in the serum. Lipid accumulation in the liver increased, which could also be confirmed by Perilipin 2. These results suggest that the decreased export of free fatty acids could contribute to higher lipid accumulation in the liver of Per2-/- mice than that of wild-type mice after 24 hours fasting.

해난구조계약상 한국형 해양환경손해특별보상약관(KSCOPIC) 제정에 관한 연구

김대래 한국해양대학교 2018 국내박사

해난구조가 필요한 해난사고 발생 시 세계적으로 정형화된 표준 계약서인 LOF (Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement) 해난구조 계약서가 1892년에 제정ˑ공포된 이후에 널리 사용되고 있다. 1960년과 1970년대에 해운업이 급격히 발전하면서 대형 유조선이 등장 하였고, 유조선박의 사고 시에 극심한 해양오염사고를 초래하여 환경의 오염방지, 경감에도 관심을 기울이게 되었다. 그 취지에서 1892년에 최초로 제정·공표된 이후에 1972년까지 몇 차례 소폭으로 개정을 이루어 오던 표준계약서인 LOF 해난구조계약서는 거대한 오염사고를 경험하면서 환경손해방지·경감을 위하여 전통적인 불성공 무보수(No Cure No Pay)의 기본원칙에 문제가 제기되었다. 이 문제의 조치로 유류가 적재된 유조선에 만 안전망(Safety Net)을 적용하였다. 이후 안전망(Safety Net)을 전 선박으로 확대적용하기 위하여 1989년 해난구조에 관한 국제협약 (이하 1989년 국제구조협약 이라고 한다)의 제14조가 채택되었다. 그러나 1989년 국제구조협약 제14조에 의한 특별보상을 시행함에 있어 불편함과 Nagasaki Spirit와 같은 판결에 대한 우려가 있었다. 그러한 문제점과 법적인 분쟁의 가능성을 감소시키고 특별보상액의 산정을 단순화하기 위하여 선주상호보험(P&] Clubs)과 국제구조연맹(ISU) 회원을 주축으로 1989년 국제구조협약 제14조 특별보상을 선택적으로 대신 할 SCOPIC약관이 탄생하게 되었다. 또한, SCOPIC약관에는 약관의 효용 극대화와 구조현장의 시시각각 진행사항을 확인 및 검토하고 구조업자를 도와 성공적인 구조가 될 수 있도록 하는 임무를 지닌 SCR제도가 포함되어 있었고, 이를 지속적으로 활용하고 있다. 우리나라의 주요 주변국인 중국과 일본의 해난구조 산업의 현황과 자체적인 SCOPIC약관과 SCR제도의 도입·입법 관련하여 검토한 결과 중국은 SCOPIC약관보다는 중국여건에 적합한 SCR제도를 도입에 대한 회의를 2016년에 이미 실시하였고, 일본은 이미 2005년부터 기존의 JSE해난구조계약서 (The Documentary Committee of The Japan Shipping Exchange, Inc.)에 자체적인 SCOPIC약관과 같은 성격의 특별보수약관(Special Remuneration Clause)과 SCR제도를 제정하여 사용하고 있다. 우리나라는 상대적으로 해난사고가 많이 발생하지 않기 때문에, 구조적으로 해난구조의 수요가 상대적으로 적다. 우리나라는 수중작업 및 선박운항관련인력이 대부분이고, 조선기사 등 전문기술인력은 상대적으로 종사율이 상당히 낮다. 무엇보다도 현행 상법은 1989년 국제구조협약 제14조의 특별보상 제도를 수용하여 환경손해 방지·경감에 대한 특별보상에 대하여 규정하였다. 그러나 1989년국제구조협약 제14조의 특별보상을 실행함에 따른 문제점에 대한 해결방안이 SCOPIC약관과 약관에 포함된 SCR제도의 시도조차 없고, 이를 적용할 LOF해난구조계약서와 같은 정형화된 자체적인 해난구조계약서 조차도 없다. 다종다양한 선박으로 부터의 유류오염사고 등으로 인하여 상당한 해양오염과 환경손해에 따른 피해가 발생되는 것을 이미 경험한 바 있다. 이러한 환경오염방지·경감과 성공적인 해난구조를 위하여 우리나라의 여건에 실질적으로 적합하고 필요한 자체적인 한국형 SCOPIC약관의 제정과 입법화가 절실히 필요하다. The LOF(Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement) salvage contract, a formalized global contract suitable for the nature of maritime salvage in the event of a marine accident requiring salvage operation, has been widely used since it was enacted and promulgated in 1892. In the 1960s and 1970s, the rapid growth of the shipping industry led to the emergence of large oil tankers, which caused severe marine pollution accidents in the event of such vessels' accident, thereby it was becoming to pay attention to the prevention and minimizing of environmental pollution/damage. The LOF contract that was first enacted and promulgated in 1892. The standard form of agreement that has been revised several times until 1972. As result of the massive pollution accidents, there was some issue on the principle of LOF contract (No Cure No Pay). Thereafter, as a solution to such a problem, a safety net was applied only to oil tankers loaded with oil. In order to extend this safety net to all vessels, it was eventually adopted as Article 14(Special Compensation) of the International Convention on Salvage 1989. However, there were inconvenience and particular concerns on the judgment of the ‘Nagasaki Spirit’in practicing the Article 14(Special Compensation) of the International Convention on Salvage 1989, so that P&I Clubs and ISU Members were required to minimize the likelihood of such legal disputes and to simplify matters of special compensation. As a result, the selective SCOPIC Agreement in order to replace the Article 14 (Special Compensation) of the International Convention on Salvage 1989 was born. The SCR system which has to maximize the utility of SCOPIC and confirming and reviewing the progress of the salvage operation at site, and assisting Salvage Master in order to make a successful salvage operation, was also included in the SCOPIC. As a result of reviewing status of the salvage industry in the neighbored country China and Japan as well as their own SCOPIC and SCR system, China had a trial to introduce its own SCR system rather than SCOPIC, and Japan has introduced and enacted its own SCOPIC (Special Remuneration Clause) and SCR system already in the own JSE contract. Since there was no considerable numbers of the maritime accidents happening in Korean waters, the demand for Salvage market has been relatively small. Also there are not so many professional salvage engineers or naval architectures, but mainly divers and merchant ship operators only. Most of all, the current Korean Commercial Law has only adopted the special compensation of Article 14 of the International Convention on Salvage 1989, stipulating special compensation for environmental damage prevention. However, there has been no even a trial for establishing own SCOPIC clause and SCR system, which are essential for solving the difficulty and inconvenience in respect of practicing the rule of the special compensation. What is the more worse is that there is no contract of the same type as the LOF contract to be incorporated with the SCOPIC clause. We have already experienced considerable marine pollutions and environmental damage resulting from the various maritime casualty. In order to prevent and/or minimize environmental pollution and to achieve the successful salvage operation, it is essentially necessary to establish and legislate own SCOPIC clause for Korea salvage market and circumstances.

Effect of polyhexamethyleneguanidine on hepatic redox homeostasis through ER stress-mediated glutathione depletion

김소현 부산대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

Polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) is a widely used polymeric antimicrobial agent to induce significant pulmonary toxicity. Several studies have reported that the liver also can be a target organ of PHMG toxicity, but the exact effect of this compound on liver cells is not well understood. To determine the effect of PHMG on the liver, 1.5 mg/kg PHMG-phosphate (PHMG-P) was intratracheally instilled to rats. Although lung injury was significantly induced by PHMG-P treatment, serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and liver histological analysis showed no significant changes compared to control group. Interestingly, PHMG-P treatment induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein oxidation, accompanied with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. These results implicate that intratracheal instillation of PHMG-P affects liver homeostasis through both ER- and oxidative stress without liver damage. To identify the effect of PHMG-P on ER stress in the liver, HepG2 liver cells were exposed to PHMG-P for 72 h. The increases observed in C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), p-IRE, and p-JNK levels in PHMG-P-treated cells indicated the induction of ER stress. To verify the role of ER stress in PHMG-P-induced cytotoxicity, HepG2 cells were pretreated with the chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and then co-treated with TUDCA and PHMG-P for 24 h. TUDCA inhibited PHMG-P-induced ER stress and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ER stress induced by PHMG-P treatment might be an important mechanism for mediating hepatic dysfunction. To determine whether ER stress without tissue injury affects redox homeostasis in the liver, mice were treated with tunicamycin (TM) (2 mg/kg body weight) for 48 h to induce ER stress in the liver and examined the metabolic pathway that synthesizes the endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH). TM treatment significantly increased mRNA levels of CHOP and GRP78 in the liver. Lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue also increased from TM treatment, which reflects an imbalance between generation of reactive substances and antioxidant capacity. To examine the involvement of GSH synthetic pathway, it was determined the metabolomic changes of sulfur amino acids in the liver. TM significantly decreased hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration in the methionine cycle. The levels of cysteine in the liver were increased, while taurine concentration was maintained and GSH levels profoundly decreased. These results suggest that abnormal cysteine metabolism by TM treatment caused a decrease in GSH, followed by an induction of oxidative stress in the liver. In HepG2 cells, decreased GSH levels were observed by TM or PHMG-P treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, pretreatment with TM or PHMG-P in HepG2 cells exacerbated the cytotoxic effects of tert-butyl hydroperoxide or hydroperoxide. In conclusion, PHMG-P-induced ER stress was accompanied by oxidative stress via reducing the GSH synthesis, which made the liver more susceptible to additional oxidative stress. Keywords: PHMG, Lung, Liver, ER stress, Oxidative stress, Glutathione

선박 건조계약상 선수금환급보증서에 관한 연구

김진용 한국해양대학교 2012 국내석사

It takes considerable amount of time for a Shipbuilder to build a ship and deliver it to a Buyer, the cost of which can range from hundreds to tens of millions of dollars. Shipbuilding are carried out by making payments by a Buyer in installments, which can lead to virtual insolvency and subsequently bankruptcy or corporate rehabilitation procedure if the Shipbuilder's financial structure would deteriorate during shipbuilding process, not to mention potential danger of the Shipbuilder's debtors (other than the Buyer) motioning for forcible execution against the Shipbuilder's properties including the not-yet-complete ship itself. In such cases the Buyer, who paid huge sum of construction price in installments, bears a risk of losing the possibility of exercising his/her rights. If a Buyer signed a shipbuilding contract with a small-to-middle sized Shipbuilders, the Buyer needs to figure out a suitable way to remove such a risk, although it wouldn't be the case if the other party is a super-sized Shipbuilder with ample resources for payment. Therefore, if the Shipbuilders does not comply with the conditions set forth in the ship building contract or the ship cannot be complete due to other causes, the Buyer will demand refund of the advances. And the Buyer will demand 'Refund Guarantee' issued by a financial institute, as a security for advance refund. However, due to global economic crisis in 2008, financial health of small-to-middle sized Shipbuilders deteriorated along with collapse of BDI, HR indexes and shrinking market for newly-built ships, which led to elevated concern for cancellation of shipbuilding orders placed by those Shipbuilders. This factor worked in tandem with profit deterioration caused by high steel plate price and resulted in more rigid review standard implemented by increasing number of financial institutes when issuing Refund Guarantees. Issuing Refund Guarantees has become more difficult especially due to elevated concern for over-investment in equipment followed by excessive supply, as most small-to-middle sized Shipbuilders entered into the market after 2006. This led to drastic decrease in the number of contracts signed and orders placed, and the concern for excessive supply caused by concentration of small-to middle Shipbuilders equipment investment was another reason for avoiding issuance of Refund Guarantees for advances. Possible risks generated by a financial institute issuing Refund Guarantee to a Shipbuilder (especially those risks which might lead to subrogation of the advances already paid) are construction defect on the part of the Shipbuilder, deferred delivery caused by deferred completion and bankruptcy of the Shipbuilder. For Shipbuilders with unhealthy cash flow caused by decreased number of orders and impractical equipment investment, risks such as deferred delivery and bankruptcy are working as the reasons for their failure to acquire Refund Guarantees, which again leads to even more deteriorated cash flow, completing a vicious circle. As long as the current financial instability and drastic decrease of new orders continue, that vicious circle can drive some builders - with insufficient construction/financial resources - into restructuring, which in turn leads to increased risks borne by financial institutes. In legal sense, Refund Guarantee is an independent bank guarantee identical to Performance Guarantee used by abroad construction companies or plants exportation. When a beneficiary demands payment, the guaranty bank must pay the amount regardless of the ship building contract. As charter parties were terminated and ship prices plummeted due to recession of maritime business, there occurred many cases where a Buyer abuse such independence of Refund Guarantee by cancelling the contract and requesting the payment. Many a small-to-middle Shipbuilders are going into bankruptcy because of decreased order following shipbuilding recession, and their difficulty is increased by disputes regarding past Shipbuilding Contracts. The financial institutes' refusal to issue guarantees drove small-to-middle Shipbuilders into grave emergency, which led to restructuring efforts made by those Shipbuilders. However, guarantee insurance for advance refund became a big issue as it dragged down such efforts, which led to contrasting consequences for the banks and insurance companies. As a provision for the possibility of abusing the irrevocable of Refund Guarantee by making wrongful payment request, one needs to have Refund Guarantee Insurance. Especially, characteristics of Refund Guarantee itself necessitate further investigation, as they lead to possible disputes and problems generated by fraudulent request, which actually occur more often than not. Therefore, I argues that there is a great need of research on theories and cases from outside of Korea. Also, while a range of causes can be listed regarding disputes in financial institutes as to who is responsible for advance Refund Guarantee problems, I thinks that the most important cause is the failure to include in the creditors group those insurers and reinsurance companies of advance Refund Guarantees. The existing research on payment of advances refund and methods to retain ensuing indemnity rights is far from being sufficient. Actually, there has been no detailed counter-plan against incidents of insolvency caused by such factors as Shipbuilders' bankruptcy. In this paper, I would like to review several issues surrounding Refund Guarantees which provides vital and significant function for ship building contracts and hinder it at the same time and make suggestions for ways to cope with those issues. I hope this paper will contribute to facilitating successful completion of ship building business and elevating competitiveness of Shipbuilders.