미디어 의존 이론에서 본 스마트폰 뉴스 이용자의 이용 행태 : 속보 알림을 중심으로

권혁우 동국대학교 2015 국내석사

With the popularity of smart phone and introduction of media dependency theory, we try to empirically verify media dependency theory and to analyze characteristics of users of prompt announcement and how for prompt announcement to behavior in media dependency theory. For the purpose we conduct a online survey of 146 people and test study hypotheses. Findings are as followers. Fist, while action in personal dependency has negative effect on, but understanding in social dependency has positive effect on usage of prompt announcement. Second, we find that understanding in social dependency has positive effect on cognitive dependency, but there is no evidence to support moderating effect of prompt announcement between characteristics and cognitive effect of media dependency. Third, while there is positive effect of understanding in personal dependency, and understand and interaction in social dependency on emotional dependency effect, but we can not find no significant moderating effect prompt announcement between characteristics and emotional effect of media dependency. Forth, findings show that there is positive effect of understanding in personal dependency, and interaction in social dependency on behavioral dependency effect and significant moderating effect of prompt announcement between characteristics and behavioral effect of media dependency.

불교의 청소년 포교를 위한 SNS 활용 방안에 관한 연구

김범선 동국대학교 2016 국내석사

In South Korea, Buddhism has the highest number of believers as a single religion, followed by Protestantism and Catholicism. However, while Protestantism and Catholicism have a high proportion of young generations among their believers, Buddhist population is aging rapidly due to lack of young belilevers. This suggests Buddhism needs to be propagated among young generations through relevant efforts. The communication One-body model developed by Babin proposes that, in missionary work (religion education), young generations prefer contents that appeal to various senses, focuses more on online network than offline one, and emphasizes free communication. Considering the need to attract younger generations into Buddhism, this study investigated whether social networking service (SNS) can be used for propagating the religion among young generations and what improvements must be made in order to do so, based on the communication One-body model proposed by Babin. A pretest was conducted by examining Buddhist temples that utilize SNS and those that do not, based on in-depth interview, in order to investigate whether SNS can be used for Buddhist missionary work by appealing to various senses, as proposed by Babin in the communication One-body model, and the role of SNS in modern religious missionary work and possible improvements. The result of this study, based on pretest and in-depth interview, agreed with the communication One-body model, in that SNS enables publishing contents that can appeal to various senses, such as sound, image, video, and text, and free communication through interaction, socialization, expansion of relationship, and bidirectional connection. Therefore, it is useful for delivering and communicating Buddhist creeds to youth and also improving the image of Buddhism from the current image as an old and static religion. Furthermore, it can help activate organized missionary work, which is considered as one of the main problems of Buddhist missionary work today, and increase the sense of belonging among believers. Also, believers can publish interesting contents and encourage physical and mental relaxation through SNS. However, to utilize advantages of SNS for missionary work requires expanded budget and development of interesting contents that can appeal to various senses and, thereby, induce interest of the youth, as well as human resources who can help eliminate the negative images associated with the religion. Most importantly, according to the subjects, the Buddhist organization must recognize utility of SNS and make relevant plans. This study examined a method of attracting young generations to Buddhism through Buddhist missionary work as the Buddhist believers are aging. SNS, which is used by Protestantism and Catholicism for propagating their religion among young generations, can be used by Buddhism for the same purpose as well. This study demonstrated, based on in-depth interview with staff and monks at Buddhist temples, SNS can be used by Buddhism for missionary work.

言論報道에 따른 株式價格의 變化와 對 言論弘報 態度에 대한 事例硏究

박동균 동국대학교 2006 국내석사

본 사례연구는 언론보도가 주식가격에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 언론보도에 민감한 기업의 대 언론 대응 과정 및 태도를 고찰하는데 그 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. 주식가격에 영향을 미치는 여러 변수가 일정하도록 2006년 3월 한달 동안의 기간을 설정하여 삼성전자, KT&G, SK Telecom 등 3개 기업의 주식가격을 해당 일자별 언론보도와의 비교 분석을 통하여 부정적 또는 긍정적인 언론보도가 주식가격의 하락 및 상승에 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 연구한 결과 실제부정적인 언론보도는 주식가격의 하락을 야기할 수 있으며, 긍정적인 언론보도는 주식가격의 상승을 야기할 수 있다는 상관관계를 도출할 수 있었다. 이러한 상관관계를 토대로 기업의 대 언론 대응 활동을 3개 기업의 언론 대응 담당자와의 심층 인터뷰를 통하여 기업의 언론에 대한 인식과 언론에 대한 대응 활동을 파악해본 결과 기업은 대체로 언론에 서운한 감정을 가지고 있으면서도 언론과의 유대관계 증진 및 사실보도 노력 등을 통하여 부정적 언론보도를 최소화하는 활동을 벌이고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. The case study is significant of considering the way how the company, which is susceptible to fluctuations of stock prices, react to published information and how the published information could affect on changes on stock prices. According to the result of comparative analysis of the study that set the fixed fluents which might affect on the stock prices for 1 month (on June 2006) and compared related published information of each companies and its stock prices - Samsung Electronics, KT&G and SK telecom- I concluded that positive published information can be the reason of riseing in stock prices and the negative published information can be the reason of falling in stock prices. From the interviews with the person in charge of public relations in each companies-Samsung Electronics, KT&G and SK Telecom-based on the interrelationship we investigated, I was able to ascertain that the companies endeavor to minimize publicizing negative information about themselves by making a correct report, stepping up mutual cooperative ties with mass-media nevertheless mostly they experience unfair treatment from the mass media.

포털 사이트 뉴스 서비스의 이용과 만족에 관한 연구

이영희 동국대학교 2006 국내석사

포털 뉴스 서비스는 새로운 형태의 게이트키핑과 편집, 그리고 뉴스 작성법 등을 만들어내며 저널리즘의 변화를 만들어가고 있다. 이에 포털 사이트 언론활동의 특수성을 ‘포털 저널리즘(portal journalism)’이라는 새로운 개념으로 만들어내기도 했다. 포털의 뉴스 서비스는 뉴스 소비뿐만 아니라 그 영향력 또한 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이런 매체 특성의 변화가 비단 매체 발전에 긍정적인 것만은 아니다. 일부 저널리즘 시각에서 객관성과 공정성, 정확성 등 뉴스의 가치가 결핍된 포털 뉴스의 한계점이 지적되기도 한다. 미디어의 힘은 대중에게서 나온다는 점과 수용자들의 미디어 선택이 앞으로 뉴스 시장에 더욱 큰 자리를 차지하게 될 것임을 예상한다면 재정적 기반이 탄탄하고 거대한 방문자수를 자랑하는 대형 포털 사이트의 뉴스 섹션 확대 개편은 앞으로 주시하여야 할 현상이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 포털 뉴스 이용자들의 이용 동기와 이용할 때의 매체에의 관여도에 따른 만족도를 연구하고자 한다. 특히 인쇄신문과 비교하여 이용 동기를 측정하고 관여도와 만족도의 두 차원을 비교함으로써 포털 뉴스가 갖고 있는 대안적인 기능을 제시하는 한편 현재의 포털 뉴스가 갖고 있는 한계를 지적하고 그 개선점을 제시하고자 한다. 포털 뉴스의 수용자들은 인지적 관여도보다 감성적 관여도에 치우쳐 있어 인지적 관여도가 높은 집단보다 낮은 집단이 만족도가 더 클 것으로 예상했으나 포털 뉴스를 이용하는 데 있어서 인지적 관여도 또한 많은 영향을 줄 수 있다는 추론을 할 할 수 있었다. 이는 단순히 흥밋거리가 아닌 진지한 자세로 임하여할 중요한 매체수단으로 포털 뉴스를 인정하고 있는 것으로 풀이할 수도 있다. 정보별 선호도를 살펴보면 연예·오락 뉴스가 가장 선호도가 높을 것으로 예상했으나 사회 뉴스가 가장 선호도가 높았다. 이러한 결과의 요인을 세 가지로 추측해볼 수 있었다. 첫째는 대학생들의 지적관심도를 의도적으로 드러내고자 하는 심리적 요인이고, 둘째는 연예·오락 뉴스에 대한 불신감에서 오는 요인이며, 셋째로 인쇄신문에서 접할 수 없는 작지만 흥미로운 사회이야기를 포털 뉴스에서 찾고자 하기 때문이라고 추측할 수 있었다. 따라서 앞으로 포털 뉴스는 기존 매체에서 미처 수용하지 못하는 내용의 뉴스 제공에 주력하여 계속해서 이용자들의 만족을 충족시키기 위해 노력해야 할 것이다. 만족도가 높다는 것은 다시 그 매체를 이용하고자 하는 동기가 높아짐을 의미한다. 따라서 포털 뉴스의 만족도에 영향 미치는 변인을 찾아내는 이 연구는 앞으로 포털 뉴스가 더 많은 이용자들을 수용하기 위해서 어떤 방향으로 나아가야 할지를 보여주는 좋은 근거가 될 것이다. 포털 뉴스 만족도에 많은 영향을 미치는 ‘휴식 동기’와 ‘감성적 관여도’를 고려해 계속해서 이용자들의 휴식동기와 감성적 관여도를 만족시켜 줄 수 있는 방향으로 뉴스 제공이 이뤄져야 하며, 따라서 기존 매체와 같은 방법으로 경쟁하기 보다는 기존 매체에는 없는 포털 뉴스만의 특성을 잘 살려 경쟁력을 확보해야 할 것이다. The portal news services serve to create new forms of gate keeping and editing and news productions only to change the environment of nation's journalism. Namely, the portal sites have conduced to a new concept of 'portal journalism' implying their unique journalism activities. The portal news services are not only consumed much but also more and more influential. However, such changing media attributes are not only positive for development of media. In view of some journalism, portal news are criticized for lack of such news values as objectivity, fairness and precision. Given the fact that power of media comes from the mass and based on the assumption that consumers' right to select a media would affect the news markets in the future, we need to pay more attention to the movement of large portal sites towards expansion and reorganization of their news sections by taking advantage of their sound financial bases and huge number of visitors. In such circumstances, this study was aimed at analyzing users' motives for portal news services and involvement of the media in users' on-line searches for news. In particular, the researcher compared portal news services with printed newspapers' to measure their users' motives and then, comparatively analyzed two categories of media in terms of users' involvement and satisfaction to suggest some alternative functions potential in portal news, while addressing their problems and solutions. Since portal news consumers are involved emotionally rather tan cognitively, it was expected that the group involved less cognitively would be more satisfied with the portal news than the group involved more cognitively. However, the results of this study suggest that uses of portal news may be much affected by cognitive involvement. Such a finding may be interpreted in such a way that news consumers tend to regard the portal news not simply as interesting gossips but as important news sources requiring as serious attitudes on the part of readers. As a result of analyzing news consumers' preferences by category of information, social news were most preferred, betraying the expectation that performance and entertainment news would be most preferred. Such a finding may well be interpreted in three ways. First, the college students sampled for this study seemed to attempt to reveal their intellectual interest intentionally. Second, they seemed to distrust performance and entertainment news. Third, they wanted to surf the portal sites to search for trifle but interesting social stories not handled by printed newspapers. Accordingly, portal sites are deemed required to focus on the news not covered by conventional media to meet their users' needs. High satisfaction may mean higher motivation to use the media again. In this regard, this study which has determined the variables affecting users' satisfaction with portal news would provide for some basic data useful to future directions for portal news to accommodate more users. All in all, portal sites are requested to serve the news to satisfy users' motives for recess and emotional involvement, because these two variables seem to affect users' satisfaction with portal news much, and in this vein, they need to take advantage of their strong points not available to conventional media to sharpen their competitive edges rather than imitate conventional media.

언론환경 변화에 따른 뉴스 인식의 변화 : 제공자/이용자 중심으로

방효진 동국대학교 2016 국내석사

The objective of this study was to investigate the awareness of news providers and users based on the changes in the news media environment. To this aim, a survey was administered to 67 news providers and 111 users as a preliminary research in order to collect the necessary data. The survey results showed a clear difference between news providers of print newspapers and users regarding the level of interest for each area and the function of news, the factors influencing news awareness. To identify the reasons for such outcomes, 15 news providers currently employed at newspaper companies - which account for a substantial portion of news production - were interviewed in depth. It was found through the analysis of the interviews that the news media environment is undergoing a transition, but most print newspaper companies were still placing a high value on the print-based production system. The reasons for such phenomenon would be, firstly, the fact that the advertisements on print newspaper account for a large proportion of the profit. Secondly, it was recognized that the editorial office itself was also bearing limitations in order to maintain such profit structure. Thirdly, as for the privileged class which possess decision-making rights to news production, news mostly covered that of their clients, advertising companies, whose advertisements account for a substantial amount of profit, rather than being user-oriented. In sum, this research revealed that the internal and external influence of the editorial office is a contributing factor for the difference between news awareness of providers and users. Keywords: News Media Users, News Providers, Changes in News Media Environment, News Awareness, Interest Level for Each News Area, Awareness of News Function

외주제작의 현황과 발전에 관한 연구 : 독립제작사 프로듀서의 인식조사를 중심으로

양희섭 동국대학교 언론정보대학원 2003 국내석사

About 12 years ago, the government set a rule that all the major broadcasting companies should have 30% of their programs produced by outside production companies. From that time on, the 3 big players have been airing outside programs about 30%. However, the original purpose of the government move which was to achieve balanced development in the media industry and to raise the program quality of production companies has been diluted and invited many problems. Given this situation, I conducted a survey targeting producers working for independent production companies and asked 2 questions ; What problems do the domestic production companies have? ; What direction do the production companies have to go in order to activate and further develop small size production companies? And based upon what I've learnt from the survey, I examined current problems that the production companies are faced with. Findings of the survey include that producers belonging to production companies are mostly either completed courses at a broadcasting academy or majored in broadcasting at college. And on an average, they had 1-3 years of experience as an assistant director before appointed as a producer. They evaluated that small productions were, in general, excellent in terms of production capability, and although they acknowledged the need of re-training of the producers, they said that they were not in a position to get a further training because that they were pressed with work all the time. Production companies suffered from lack of fund, and the staff cost was the one that was taking up the biggest portion of their budget. The producers also pointed out that main players do not give autonomy to the minors and also accused that unfair contracts signed by the 2 parties is another problem. More than half of them admitted that they felt pressure from getting a deal from major broadcasting companies and even if they were successful in getting a deal, they said that they still had to go through a difficult time while producing the program due to lack of staff, facilities, and equipments. They told that they were not satisfied with the employees' welfare programs, and most of the producers leave the front-line when they reach their 40s. As for how to improve production environments of the non major companies, producers responded that comprehensive improvement should be made to 3 main players' overall outsourcing policy, their too much interference and their acting as a superior to the production companies. In addition, they also asserted that fair and impartial outsourcing policies should be established and at the same time, the production environment itself should be improved significantly. As a conclusion, I suggested in the study that for the development of the production companies and the media industry, the government policy should be revised and complemented and the financial independency of the production companies should be improved. Also, I proposed that establishment of an association composed of independent productions is required.

무료신문 출현에 따른 언론 환경 변화에 관한 연구 : 월간지 종사자 의견 설문조사를 중심으로

문효근 동국대학교 2005 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to analyze changes of the journalism environment due to free-of-charge newspapers. As a result of this study, it was found that the free-of-charge newspapers are influential enough to restructure the newspaper industry and markets, but that in economic terms, they remain competitive media encroaching upon the advertising markets, taking advantages of domestic newspaper industry and markets and central dailies being restructured. Such findings suggest that free-of-charge newspapers are not yet trusted and relied on publicly by readers in terms of quality and journalism of their contents. With such basic conceptions in mind, the researcher conducted a questionnaire survey for free-of-charge newspaper readers or 200 journalists working for monthlies to ensure reliability and objectivity of the survey, and thereupon, analyzed readers' perceptions of the journalism environment changed by the free-of-charge newspapers. The results of analyzing the effective 186 readers' responses can be summarized as follows; (1) Demographic variables of the sample The majority of journalists reading the free-of-charge newspapers had graduated from college or higher course, were aged between 20's and 30's, and belonged to editing bureaus. Since the young generation comprises the primary readers of free-of-charge newspapers, advertisers targeting certain classes may well take advantage of such newspapers' commercial values to enhance their advertising effects. (2) Contacts with free-of-charge newspapers in terms of subscription and frequency Those journalists working for monthlies were subscribing to 1~2 free-of-charge newspapers relatively regularly. However, they did not feel like subscribing to more such newspapers because news and information are similar among them. (3) Subscription to free-of-charge newspapers in terms of causes of subscription, favorable and unfavorable impressions The monthly journalists were reading free-of-charge newspapers during commuting to their workplaces because they could read them free-of-charge. It was analyzed that they were reading them partly because they could to browse short and soft news and information and partly because it was free of charge for reading. As a result of surveying them for their favorable impressions with news and editions of such free-of-charge newspapers, it was found that although they read the newspapers regularly, they were much negative towards them. (4) Changes of the journalism environment in relation between free-of-charge and paid newspapers Some monthly journalists seemed to stop subscribing to the paid newspapers. It was analyzed that as free-of-charge newspapers spread rapidly with increasing subscriptions, values and dignity of journalism are disputed even for the paid newspapers, increasing the readers who would stop subscribing to paid newspapers. However, the monthly journalists felt that quality of free-of-charge newspapers is lower than that of paid newspapers. (5) Journalism of free-of-charge newspapers in terms of reliability The journalists with college or higher academic background and working for editing bureau distrusted the free-of-charge newspapers more. It is worth paying attention to their negative sense and distrust of free-of-charge newspapers. It was analyzed that monthly journalists perceived that free-of-charge newspapers are light, free-of-charge reading sources rather than the conventional journals. While discussions about their competitors or Internet newspapers have progressed much to facilitate various researches, few studies have focused on free-of-charge newspapers. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will be followed up by future studies which will research into free-of-charge newspapers in-depth.

선거보도 심의제도 운영의 실천적 이해를 위한 연구 : 선거보도 심의사례와 심의제도 운용 규정 및 심의 관련자 인식조사를 중심으로

최숭민 동국대학교 일반대학원 2022 국내박사

The regulation system for election news reports was introduced to ensure fairness in election reporting. Despite unprecedented regulation systems for election news reports abroad, criticisms of unfair election news reports by the media and issues surrounding regulation systems for election news reports continue. Until now, studies related to the election reporting deliberation system have analyzed the standard for deliberating election news reports or legal reviews of the deliberation system, focusing on each deliberation organization’s cases. However, comprehensive analyses of the overall deliberation system, such as comparing and analyzing deliberations by deliberation bodies and the composition of deliberation commissions are lacking. To this end, this study analyzed the deliberation cases of each deliberation commission to examine how the deliberation standards for election news reports were applied. In addition, it carefully analyzed the operating regulations of the election deliberation commissions and identified the commissions’ characteristics. Moreover, deliberation commission members, deliberation organizations’ working-level officials, and journalists analyzed various perceptions of deliberation standards and systems through in-depth interviews. Through these actions, this study attempted to identify ways of improving the system that can benefit from two important values, namely fairness of elections and freedom of expression in the media. The study identified differences in the type of unfair election reporting and the level of sanctions by each election deliberation commission. In addition, there were numerous sanctions against politically biased media. The concept of fairness was abstract and unclear, and the proportion of objectivity violations was high in the Election Broadcast Deliberation Commission. Furthermore, 115 overlapping deliberation cases were found on the same news media and 10 redundant regulation cases on the same election report. However, the results of the deliberations on the same reports were different. The operations of deliberation commissions differed, as the appointment of deliberation commission members, statement of hearings, and retrial procedures were dissimilar among each deliberation body. Notably, most deliberation commission members were men in their 50s and 60s, and the members’ characteristics were clearly distinguished according to the recommended institution. The prevailing opinion was that it was reasonable to operate the election deliberation system as public regulation, not self-regulation. Numerous opinions favored the permanent establishment of the Election Broadcast Deliberation Commission and the Election Article Deliberation Commission and the integration of the deliberation commissions. As a result of the overall analysis of the election deliberation body by media type, the deliberation standards of the same name were applied differently for each commission, and the number of overlapping deliberations and redundant regulation cases continued to increase. The conceptual provisions of the fairness standard should be reduced and the “equity” standard should be replaced to “balance”. Furthermore, the remedial system for the rights of political parties or candidates should be expanded. Thus, revising the law to strengthen the qualifications of deliberation commission members and expand the media for deliberations are necessary. In addition, deliberation bodies’ operations and regulations and the commissions’ members’ characteristics differed. To improve the deliberation system’s efficiency and strengthen the deliberation commission’s expertise and independence, the Election Broadcast Deliberation Commission and the Election Article Deliberation Commission should operate year-round. Furthermore, completely reorganizing the regulation system of election news reports following digital media platforms is necessary. 선거보도 심의제도는 선거보도의 공정을 유지하기 위해 도입되었다. 해외에도 유례가 없는 선거보도 심의제도에도 불구하고 여전히 언론의 불공정한 선거보도에 대해 비판이 이어지고 있고, 선거보도 심의제도를 둘러싼 쟁점논의도 계속되고 있다. 그 동안 선거보도 심의제도와 관련한 연구들은 각 심의기구별 사례를 중심으로 심의기준을 분석하거나 심의제도에 대한 법률적 검토 등이 있었다. 그러나 심의기구별 심의사례를 비교분석하고 심의기구의 구성 등 심의제도 전반에 대한 종합적인 분석이 부족했다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 각 심의기구의 심의 사례를 분석해 선거보도 심의기준이 어떻게 적용되고 있는지를 살펴보고, 선거보도 심의기구의 운용 규정을 면밀하게 분석하고 심의위원의 특성을 파악함으로써 심의제도의 문제점과 개선 방향을 제시하고자 했다. 또 선거보도 심의위원, 심의기구 실무자 및 언론사 소속 기자들의 인식조사를 통해 심의기준과 심의제도에 대한 다각적인 인식을 분석했다. 이를 통해 선거보도 심의기구가 선거의 공정과 언론의 자유라는 두 가지 중요한 가치를 조화롭게 유지할 수 있는 제도 개선 방안을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 선거보도 심의 사례 분석 결과, 각 심의기구별로 불공정 선거보도 유형과 제재 수위 정도에 차이가 나타났으며 정치적으로 편향성이 높은 종편과 지역지 등에 대한 제재 비율이 높았다. 선거보도 심의기구별로 공정성 심의기준의 속성이 다르게 나타났으며, 심의위원도 기구별로 공정성 심사 시 중요 고려 사항도 다르게 판단하고 있어 공정성 개념에 내재된 추상성과 불명확성이 예측가능성을 저하시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 공정성에 비해 객관성 위반으로 중징계를 받은 사례는 나타나지 않았으며 객관성 위반 비율은 선거방송심의위원회가 가장 높았다. 동일한 매체에 대해 각 심의기구가 중복 제재한 사례는 115건으로 나타났으며, 동일한 선거보도에 대한 중복심의는 10차례 있었다. 선거기사심의위원회와 인터넷선거보도심의위원회 간의 중복심의가 많았으며, 후보자나 정당의 시정요구나 이의신청에 의한 것이 대부분이었다. 동일한 기사의 의결 결과는 심의기구별로 다르게 나타난 것으로 확인되었다. 심의기구의 운용 규정을 살펴본 결과, 회의 공개 여부, 의결 정족수, 위원장 자격요건 및 표결권 부여 등에서 심의기구별로 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 심의위원 해촉ㆍ해임 규정과 의견진술 절차 그리고 재심절차에 대해서도 심의기구 간 규정에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었는데, 이에 대한 제도 개선이 필요한 것으로 파악되었다. 심의위원은 남성이 90% 이상, 50대와 60대가 70% 이상, 서울대ㆍ고려대ㆍ연세대 출신 비율이 60%로 우리 사회 전형적인 엘리트 그룹의 인구통계학적 속성과 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 심의기구별로 전공분야에 차이가 있었으며, 정당 추천인사의 경우 정치적 성향에 따라 확연하게 구분되었다. 선거보도 심의의 자율규제 전환에 대해 심층인터뷰 응답자들은 대부분 부정적이었으며, 선거방송심의위원회와 선거기사심의위원회의 상설화와 선거보도 심의기구 통합에 대해서는 의견이 나뉘었지만, 상설화와 심의기구 통합에 대한 찬성 의견이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 매체유형별로 나누어진 선거보도 심의기구에 대해 전반적으로 분석한 결과, 심의기구별로 동일한 명칭의 심의기준이 다르게 적용되고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 중복심의 사례도 계속 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 공정성 개념을 규정하는 대신 사례유형별로 구체화하고, ‘형평성’ 심의기준을 ‘균형성’으로 개정해야 한다. 또 자체심의를 최소화하고 정당이나 후보자의 권리구제를 위한 시정요구와 이의신청을 확대해야 한다. 심의위원의 자격요건을 강화하고 심의대상을 확대하는 방안에 대한 법률적 개정이 필요하다. 심의기구 간 심의기준과 운용 규정 등 운영 전반에 대해 긴밀한 협력체계를 구축해 심의제도의 효율성을 제고하고, 심의위원의 전문성과 독립성을 강화하기 위해 우선 선거방송심의위원회와 선거기사심의위원회를 상설기구화 하도록 법 개정이 이뤄져야 하며, 더 나아가 디지털 미디어 플랫폼 시대에 맞는 선거보도 심의제도의 전면적인 개편이 필요하다.

Cardiovascular health by Life's Essential 8 and chronic kidney disease: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019-2021

Yeeun Seo 연세대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내석사

배경 및 목적: 미국심장협회에서는 심혈관건강에 대한 업데이트된 정의를 발표하였다. 새로운 LE8 심혈관건강지표 점수와 다양한 질병과의 연관성에 대한 연구가 새롭게 등장하고 있다. 또한, 만성콩팥병은 전 세계적인 건강 문제이며, 초기 예방의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 그러나 새로운 LE8 심혈관건강 지표와 만성콩팥병 사이의 연관성에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 따라서, 이 연구는 국민건강영양조사 데이터를 이용하여 대한민국 성인에서의 LE8 심혈관건강 지표점수와 만성콩팥병 사이의 연관성을 조사하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 연구 방법: 본 연구는 2019년부터 2021년까지의 국민건강영양조사의 제8차 주기를 기반으로 한 횡단면 연구이다. LE8 심혈관건강 지표의 구성요소에는 식이섭취, 신체활동, 니코틴 노출, 수면건강, 체질량지수, 혈중지질, 혈당, 혈압, 총 8가지 구성요소를 포함하고 있다. 각각 0부터 100점까지로 구성된 LE8 심혈관건강점수는 8개 구성 요소 점수의 평균으로 계산하였다. 80점에서 100점까지의 심혈관건강점수는 높은 수준의 심혈관건강으로 분류하며, 50점에서 80 점미만은 중등도 수준, 0점에서 50 점미만은 낮은 수준의 심혈관 건강으로 분류하였다. 만성콩팥병은 추정 사구체 여과율이 분당 60mL/1.73m2 미만이거나 소변 알부민-크레아틴 비율이 30mg/g 이상인 경우로 정의하였다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 모델을 사용하여 LE8 심혈관건강점수와 만성콩팥병 사이의 오즈비와 95% 신뢰 구간을 계산했다. 모든 통계 분석은 국민건강영양조사 데이터의 복합표본 설계를 고려하였다. 연구 결과: 분석결과 총 12,264명이 포함되었고, 평균 연령은 48.1세였다. 참가자 중 50.7%가 남성이었다. 다변량 조정 후, 심혈관건강점수가 높을수록 만성콩팥병, 추정 사구체 여과율, 그리고 알부민뇨와 낮은 연관이 있었다. 낮은 심혈관건강점수 그룹을 기준으로 했을 때, 중등도 심혈관건강점수 그룹의 만성콩팥병 오즈비는 0.41(95% CI: 0.34-0.49)이었고, 높은 심혈관건강점수 그룹의 오즈비는 0.25(95% CI: 0.17-0.36)이었다. LE8 심혈관건강점수가 10점당 증가할 때마다 만성콩팥병 발생 오즈가 31% 낮아졌다 (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.64-0.73). 또한, 큐빅 스플라인 곡선을 통해서, LE8 심혈관건강점수와 만성콩팥병 사이에 선형적이고 용량 의존적인 연관성을 관찰하였다. 결론 및 고찰: 심혈관건강점수가 높을수록 만성콩팥병 위험이 낮은 연관성이 관찰되었다. 이는 만성콩팥병의 부담을 줄이기 위해 개인에서 높은 심혈관건강점수를 유지의 중요성을 강조한다. Background: The American Heart Association’s (AHA) “Life’s Essential 8” is an updated definition and quantification method for cardiovascular health (CVH), with aims to better monitor and promote improvements in individual and population health. Studies on the association of the new LE8 CVH score with health outcomes are emerging, with a primary focus on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing global health problem, closely linked to CVD and of growing importance in early prevention. Yet, data are scarce regarding the association between ideal cardiovascular health and CKD, particularly within the new LE8 framework. Using nationally-representative data, this study aimed to examine the association between the LE8 CVH score and CKD among Korean adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on the 8th cycle of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII) from 2019 to 2021. The CVH metrics in the LE8 construct include diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep quality, body mass index (BMI), blood lipid levels, blood glucose, and blood pressure, each scaled from 0 to 100 points. The LE8 CVH score is calculated as the average of 8 component metric scores. The CVH scores of 80 to 100 were categorized as high CVH, 50 to <80 as moderate CVH, and 0 to <50 as low CVH. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the presence of albuminuria with an urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Multivariable logistic regression models were derived to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CKD associated with the LE8 CVH score. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex survey design of the KNHANES data. Results: The study sample included 12,264 participants. The weighted mean age of the population was 48.1 years, and 50.7% were men. After multivariable adjustment, a higher LE8 CVH score was associated with lower odds of CKD, decreased eGFR, and albuminuria. When the low CVH group was the reference, the odds ratio (OR) for CKD was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.34-0.49) in the moderate CVH group and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.17-0.36) in the high CVH group. Each 10-point higher LE8 CVH score was associated with 31% lower odds of having CKD (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.64-0.73). In graphical inspection of the restricted cubic spline plot, there was a linear and dose-dependent association between the LE8 CVH score and CKD. A higher cardiovascular health behavior score and a health factor score were both associated with lower odds of CKD; the OR (95% CI) for CKD was 0.93 (0.89-0.97) per 10-point higher health behavior score and 0.72 (0.68-0.75) per 10-point higher health factor score. The association of the LE8 CVH score and CKD was consistently observed in both men and women and across other subgroups of social determinants of health. Conclusion: Ideal CVH, as demonstrated by a higher LE8 CVH score, was associated with a lower risk of having CKD in a nationally-representative population. This highlights the importance of maintaining ideal individual CVH for decreasing the burden of CKD.

한국의 언론자유 위상과 실제에 관한 연구 : 현직 언론인의 인식을 중심으로

박상배 동국대학교 2021 국내박사

In this study, It shows that a practical concept of press freedom and measures to guarantee of preserving a press freedom in Korea were examined through in-depth interviews with journalists who work on the frontline. First of all, at the theoretical and ideal level, freedom of the press is a fundamental right and it seems to be freedom from internal and external power based on freedom of expression. In fact, according to the interviews from the active journalists, the degree of freedom in press can be determined by the various circumstances such as capital, media stockholders, executives, political powers, government and freedom of coverage. Second, there is a gap between the concept of freedom of speech at the ideal level and the perception in freedom of speech in the reality. Today, the concept of freedom of speech is interfered by political powers, intervention of capitals. Therefore, the sustainable concept in freedom of the press is associate with guaranteed independence and autonomy from capital and political power. As a journalist, the role of journalist and its responsibilities should be built in a fair media environment where anyone can freely communicate without interference and control by any means. Third, the conditions of press freedom should reflect independence of the press, diversity of reports, and free criticism based on the elements that evaluate press freedom. In terms of legal and institutional aspects, the minimization of legal sanctions such as censorship and repression, defamation and punitive damages must be minimized. These components have been identified as essential components for free speech in media. Fourth, as can be seen through interviews with incumbent reporters, the media environment is created by advertisers, upper management, and executives of the editorial board are clear factors that seriously damages or infringes on freedom of the press. Advertisers, media owners, executives, and executives of the editorial board are among the members who coexist in the environment where reporters work on a daily basis. Therefore, it is predicted that the certain degree of invisible oppression and pressure that reporters actually feel and perceive in the process of reporting or making articles would be more severe. In result, in order to guarantee and realize the freedom of the press in Korea, the independence and autonomy of the press must be guaranteed and strengthened. It is necessary to seek ways to secure the true meaning of media companies and diversify their profit structure so that media companies can be independent from capital and political interferes. In conclusion, in a sense of the developing the concept in freedom of speech into a concept that can be actually practiced in the actual field, it is necessary to avoid from internal and external oppression and pressure such as capital, politics, media owners or upper management, editorial staff, and political associates. Keyword: press freedom, journalist, autonomy, component, internal and external oppression and pressure(intervention), media stockholder(advertiser) 본 연구는 현직 언론인들에 대한 심층면접을 통해 언론사의 언론자유에 대한 실제적 개념, 언론자유 평가를 위한 구성요인과 저해요인, 그리고 국내의 언론자유 보장 및 실현방안을 살펴보았는데, 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이론적․이상적 차원에서 언론자유는 기본적 권리로 표현의 자유에 기반 한 내외부적 권력으로부터의 자유라고 할 수 있다. 실제로 현직 기자들에 대한 인터뷰를 통해 언론 내부에서 인식하는 언론자유도를 분석한 결과, 기자들이 인식하는 실제적 의미에서의 언론자유는 금권을 포함한 자본으로부터의 자유(광고주를 포함한 기업으로부터의 자유), 언론사주나 경영진, 편집부 간부들로부터의 자유, 정부를 포함한 정치권력으로부터의 자유, 그리고 직장인 기자로서의 취재 및 보도의 자유 등을 포괄하는 것으로 정의되었다. 둘째, 이상적 차원의 언론자유 개념과 실제 현장에서의 언론자유 인식 간 괴리가 발생하고 있다. 오늘날 자본과 같은 권력의 개입과 견제, 통제 등은 이상적 차원의 언론자유 개념을 현장에 적용하지 못하도록 저해하거나 방해하는 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이에 자본 등과 같은 외부적 환경이 기자로서의 역할과 책임을 수행하는데 부정적 영향을 미치는 직접적 요인으로 작용한다. 그러므로 언론자유에 대한 실체적 개념은 자본과 권력으로부터의 독립성과 자율성이 보장된 언론자유이며, 기자로서 가져야 할 역할과 책임이 누구의 간섭과 통제 없이 자유롭게 이루어질 수 있는 언론환경의 구축이라고 정의할 수 있을 것이다. 셋째, 언론자유의 조건은 언론자유를 평가하는 구성요소를 기준으로 볼 때 언론의 독립성, 보도의 다양성, 자유로운 비판이 반영되어야 하고, 법적․제도적 측면에서는 검열과 억압으로부터의 탈피, 명예훼손이나 징벌적 손해배상과 같은 법적 제재의 최소화가 요구된다. 이들 구성요인들은 언론자유를 위해 반드시 필요한 구성요인들로 밝혀졌다. 넷째, 현직 기자들에 대한 인터뷰를 통해 알 수 있듯이, 광고주, 사주와 경영진, 편집국 간부 등이 조성하는 언론환경이 실제 언론자유를 심각하게 훼손하거나 침해하는 요인이 되고 있다. 광고주나 언론사주, 경영진, 편집국 간부 등은 기자들이 일상적으로 근무하고 있는 환경에서 공존하는 구성원 중 하나이기 때문에 기자들이 취재나 기사화 과정에서 실제로 느끼고 인식하는 보이지 않는 견제와 압력의 정도는 보다 심각할 것으로 예측된다. 결과적으로 국내에서 언론자유를 보장하고 실현하기 위해서는 언론의 독립성과 자율성을 보장 및 강화하고, 언론사가 자본으로부터의 독립이 가능하도록 언론사의 경영 건전성 확보와 수익구조를 다양화하는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있을 것이다. 결론적으로 언론의 이론적, 이상적 언론자유 개념을 실제 현장에서 적용 가능한 실체적 개념으로 발전시키기 위해서는 자본이나 정치, 언론사주나 경영진, 편집부 간부, 나아가 독자와 네티즌, 시민단체 등 내외부적 견제와 압력으로부터 벗어나 기자들이 취재와 기사를 자신의 신념과 양심에 따라 아무런 제약 없이 자유롭게 쓸 수 있는 언론환경이 조성되어야 할 필요가 있다. 다만, 실체적 언론자유는 무조건적인 자유가 아니라 기자적 양심과 신념에 따라 기자의 역할과 책임 하에서 적용 가능한 언론자유이어야 하고, 이를 위해서는 인터뷰 대상 기자들이 주장하였듯이, 기자들에 대한 교육을 통해 기자로서의 신념, 역할과 책임을 되새길 수 있는 교육환경을 조성할 필요가 있을 것이다.