서비스무역이 총요소생산성과 실질임금에 미치는 영향 : 생산자서비스를 중심으로

김수은 경희대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

This study investigated technical transfers and employment effects gained through service trade in view of the recent changes in the industrial structure and trade structure of the economy. In particular, this study attempted to verify how the changes in total factor productivity according to increased producer service imports influenced the development of the Korean economy. Furthermore, this study analyzed the effect of increased producer service imports on real wages in connection with the relationship between service and employment, which are regarded as the main issues of the modern economy. The increased importance of producer service originated from the increased demand for knowledge-based service as a result of the advancement of the industrial structure including the manufacturing industry. If the service function fulfilled from within the company was externalized due to expanded demand from the advanced industrial structure, it can lead to a reduction in expenses in the economy of scale to achieve an external independence. In this regard, it is statistically estimated as an expansion of the service industry. The increased importance of service not only promotes the role of service as an intermediary, but also triggers interest in service as a new growth engine. There are arguments that jobs must be created and growth engines for economic development must be acquired through the service industry in Korea in response to recent environmental changes (Jin, Y. H., 2006). If the service industry was to be strategically promoted for knowledge-intensive services creating high added value, the service industry will not only create high-wage jobs, but it will also sufficiently act as a growth engine for future economic development (Heo, J. J. et al. 2007). Korea is highly dependent on foreign countries; moreover, the economic development of the nation was led by trade growth. Based on this, researchers have actively done studies on economic development due to technical expansion through trade focused on the manufacturing industry. However, it is difficult to find studies done on the effect of service trade on the national economy; additionally, there are currently no empirical studies that analyze the effect of imported services on the economy by using industrial data. This is possibly due to the difficulty of collecting statistics on service trade, in particular the hardship of separating the intermediary input of service from the production of other industries. Thus, this study analyzed the national economic effect according to the expansion of the service trade to overcome the limitations of previous studies. This study is different from previous studies in the following aspects. First, this study considered the service characteristics and used these characteristics in the analysis. Previous studies on the role of service in the economy had mainly focused on the overall role of service (e.g. Baumal, 1967, 1985, Baumal et al., 1989; Fixler & Diegel, 1999; Oulton, 1999, 2001; Wolfl, 2005)). As a result, these studies presented mixed analyses regarding service and economic development. This is generally caused by differences in the verification methods and survey subjects; additionally, it may cause suspicions regarding the omission of important variables that can affect the research subject. Thus, there is a possibility that the effect of service input for economic development may be over or under-estimated because the heterogeneity of each service field was not considered. Therefore, it is crucial to consider heterogeneity as different characteristics are presented for different service sectors. Second, this study reviewed the benefits gained from producer service trade with knowledge-intensive characteristics. As an industry with high added value, producer service triggers added especially when it is used in production as an intermediary of other industries. With a relatively high level of productivity, producer service not only leads to productivity of the service industry but also significantly affects the productivity of the manufacturing industry as an intermediary and is regarded as a promising field with high potential growth (Wolfgang, 2005). Thus, this study attempted to verify the effect of changes in total factor productivity according to increased import of producer services on the development of the Korean economy. Third, this study analyzed the relationship between service and employment, the major issues of the present economy. The increased import of services is not only caused by efficient input of production factors due to economy of scale but also by active foreign transfer of service activities (Lee et al, 2010). Based on this, the rapid increase of imported services may negatively affect employment of the relevant country generating serious unemployment problems. In this situation, it is important to not only research how imported producer services, which is used as an intermediary in production, affects productivity, but also to investigate the effect on the labor market, such as changes in employment or wages. This study analyzed the effect of increased imported producer services on real wages for labor. In an empirical analysis, this study analyzed the effect of knowledge diffusion through the trade of intermediary producer service on the economy based on the theoretical model of Oulton (1999), Markusen (1989), and Markusen et al. (1999). The analysis period was from 2000 to 2008 and the analysis was done in Korea to examine the effect of the structural changes in the input of imported intermediary services on technical changes, growth, and employment. Total factor productivity, intermediary input ratio, and induced production of producer services were observed during the analysis period and regression analysis was done to analyze whether the input of producer services among the imported intermediary services triggered a diffusion of knowledge or technology. Panel data combining time series and cross sections were used for regression analysis, and the probability-effect model was used after considering factors according to the industry and period. The analysis results of variables are as follows. Even though the total factor productivity of the entire industry has a continuous increase from 2001, the productivity of producer services constantly increased at a considerable rate since 2000 among the various service industries. The production volume of the entire industry triggered by the import of intermediary producer serviced had an annual increase rate of 19.78% from 2000 to 2008. The imported input of producer services had high production inducement effects in high capital/high technology industries as well as knowledge-intensive industries. This is not only because the input of specialized and differentiated producer services as the production intermediary for the manufacturing industry increased the efficiency, but also because the inducement effects increased production through the diffusion of technologies accumulated in imported producer services. The following presents the results of the empirical analysis done with the panel data. First, the input of the imported intermediary producer services presented a significantly positive effect on the productivity of the relevant industry in the industrial classification. Thus, this signifies that the increased import of producer services in their own sectors increased the total factor productivity. If the input of producer services increases by 10%, the total factor productivity increases by approximately 20%. Since this result corresponds with the theory of Markusen (1989), it is known that the utility of various intermediaries in the production of final goods enhances productivity through specialized production of intermediary goods (Feenstra et al., 1992). In other words, the import country can gain external effects or ‘diffusion’ effects without paying for the increase in diversity. Next, the effect of imported intermediary producer services on labor was investigated using 2 dependent variables, labor productivity (LP) and wage per worker (WAGE). The results show that if the intermediate input of producer services increases by 10%, the LP of industry increases by approximately 22.6%. The development of the producer service sector triggers the improvement of LP through the economy of scale effect (Antoneli, 1988; Jefferson, 1988). This study presented analysis results that coincide with the theory of existing research. Positive(+) significant results we represented for the effect of producer services regarding the real wage of the labor. The implications drawn from this analysis are as follows. First, if the connection with overseas multicultural companies can be expanded in the knowledge-based service industry, such as business service, it will maximize technical diffusion effects through the input of high-quality producer services and thus, bringing positive effects to the domestic economy. The rate of entry regulation for services is mostly higher than the manufacturing industry and there are few opportunities for adopting advanced foreign technique through foreign direct investment (FDI) due to a low FDI levels. Thus, policy factors focused on the manufacturing industry must be alleviated in terms of regulation, tax, and funding to promote the competitiveness of the service industry. Furthermore, it is essential to provide a base for expanding the investment of foreigners, such as strengthening of various incentives, tax exemptions, and modifying regulations. Second, the core of the service industry policy is to remove the regulatory barriers to support knowledge-based factors in industries with high productivity and to simultaneously focus on fostering a knowledge-based work force. In other words, it is crucial to enhance the qualitative standard of workers in producer services through specialized training institutes according to the sector, to enhance corporate programs for fostering specialized labor, and to enhance academic-industrial systems.

신개념 자동변속기 록업 클러치 Pendulum Absorber의 진동특성 및 최적설계

김주영 경북대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

신개념 자동변속기 록업 클러치 Pendulum Absorber의 진동특성 및 최적설계 김주영 경북대학교 대학원 기계공학과 (지도교수 김철) 본 연구에서는 기존의 스프링 설계변수 최적화를 보완시켜 더 정교한 결과를 얻고, 댐퍼스프링을 지지하는 리테이닝 플레이트(Retaining plate)를 위상최적화로 최적형상을 찾는다. 또한 위의 과정을 자동화시켜 변수를 입력하면 결과의 수치와 형상이 자동으로 구현되는 프로세스(Process)를 개발하였다. 이와 더불어 록업 클러치에 체결되는 드리븐 플레이트 (Driven plate)에 감쇠 능력을 부여하여 엔진의 진동을 더욱 줄일 수 있는 Pendulum Absorber의 최적설계를 통해 감쇠를 극대화한 최적설계 안을 제시한다. Vibration Characteristic and Optimal Design of The New Concept Pendulum Absorber using Lock-up Clutch Ju-Yeong Kim Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Korea (Supervised by Professor Cheol Kim) (Abstract) This study optimized the design variable of spring using simulated annealing, detected the optimum shape through the topological optimization of the retaining plates supporting the damper spring and developed a process that could automatically embodied the figures and shapes of the results the variables automatized through the above procedures were inputted. Furthermore, it examined the dynamic characteristics of pendulum absorber that could further reduce the vibration of the engine by providing the driven plate with damping capacity fastened to the lock-up clutch and performed the optimal design using experimental design and genetic algorithm, thus suggesting the optimized design plan through optimum design.

브레이크 유압실린더의 성능향상을 위한 실링구조 최적설계

최옥산 부산대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

Brake for industrial machinery consists of two cylinders, pistons, rubber seals and pads etc. When hydraulic pressure is applied to the cylinders, the pistons push the friction pads against the disc to produce braking effect. The retraction of pistons is associated with the contact pressure of the seals. When the contact pressure is excessive, the pistons are not released at appropriate gaps. The seals are designed to perform dual functions of sealing the brake oil at brake-applied and retracting the piston at brake-released. In this study, the contact pressure according to the bottom angles in the seal groove is analyzed using finite element analysis. Four kinds of cylinders with different bottom angles based on the analytical results are investigated by the compressive force and retraction gap tests. It was confirmed that the contact pressure was lowered with increasing the bottom angles. Conversely, it was confirmed that the retraction gap increased. Based on the results carried out by commercial software ANSYS Workbench the best design parameters were obtained and let the engineers in this field be use for improvement in the skill and quality.

위상최적화 기법을 활용한 자동차 체결 기구 및 섬유강화 복합재료 도어의 최적설계

이승윤 경북대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

At present, automotive industry is required to improve fuel economy performance due to high oil price and the intensification of environmental regulation. As a result, a study on maintaining the performance of structure and reducing weight is one of the hottest issues of automakers. The research and development of power train has a limit in satisfying these requirements. So, automakers actively carry out studies of reducing the weight of automotive body and component parts. Carbon fiber reinforced composite having high specific strength and specific stiffness properties is excellent in weight reduction effect in the aspect of increasing vehicle fuel economy and efficiency. Accordingly, a study is actively made on its application to vehicle body structure. And a real product was also launched. Recently, owing to the development of composite manufacturing technology, it became possible to manufacture composite parts of various shapes. And it became necessary to design a product where the conformity of structural properties, vehicle's required properties, was verified in advance in manufacturing composite frame and a vehicle's outer panel which was directly connected to passengers' safety. In this paper, a vehicle fastener made of isotropic material was tested and analytically verified. And on the basis of the verified results, the optimal design of a composite vehicle door was carried out. Hypermesh was used for finite element modeling. And optimal design composed of topology optimization, shape optimization, strength analysis, size optimization and stacking sequence optimization was carried out by using Optistruct. First of all, an optimization was carried out, passing through the process of classification and calculation of load according to driving environment and application of friction force occurring at the interface when a trailer was fastened to a truck for the optimal design of large truck connector of isotropic material. The direction and magnitude of load due to roll, pitch and yaw phenomena occurring when a truck traveled was calculated. And resultant values were applied to 5th wheel coupler. And on the basis of this, this study presented a model that had a reinforced structure of a type different from conventional model, and satisfied the required performance. And the reliability of optimization regarding isotropic materials was verified analytically and experimentally by carrying out a durability test and road test through the manufacture of real structure. On the basis of these verification results, the optimal design of vehicle side door using composite was carried out. In order to set the boundary conditions for finite element analysis, EuroNCAP Side Impact Test Protocol was applied. And optimal design was carried out. This study presented a standardized finite element model of vehicle side door using composite, passing through free-size optimization, size optimization and stacking sequence optimization phases.

AL 2024 T-3 쇼트피닝에 의한 표면 잔류응력 및 경도 변화

권윤희 경북대학교 산업대학원 2014 국내석사

As rapid development in the industry takes place, high strengthening, weight lightening, and high precision of parts is being called upon. This is achieved by artificially transforming materials to fit the characteristics and use required thereby minimizing economical and timely cost and also contributing to the improvement of life extension and performance. Shot peening is a metal surface treatment technology that increases fatigue life and prevents unforseen damage of manufactured parts. This paper analyzes the relationship between residual compression stress and hardness of various types of AL 2024 T-3 alloy that are widely used as material for aircraft structure. Shot peening is a cold working process where the surface of a metal is projected with spherical shot ball in high velocity, a process know as hammering. When the shot balls are projected, the kinetic energy of the shot balls create plastic deformation on the surface resulting in residual compression stress as the stretched surface exerts a counter force trying to come back to its original shape. The inerior of the metal creates tensile strength to balance out the residual compression stress. These forces will sustain the metal strength until they cancel out each other. Shot peening inhibits stress corrosion cracking, decreases surface porosity and inhibits crack spreading. However, excessive shot peening can create excessive residual compression stress which decreases fatigue life. Therefore it is imperative to find the optimal conditions based on the use for each parts. For the experiment, pressure projection method was employed and four different sizes of shot balls were used with varied projection height of 100mm from the metal yielded close to 100% coverage and smaller shot balls created higher residual compression stress. Furthermore, similar sizes of shot balls yielded maximum residual compression stress within a specific time interval. The intervals in which maximum residual compression stress and maximum hardness occurred for a specific projection time coincided regardless of projection height. As shot ball size increased, residual compression stress and hardness decreased. Therefore, it can be deduced that after shot peening, residual compression stress and hardness of surface metal are proportional.

아미노아세타마이드의 수용체에 기초화한 색으로 나타나는 플루오린 센서

장승표 서울과학기술대학교 산업대학원 2012 국내석사

플루오린 이온은 각종 산업에 널리 사용되고 있을 뿐 아니라, 치아와 골다공증, 골경화증 등 인체와도 밀접한 연관이 있는 anion으로써 이를 사용함에 있어 용이하도록 제어, 검출하는 기술은 많은 사람들에 의해 관심을 받고 있다. 또 현재까지 이러한 플루오린을 검출하는 다양한 센서의 개발이 이루어져왔고, 조금 더 효율적이고 사용하기에 편리한 센서의 개발을 위해 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 아세타아마이드를 포함하는 여러 가지 리간드(NP-QAA, HPNU)의 합성을 통해 이러한 리간드들의 F-의 검출능력과 실생활에 응용할 수 있는지의 여부를 확인하기 위해 진행되었다. Quinolin과 아세타아마이드를 가지고 있는 NP-QAA는 F-과 OH-의 anion을 검출하는 것으로 확인이 되었고, NO2 작용기에 의해 검출능력이 변화되는 효과를 확인하여, 리간드의 작용기 위치에 따른 구조적인 성격과 anion의 상호작용에 미치는 조건을 연구하였다. 비교적 간단한 합성법으로 만들어진 HPNU 리간드는 아세타아마이드를 포함하는 urea와 thiourea를 이용한 리간드로 NO2 작용기의 유무에 따른 리간드의 anion 검출능력 변화와 성능을 확인하였다. urea와 thiourea의 사용과 작용기 유무에 따라 각각의 선택성 및 민감성의 성질을 나타내었고, 이는 실생활이나 각종 산업에 응용할 수 있는 가능성을 나타내었다. 이 외에 다른 작용기를 가지고 있는 anion 센서와 실생활에 위협이 될 수 있는 Hg+의 검출을 할 수 있는 화학유기센서를 다루었다.

진공청소기의 외관 코팅 대체를 위한 펄 사출 연구

이종민 부산대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

김승옥 문학의 개인화 전략과 젠더

김미란 연세대학교 대학원 2006 국내박사

이 논문에서는 김승옥의 개인 주체에 대한 상상력은 한국의 특수한 사회적, 역사적 조건과 결부되어 있다는 전제 아래, 그가 구성해 낸 개인 주체가 당대의 상황에 결박된 문화적 구성물임을 입증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 사용한 방법론은 젠더적 견지 아래 역사적 접근 방법을 취하는 것이었다. 그리고 작가의 개인화 전략이 어떠한 역사적 맥락에서 이루어진 것인지를 파악하기 위해 당대의 개인 담론의 지형도를 그려보고자 하였다. 이는 대한민국 출범 후부터 4‧19 혁명이 일어난 1960년대까지를 중심으로, 개인 담론이 출현하고 논의된 과정을 역사적 맥락을 통해 고찰하고 그 구조화 방식을 탐색하는 일이었다.$$a$$a미군정기부터 시작해서 근대 국가 출범 후 1960년대까지는 근대적 개인을 정초하기 위한 노력이 집중적으로 이루어진 시기였다. 미군정기부터 통치자들은, 사회 구성원들을 천황의 ‘신민’에서 근대 국가에 적합한 ‘국민’으로 전환시키기 위한 문화적 기획을 가동시키면서 근대적 개인을 창출하고자 하였다.$$a$$a당대 지식인들은 지식을 갖춘 이성적인 존재를 개인으로 호명하였다. 이들은 개인을 시민과 동일시하였으며, 시민 계급이 정치의 주도권을 장악하기를 갈망하였다. 또한 이들은 세대 담론을 동원하여 민주주의 교육을 받은 청년들을 개인으로 부각시켰다. 4‧19 혁명의 경험은 이들이 청년, 특별히 대학생들을 역사적 주체로 확정하는 데 결정적인 작용을 하였다. 또한 이들이 4‧19 혁명을 통해 얻고자 한 것은 민주주의의 원리에 따라 개인의 기본권을 보장하고 국민 주권의 원칙을 명시했던 헌법을 철저히 실행하는 것이었다. 이는 국가와 개인의 계약 관계에 기초한 시민 사회의 정착을 희망하는 일이다. 4‧19 혁명의 정치적 상상력이 근대적 개인, 정치적 용어로는 시민 주체를 구성하는 서사인 가족 로망스를 통해 구현되었던 것은 이 때문이다. 이 논문에서는 자유주의 원리에 의존했던 당시의 사회 계약론을 젠더적 견지에서 비판적으로 접근함으로써 이들이 구상한 시민 사회는 젠더화되어 있으며 개인은 성별에 따라 다른 방식으로 의미화되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 대학생과 같은 젊은 지식인 남성들이 사회적 책무를 이행할 것을 요청받았다면, 고등교육을 받은 젊은 여성들은 직업과 연애, 성, 결혼의 문제를 이성적이고 합리적으로 파악할 것을 요구받았고, 이는 개인성의 실현으로 담론화되었다. 그리고 젊은 지식인 여성들을 가정에 귀속시킴으로써 공적 영역은 젊은 남성들의 활동 영역으로 확정된다. 그런 의미에서 지식인들은 이성적 인간인 개인을 중간계급에 속한 젊은 남성으로 한정하였고, 이들을 시민 사회의 주체로 인정하였다고 말할 수 있다.$$a$$a근대적 개인의 구축에 대한 논의는 1960년대에 문학의 영역에서도 활성화되었고, 당대의 대표적인 문학적 쟁점이 되었다. 이 논의 과정에서 김승옥의 소설은 가장 중요한 문학 텍스트로 떠올랐다. 당시 신진 비평가들이었던 김현, 김주연, 김치수, 김병익은 근대적 개인의 형성을 한국 문학의 과제로 제시하였으며, 그들의 논리 전개 과정에서 김승옥의 문학은 개인의 이념을 문학적으로 구현한 대표적인 문학적 전거로 채택되었던 것이다. 정치적 주체에 대한 당대의 상상력은 이 비평가들이 문학의 테두리 안에서 고민했던 주체 구성의 방식에 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 개인 주체를 이성적이고 합리적인 남성으로 가정하고, 이들을 중간 계급에 귀속시키는 것은 이 시기의 일반적인 개인 담론의 구성 방식과 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 사적 개인에 대한 관심은 당시의 지식인들보다 더 컸다고 말할 수 있다. 이들이 “일상적 자아”에 관심을 두는 것은 “사회적 개인”에 초점을 맞춘 『사상계』 지식인들과는 다른 것이었다. 하지만 교육을 통해 양성된 지성적인 남성 개인들이 시민 사회의 중추가 될 것을 희망하였다는 점에서 이들의 주체에 대한 구상은 당대의 정치적 상상력의 범위를 넘어서지 못했다고 하겠다.$$a$$a김승옥의 대표적인 단편 소설로 거론되는 「생명연습」, 「환상수첩」, 「무진기행」, 「서울 1964년 겨울」, 「건」, 「야행」에는 개인의 존재 방식에 대한 작가의 고민이 투영되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 이 텍스트들에 대한 정밀한 독해를 바탕으로 그의 개인화 전략을 살펴보고자 하였다. 당대의 관심사와 마찬가지로 개인 주체에 정향된 그의 주체화 전략은 고등교육을 받은 청년들이 1960년대의 시민 사회에 등장하는 방식과 그 과정을 통해 구체적으로 드러난다.$$a$$a김승옥의 텍스트에 나타나는 남성 개인 주체의 정립 방식은, 청년들이 가족, 좀더 구체적으로는 아버지와의 분리를 전제로 개별화된다는 점이었다. 아버지의 가부장적 권위가 붕괴되었거나 아버지가 부재하기 때문에 아들의 정체성을 구성하는 방식은 재조정될 수밖에 없으며, 아들들의 개별화는 가족 로망스에 의거해 구현되었다. 개별화된 개인인 아들들은 더 이상 가족 관계 내에서가 아닌 또래 집단과의 교우 관계를 통해 정체성을 구성해 나갔다. 남성들의 개인화는 집단성을 배제하지 않았던 것이다.$$a$$a이들은 1960년대 한국 사회에 비판적이며 그 진정성은 감성을 통해 보장되었다. 그리고 감성은 텍스트에서 여성적인 것으로 의미화되었다. 하지만 이는 규범화된 남성다움에 의문을 제기하고 대안적인 남성성을 탐색하기 위한 것이지 성별 위계질서 자체를 의심하기 위한 것은 아니었다. 이들은 투쟁적이고 경쟁적인 한국 사회에서의 ‘생활’을 두려워하지만, 작가가 그 해결 방법으로 제시한 것은 애정으로 서로가 통합되는 근대적인 결혼이었다. 가족과의 분리와 독립을 통해 개별화된 남성 개인들은, 동등한 성인들의 결혼, 곧 재가족화를 통해 오랜 내적 갈등을 정리하고 자신을 완성하는 것이다. 이들의 개(인)성은 문학에 대한 취향을 통해 극대화되었으며, 이는 타자와 구별되는 유일한 자아 관념을 표명하는 수단이었다. 하지만 결혼을 통해 시민 사회에 진입함으로써 자신을 완성한다는 도식은 자신의 고유한 개성의 실현보다는 자유와 행복과 같은 시민의 보편적인 권리의 획득에 주목하게 만든다.$$a$$a그렇지만 시민 사회의 보편적 권리는 정치적 허구이며, 근대적 개인(시민)은 남성임을 그의 텍스트를 통해 알 수 있었다. 남성 인물의 개인성을 보장하는 타자는 여성이었던 것이다. 하지만 그의 텍스트에서 여성이 늘 남성의 타자로만 등장한 것은 아니며, 「야행」에서 이를 확인할 수 있었다. 그렇지만 이 경우에도 여성은 남성의 시선을 내면화한 존재로 등장하였으며, 이는 여성과 남성이 각기 다른 방식으로 개인화된다는 것을 말해준다. 또한 「야행」의 여성 인물은 성적 자아의 실현을 통해 개인화되지만, 이는 남성 인물들에게서는 발견되지 않는 방식이었다. 근대적인 개인 주체가 형성되는 방식은 남성 주체와 여성 주체에 동일하게 적용되지 않았던 것이다. 또한 작가가 여성 인물의 성적 욕망을 자아의 각성과 실현이라는 근대 개인주의 논리에 의거하도록 조치한 것은 중간 계급 여성의 성욕에 대한 불안과 신뢰가 동시에 작용한 것이다.$$a$$a결론적으로 볼 때 김승옥의 텍스트에 등장하는 개인 주체는 자신의 고유성을 실현하는 데 관심을 갖는 사적 개인이라기보다는 근대적 인간의 보편적 권리를 획득함으로써 만들어지는 시민으로서의 성격을 더 강하게 띠고 있다고 말할 수 있다. 또한 그의 개인화 전략은 남성과 여성에게 다르게 적용되었지만, 중간 계급에 대한 관심이 투사되어 있다는 점에서는 동일하다고 말할 수 있다. 이는 중간 계급을 보호하고 육성하여 시민 사회의 주체로 양성할 것을 요청하면서 다른 계급의 존재를 비가시화하고 특정 계급을 부각시킨 당대의 상황과 관련이 있다고 생각한다. 그의 텍스트는 중간 계급의 육성과 시민 사회의 정착에 대한 갈망이 뿌리내리고 있기 때문이다.$$a$$a This thesis aims at scrutinizing the strategy and characteristics of individualization from a gender perspective. The writer''s view on the existential mode of an individual subject is configurated in his fiction, mediated by literary imagination. Thus a close reading of his text is needed to examine his strategy of individualization, The elements constituting of an 'individual' in Kim''s writing is neither his own idea nor the reflection of his unique thoughts. Rather, Kim accepts or chooses among the contemporary discourses on individuals which deserve an observation in depth. It will help to understand under what contexts, writer''s strategy of individualization appears. This thesis demonstrates how the discourses of an individual emerge and are discussed. I also examine the mode of its structualization, starting from 1945 to the 4‧19 Revolution of the 1960s.$$a$$aPeople intensively concern establishing a modern individual from the American military administration in the late 1940s to the 1960s. It is an attempt to constitute a modern subject, historically, politically, or culturally fit for a modern state. Since Korea''s liberation from Japan and the successive submitting to the American military administration, the sovereign tries to transform the social constituents from the subject of the Japanese King to 'Kukmin,' or people becoming to a modern state. The Korean Constitution guarantees the fundamental human rights and emphasizes the sovereignty of people, obeying the principles of democracy. Ensured their legal status, the constituents of South Korea is reborn as a modern subject. But the nationalism ideology asserted by Hosang Ahn, Woojung Yang advocates 'Ilminchui' and reduces the meaning of democracy to the minimum. During this process, heterogeneous individuals are unified as one people voluntarily devoting to the state.$$a$$aThe contemporary intellectuals of the 1960s interpellate an individual as a subject striving for the state''s and society''s development. Differentiated from the nation, people, or traditional subjects, an individual is normalized as a rational being of intellect, stratifying Korean society. Accompanied by the call for a shift in generation, they also bring the youth baptized by democracy to the fore as an exemplary individual. The experience of 4‧19 Revolution played a decisive role in establishing the youth, in particular, the university students as a historical subject. Triggering the revolution off, they become conscious of their status a historical subject. and also confident of overcoming by themselves the political limits produced during the establishment of a modern state. It is the first time that they, with a higher education, define themselves as a being to criticize and reconstruct the established order ranging from politics, society, to culture since the establishment of modern Korea. Right after 4‧19 revolution flourish the discourses regarding these youth as the subject of Korean Society.$$a$$aThe discourse of an individual is engendered. The self-realization of a higher educated young woman is limited within the boundary of home, while the male counterpart is requested to perform the social responsibility. The domestic realm is alloted to the former, while the public one to the latter. The young man is also asked to perceive the problem of career, love, sex, or marriage logically and rationally, which is represented as the realization of individuality. In that sense, intellectuals define an rational individual as a middle class young man, accepting him as the only subject of civil society. The discourse of an individual is often merged into the ruling ideology of the 1960s. $$a$$aHow to constitute a modern individual is the uppermost theme of heated controversies in the 1960''s literature, regarding Seungok Kim''s fictions the most important text. The rising new critics including Hyun Kim, Juyeon Kim, Chisu Kim, or Byungik Kim insist that the formation of a modern subject be the urgent issue of modern Korean literature. They take Kim''s fiction as a representative literature textualizing the ideology of individual. Kim creates stories, essays, or scenarios briskly, buttressed by their favorable criticism and theory. Both the writer and critics pertain to the generation trained by the democratic education based on the progressive education theory. The contemporary imagination of an individual enormously influence the constituting mode of a subject in the 1960''s literary field. Defining an individual subject as rational, logical being, focusing on a male individualization, and categorizing him to the middle class - both literature and the general discourse of an individual in the 1960s share these three major characteristics.$$a$$aI pay a special attention to how the rulers appropriate the ideology of an individual. They inscribe the existence of a state into the respective social entity and force him to internalize its ideology since the establishment of a modern state. In addition, I observe the each intellectual''s literary discourse and view of an individual. Some contradict, or contrast with the ruling ideology, while others cooperate with it secretly. I also examine the contemporary culture which also impacts on the discourse of an individual.$$a$$aThe discourse of individual produced during establishing a modern nation state, shows evidently on what logical structure of modern society the ''modern self'' is produced. On the contrary, a literary text does not clearly exhibit the discourse of an individual on its surface, due to its generic characteristics. Yet analyzing the narrative structure, we can grasp how Kim assumes a modern subject. It is undeniable that Kim''s fiction contains the origin of an individual''s identity through the interiority of a character, the space where the character ponders over his most private thing. Still the individual''s identity cannot exist without the universal individual right supposed by the political imagination of a social contract, the contract that is based on the family romance and produces a modern society. Therefore I focus on the constituting mode of modern individual in Kim''s fiction unlike the former researches demonstrating the nature of the character''s interiority. My discussion aims at not only proving how vividly the birth of a modern subject as the imperative of modernity is represented in Kim''s text but also revealing how the figure of Kim''s modern individual is deified as 'the model of an individual' by literary, critical approval. It will trace the prototype of an individual, repetitively represented with various transformations in modern Korean Literature. Overall, I attempt to prove the seemingly asexual discourse of an individual is engendered under the specific historical context. I also criticize the constituting mode of a modern individual in the 1960''s Korean literature, and its internalizing process as the myth of a modern individual.$$a$$a

북미 Unitary 에어컨에 최적화된 저압식 가변속 스크롤 컴프레샤 개발

한나라 부산대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

균일 촉매와 불 균일 촉매를 이용한 탄화수소 산화 반응

정하영 서울과학기술대학교 2019 국내석사

본 연구에서는 포피린(Porphyrin) moiety를 포함하는 Nickel 균일 착물과 Manganese 불 균일 착물을 촉매로 하여 다양한 올레핀의 산화 반응을 관찰하였다. Nickel porphyrin 착물의 경우, MCPBA(meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid)를 산화제로 사용하여 온화한 조건하에서 빠르고 효과적으로 다양한 올레핀의 에폭시화 반응을 진행하였다. Manganese PIM 착물의 경우, 우수한 재사용성을 가지며 SPhIO(1-(tert-butyl sulfonyl)-2-iodosylbenzene)를 산화제로 사용하여 효과적으로 다양한 올레핀의 에폭시화 반응이 가능함을 확인하였다. 반응종의 전기적 성질을 알아보기 위해 Hammett study와 촉매의 반응 중간체에 대한 정보를 알기 위해 PPAA(Phenylperacetic acid)를 산화제로 사용한 실험, cis-와 trans- 형의 기질을 사용한 경쟁 반응 실험을 진행하였다. 이 실험들을 통하여 올레핀 산화 반응에 참여하는 반응 중간체를 확인하고 촉매 활성 메커니즘을 제시하였다. In this study, Nickel porphyrin homogeneous catalyst and Manganese PIM heterogeneous catalyst have been catalyzed the oxidation of various olefins. This Nickel porphyrin complex catalyzed quantitatively the epoxidation reaction of a wide range of olefins with MCPBA(meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid) under the mild conditions. Reactivity, Hammett studies and the use of PPAA(Phenylperacetic acid) as a mechanistic probe suggested that participation of multiple active oxidants such as NiII-OOC(O)R, NiIV-Oxo, and NiIII-Oxo in olefin epoxidation reactions by Nickel porphyrin complex is markedly affected by solvent polarity and concentration and type of substrate. And a new class of heterogeneous catalyst, Manganese PIM, shows efficient catalytic activity for olefin epoxidation with good reusability using SPhIO (1-(tert-butylsulfonyl)-2-iodosylbenzene). Remarkably, recycling enabled one batch of catalyst to be continuously used for all substrates. Mechanistic studies, including product analysis, Hammett plot, and competitive reactivity, revealed that MnIII-OIR, MnV-Oxo and MnIV-Oxo are key active oxidants.