알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사의 연민만족과 연민피로에 관한 연구

방지은 가톨릭대학교 사회복지대학원 2018 국내석사

This study was designed to prepare fundamental data on human resources management plans by identifying the effects of personal and job related factors on compassion satisfaction and fatigue, focusing on social workers in the field of alcoholism. This study surveyed 200 participants who were social workers providing social services to alcoholics and participating in such cases. For research purposes, seven participants were excluded from social welfare who were found to be not currently (2018) providing services to alcoholics, including those who gave wrong answer to the question, or gave a final response that was made with misunderstanding. Data collection was conducted from March 19, 2018 to April 7, 2018, using the Google Dogs system and paper questionnaire. The main findings of this study are : Firstly, compassion satisfaction of social workers in the field of alcoholism was found to be above normal, and compassion fatigue below normal. Secondly, among the individual factors of the survey participants, there was a statistically significant difference between satisfactions depending on age, academic background, and the presence of a spouse. Among the job related factors, it showed a statistically significant difference in the level of compassion and fatigue, depending on the type of employment agency and whether the employee holds a license related to addiction. Thirdly, in the analysis of the correlation between compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue, the individual and job related factors of the survey participants engaged in education related to age, academic background, marital status, addiction, and annual average addiction showed a statistically significant positive (+) association. On the other hand, the existence of clinical treatment-related certificates, work experiences related to addiction, number of cases per month, and the number of times the annual average number of cases of training related to addiction showed a statistically significant negative (-) relationship. Fourthly, as a result of conducting multiple linear regression analyses to determine factors affecting compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue, the number of cases in which it affects compassion satisfaction was related to the number of cases in which it was used and the average number of cases in question. Whereas, factors affecting compassion fatigue appeared to be the type of work organization. The above findings have the following implications regarding social welfare practices. Firstly, studies have been conducted on various topics of social welfare, but studies on social workers who are involved in the alcoholic field, which can be referred to as the special field had not been conducted sufficiently. Therefore, this study holds great academic significance in its study of social workers in the field of alcoholism. Secondly, the previously conducted studies on the quality of professional life in Korea was conducted primarily on nurses, in a variety of special fields (clinical nurses, emergency rooms, tumor units, etc.) as well as nurses in general wards. In the field of social welfare, however, research into the quality of professional life is minimal. In this context, this study presents academic significance with its quantitative studies conducted on social workers in the field of alcoholism, which is part of the field of mental health among social workers. Thirdly, this study is meaningful in that it introduced the Korean language ProQOL scale rather than the existing ProQOL scale of quality of professional life. In a study conducted by Kim Yong-seok et al(2016), Korean language version ProQOL was introduced by founding 30 questions on the original diagnosis scale to be suitable for the clinical site in Korea and positively effective for the substantiation on the social worker, which could be used to measure both the compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue levels. Therefore, starting with this research, it can be expected that the Korean language version ProQOL scale, which is suitable for Korea's social welfare practice, can be used in various field of practice. Fourthly, although ‘compassion’ has been defined as ‘an act of feeling pity for others and help others driven by emotion’ by so far, In this study, 'compassion' was redefined as the source of psychological concerns that social workers naturally had toward their clients and the activities on which they were allowed to provide intervention and welfare services. Thus, the core skill that social workers need to have, namely, are redefined and used by this study as the term 'empathy', which is to respond by understanding the client's feelings and thoughts, and 'compassion', which is to have a strong desire to ease the client's pain. Fifthly, the level of compassion satisfaction of social workers in the field of alcoholism was higher than average and the level of compassion fatigue was below average. In a study conducted on social workers using the Korean ProQOL scale(Kim Yong-seok, 2017), it showed similar results as compassion satisfaction showed a level above normal, and compassion fatigue below normal. Thus, it is considered to have significant meaning in that the Korean language ProQOL scale was used to measure the social workers' compassion level by setting up different clinical sites and samples for each of the three different clinical sites as in this study(Kim Yong-seok, 2017; Kim Yong-seok et al, 2016a). Sixthly, the factors affecting compassion satisfaction analyzed through regression revealed that the number of cases in a month and the number of times a year spent participating in annual training related to addiction were the influencing factors. On the other hand, the results showed that compassion level is affected by the type of work organization. Regression analysis revealed that the factors that primarily affect compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue were related to task related factors, and that personal factors were not influential. Therefore, it is believed that active research should be carried out to analyze the cause and personality of social workers in the field of alcoholism to introduce various variables. On the other hand, this study has limitations in comparing the level of compassion at other practical sites due to the lack of previously conducted studies using Korean ProQOL, and in relation to the limitations of sampling, personal factors, and tasks associated with the study. Therefore, follow-up study is required for further improvement of the study. 본 연구는 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사를 중심으로 개인적 요인과 직무 관련 요인이 연민만족과 연민피로에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 인적 자원 관리 방안에 대한 기초자료를 마련하기 위한 목적으로 시도되었다. 조사대상자는 알코올중독에게 사회복지서비스를 제공 및 사례개입을 하고 있는 사회복지사 200명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 목적에 따라 현재(2018) 알코올중독자에게 서비스를 제공하는 사회복지 종사자가 아닌 경우, 문항에 대한 잘못된 이해로 오답을 했거나 성의가 없는 응답을 한 경우 등 7명을 제외한 193명을 최종적으로 분석하였다. 자료수집은 구글 독스(Google Docs) 시스템과 지면설문지를 활용하여 2018년 3월 19일부터 2018년 4월 7일까지 시행하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사의 연민만족은 보통 수준 이상, 연민피로는 보통 수준 이하로 나타났다. 둘째, 조사대상자의 개인적 요인 중 연령, 학력, 배우자의 유무에 따라 연민만족과 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 나타냈다. 그리고 직무 관련 요인 중 중독 관련 자격증 취득 여부, 근무 기관 유형에 따라 연민피로와 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 나타냈다. 셋째, 조사대상자의 개인적 요인과 직무 관련 요인이 연민만족과 연민피로 간의 상관관계분석에서 연민만족을 중심으로 연령, 학력, 배우자의 유무, 중독 관련 근무 경력, 연 평균 중독 관련 보수교육에 참여하는 횟수는 유의미한 정(+)적상관관계로 나타났다. 반면, 연민피로를 중심으로 중독 관련 자격증 유무, 중독 관련 근무 경력, 월 사례 건 수, 연 평균 중독 관련 보수교육에 참여하는 횟수는 통계적으로 유의미한 부(-)적상관관계로 나타났다. 넷째, 조사대상자의 연민만족과 연민피로에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 다중선형회귀분석을 진행한 결과, 연민만족에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 월 사례 건 수, 연 평균 중독 관련 보수교육에 참여하는 횟수로 나타났다. 반면, 연민피로에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 근무 기관 유형으로 나타났다. 위의 연구 결과가 가지는 사회복지 실천 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지금까지 사회복지분야에서 사회복지사를 다양한 주제로 연구들이 진행되어왔으나, 특수한 영역이라 할 수 있는 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사를 대상으로 한 연구는 미미한 편에 속한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사를 대상으로 연구를 수행한 것에 학술적 의미가 크다. 둘째, 국내에서 이루어진 전문가 삶의 질에 관한 선행연구는 주로 간호사를 대상으로 일반 병동의 간호사 뿐 아니라 다양하고 특수한 분야(임상 간호사, 응급실, 종양병동, 암환자 등)에서 종사하는 간호사를 대상으로 연구가 이루어졌다. 하지만 사회복지분야에서는 전문가 삶의 질에 대한 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 이러한 맥락에서 살펴본다면 본 연구에서 사회복지사 중 정신건강분야의 일환인 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사를 대상으로 양적 연구가 실시된 것은 학술적 의의가 있다. 셋째, 기존의 전문가 삶의 질(ProQOL) 원척도가 아닌 한국어판 ProQOL 척도를 소개하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 김용석 외(2016)의 연구에서 원척도 30개의 문항을 우리나라의 임상현장에 적합성 여부와 하위 내용이 사회복지사에게 적합한지의 여부를 확인하여 ‘연민’으로 인한 긍정적은 영향인 연민만족과 부정적인 영향인 연민피로를 모두 측정할 수 있는 한국어판 ProQOL 척도를 소개하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 시작으로 한국의 사회복지실천 현장에 적합한 한국어판 ProQOL 척도를 다양한 실천현장분야에서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다. 넷째, 지금까지 ‘연민’이라 함은 ‘타인을 불쌍히 여기고, 감정에 의해 도움을 주는’ 행위라고 정의하였으나, 본 연구에서는 ‘연민’을 사회복지사가 클라이언트에 대해 자연스럽게 갖게 되는 심리적 염려와 이를 기반으로 사회복지사가 클라이언트를 개입 및 복지서비스를 제공하게 하는 활동의 근원적 감정이라고 명명하였다. 따라서 사회복지사가 갖추어야하는 핵심적인 기술 즉, 클라이언트의 감정과 생각을 이해하여 반응하는 ‘공감’에서 더 나아가 클라이언트의 고통을 덜어 주려는 강한 열망을 동반한 ‘연민’이란 용어를 정의하여 사용한 것에 의의가 있다. 다섯째, 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사의 연민만족 수준은 평균 이상, 연민피로 수준은 평균 이하 수준으로 나타났다. 한국어판 ProQOL 척도를 사용한 사회복지사 대상의 연구(김용석, 2017)에서는 연민만족은 보통 수준 이상, 연민피로는 보통 수준 이하의 결과를 나타내며 본 연구와 동일한 결과가 나타났다. 이렇듯, 한국어판 ProQOL 척도를 활용하여 본 연구를 포함한 세 차례(김용석, 2017; 김용석 외, 2016a)에 걸쳐 각기 다른 임상현장 및 표본을 설정하여 사회복지사의 연민 수준을 측정한 것이 의미 있는 것으로 사료된다. 여섯째, 회귀분석을 통해 연민만족에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 월 사례 건 수, 연 평균 중독 관련 보수교육에 참여하는 횟수에 따라 영향을 받았다. 반면, 연민피로는 근무 기관의 유형에 따라 영향을 받는다는 결과가 나타났다. 회귀분석 결과 주로 연민만족과 연민피로에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 직무 관련 요인과 관련한 변수로 나타났고, 개인적 요인은 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이에 대한 원인 분석 및 알코올중독분야에 종사하는 사회복지사의 개인적 요인의 특징을 탐색하여 다양한 변수를 대입한 활발한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다. 반면, 본 연구는 한국어판 ProQOL 척도를 활용한 선행연구가 미미하여 다른 실천현장의 연민수준을 비교하는데 한계가 있고, 표본추출의 한계, 개인적 요인 및 직무관련요인 및 중독 관련 종사자와 밀접한 변수에 대한 탐색이 미미하여 연구의 제한점이 있다. 따라서 후속연구를 통해 보완이 필요하다.

초등학생의 음주효과기대에 영향을 미치는 요인 연구 : 초등학교 고학년을 중심으로

김수진 가톨릭대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

According to the results of a recent survey, drinking, which was regarded as adolescents’ problematic behavior, has spread even to elementary students, and this shows that the age of starting drinking is growing younger. Alcohol expectancy is a strong predictor that can be formed during the days of elementary school and determine subsequent drinking behavior. However, alcohol expectancy is also a variable that can be corrected by education and this suggests the important fact that drinking problems are preventable in advance. Accordingly, the present study purposed comprehensive examination of factors affecting elementary students’ alcohol expectancies in order to use the results in developing programs for preventing elementary students’ drinking problems in advance. For this purpose, we chose variables, which were divided into family factors, individual factors, and environmental factors, from the results of previous research, and examined which of them affect elementary students’ alcohol expectancies. The subjects of this study were 560 fifth and sixth graders in Seoul, and a questionnaire survey was conducted by mail or visiting in person. Of 560 recovered questionnaires, 529 were used in final analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, in the results of measuring alcohol expectancy, which is a dependent variable, the elementary students’ mean score of alcohol expectancy was 1.39 (standard deviation=1.33). Specifically, 41.4% of the respondents replied ‘Yes’ to the question ‘Alcohol will make a meeting joyful,’ showing the highest expectancy. In general, however, elementary students’ alcohol expectancies were not so high. When the results of this study on elementary students’ alcohol expectancies were compared with the results of five questions included in research by Kim Yong seok and Yoon Hye mi (2001) on secondary students’ alcohol expectancies, the elementary students’ expectancy level was similar to or even higher than the secondary students’. This suggests that Korean elementary students are also affected by drinking problems and their alcohol expectancies have been raised. Second, in the results of regression analysis on factors affecting elementary students’ alcohol expectancies, a total of 7 variables were identified as factors affecting elementary students’ alcohol expectancies significantly, and the following are the factors in order of significance. Environmental factor ‘Good impression of alcohol advertisements’ had the most significant effect, which was followed by family factor ‘Family history of problematic drinking,’ environmental factors ‘Frequency of TV watching’ and ‘Frequency of exposure to alcohol advertisements,’ and individual factors ‘Age’ and ‘Drinking experience.’ Environmental factor ‘Friends’ drinking behavior’ also had a significant effect but least among the input independent variables. The results of this study as presented above have implications as follows. First, the results show the current state of drinking in elementary students and the ineffectiveness of current drinking education in school, and suggest the necessity of developing and applying more efficient drinking prevention programs. Second, they provide a ground for the necessity of drinking prevention education programs that require parents’ participation due to the subjects’ characteristics. Third, they suggest that, out of their social and cultural responsibilities, mass media should control their broadcasting related to drinking and that mass media should deliver accurate information and knowledge about drinking through reverse advertisements, promotions and campaigns against drinking. Fourth, they imply that prevention of drinking among elementary students is one of substantial ways of improving and refining drinking culture in Korea. Fifth, they show that drinking problems in elementary students should not be overlooked or neglected. 최근 조사결과, 그 동안 청소년의 문제행동으로 여겨졌던 음주가 초등학생에게 까지 확산되는 음주 저 연령화 현상이 일어나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 음주효과기대란 초등학교 때 형성되어 추후 음주행동으로 이어질 수 있는 강력한 예측변인이다. 그러나 음주효과기대는 교육을 통해 행동수정이 가능한 변인이라는 점에서 음주문제를 사전에 예방할 수 있다는 중요한 사실을 시시하고 있다. 따라서 초등학생들의 음주 문제를 사전에 예방하는 음주예방프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 초등학생의 음주효과기대에 미치는 요인을 총체적으로 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 선행연구를 바탕으로 가정할 수 있는 변수를 가정적 요인, 개인적 요인, 환경적 요인으로 선별하였고, 이중 어느 것이 초등학생의 음주효과기대에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴보았다. 조사대상자는 서울 초등학생 5.6학년 560명이었으며, 직접방문 또는 우편을 통하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 회수된 설문지 560부 중 529부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 종속변수의 음주효과기대 수준을 파악한 결과, 초등학생의 음주효과기대의 평균 점수는 1,39점(표준편차=1.33)이었다. 이를 구체적으로 살펴보면, ‘술은 모임을 즐겁게 해 줄 것이다’라는 문항에 ‘예’ 라는 응답이 전체 응답의 41.4%로 가장 높은 수준임을 알 수 있다. 그러나 전반적으로 초등학생들의 음주효과기대 수준은 높은 수준에까지 미치지는 않는 것으로 조사결과 나타났다. 또한 본 연구의 초등학생의 음주효과기대 결과와 김용석·윤혜미(2001)가 보고한 중학생의 음주효과기대 문항 증 본 연구에서 측정한 5 문항과의 결과를 비교한 결과, 수준은 비슷하거나 일부 문항에서는 오히려 더 높게 나타났다. 이는 최근 우리나라 초등학생의 음주 확산과 함께 음주효과기대 또한 높아졌음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 초등학생의 음주효과기대에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위해 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 총 7개의 변수들이 초등학생의 음주효과기대에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 순서대로 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 환경적 요인 중 ‘음주광고를 본 느낌 호감’이 가장 큰 영향을 주었으며, 다음으로 가정적 요인 중 ‘문제음주가족력’이 그 뒤를 이어 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 계속해서 환경적 요인에서 ‘TV시청 빈도’, ‘음주광고노출빈도’순으로 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 개인적 요인에서는 ‘연령’, ‘음주경험’이 순서대로 영향을 끼쳤다. 마지막으로 환경적 요인에 해당하는 ‘친구의 음주행위’가 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으나 이는 투입 된 독립변수 중 그 영향력이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생의 음주실태 및 현재 학교에서 이루어지고 있는 음주교육의 비 효과성을 근거로 보다 효율적인 음주예방프로그램을 개발 및 이를 실시할 필요성을 제안하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 둘째, 조사대상자의 특성상 부모와 함께 참여할 음주예방교육 프로그램이 필요한 근거를 밝혔다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 셋째, 대중매체의 사회적·문화적인 책임으로서 음주와 관련한 방송 시 그 수위를 조정해야 할 필요성이 있고, 대중매체를 통해 음주에 대한 역 광고·홍보·캠페인 등 음주에 대한 정확한 정보와 지식을 전달할 필요성에 대해 논의할 수 있는 계기가 되었다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다. 넷째, 우리나라 음주문화의 개선과 발전을 위한 실질적 방안이 곧 초등학교 음주예방과 연관이 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 다섯째, 연구 결과를 토대로 초등학생의 음주문제를 외면하거나 간과해서는 안 된다는 것을 보여주었다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

식품 중 폴리아크릴산나트륨 및 알긴산프로필렌글리콜의 분석법 확립

정은정 전북대학교 일반대학원 2017 국내박사

Sodium polyacrylate (SPA) and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) are food additives that act as thickeners and stabilizers in foods. Diversification of food additives has been demanded according to the development of processed foods and the range of use has been widening. However, the development of methods for the analysis of food additives in food was insufficient. Therefore, there was a difficulty in the management inspection of whether the use prohibited additive was used in the product inspection or whether the limit of the use amount of the food additive was exceeded. Therefore, this study establishes the analytical method of SPA and PGA and confirms the reliability and validity of the test method by examining the recovery rate, linearity, limit of quantification, detection limit, uncertainty and so on. And to investigate the content of each component. This study consists of two chapters: Chapter Ⅰ. Establishment and monitoring of sodium polyacrylate in food Chapter Ⅱ. Establishment and monitoring of propylene glycol alginate in food Sodium phosphate buffer was suitable for the standard solution of SPA, and it was judged to be suitable for the food additive because the standard product showed different molecular weight from the research use. Analysis of SPA was carried out using size-exclusion chromatography, and GF-7M HQ column was found to be suitable. The detector was examined for UV/VIS detector (210 nm), RI and ELSD, and it was confirmed that the UV/VIS detector (210 nm) was suitable for peak shape and linearity. The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min and the column oven was 45℃. The mobile phase was selected as 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 9.0. A sample pretreatment method was established to analyze SPA in food samples. In order to remove fat and protein in the sample, hexane and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were treated, but it was not suitable for SPA analysis. As a result of treatment at 20, 40, 60, and 121℃ for extraction of SPA in samples. 20℃, and it was confirmed that extraction with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 was better than that with extraction solvent. Therefore, the HPLC-SEC method of SPA was performed using GF-7M HQ column, column oven at 45℃, a mobile phase of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 9.0 at 0.6 mL/min, and a UV/VIS detector (210 nm). The extraction conditions were as follows: extraction with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 at 20℃ and 150 rpm for 3 hr. The analytical method validation showed proper selectivity and the calibration curve was selected in the range of 50~500 mg/L, and the correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was over 0.99. The LOD of SPA was 10.95 mg/kg and the LOQ was 33.19 mg/kg. The accuracy of the SPA was 3.0~2.6% for intra day and 1.3 2.6% for inter day. The accuracy of recovery was 99.6~127.6% for intra day and 94.3~121.9% for inter day. The content of SPA in the foods were analyzed and 40 out of 125 samples were detected. The detected concentrations were found to be less than 0.2%, which was limited by the Food Additives Code. It has been confirmed that water or sodium phosphate was suitable as a dissolving solvent for standard products of PGA. Size-exclusion chromatography, and the column was confirmed to be suitable for the GF-7M HQ column. The detector was suitable for peak shape or linearity in ELSD. For the mobile phase, water was used singly and flow rate 0.8 mL/min was suitable. The pretreatment method for the analysis of PGA was suitable for 3 hr extraction at 20℃ and 150 rpm according to the extraction temperature. The selectivity of the analytical method was confirmed, and it was confirmed that it was detected without influence of the sample matrix. The calibration curve was prepared at 300~1,500 mg/kg of standard solution and the correlation coefficient (R2) was excellent more than 0.98. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 171.43 mg/kg and 519.50 mg/kg, respectively. As a result of analyzing the content of PGA by securing foods in domestic distribution, it was confirmed that there were 15 cases of fermented beverages and 10 cases of alcoholic beverage among 134 samples. PGA was detected in 1 case of pickled food, 5 cases of confection, 2 cases of dressing, 3 cases of processed product, 8 cases of cheese, 7 cases of tomato ketchup and 14 cases of noodle. However, all of them were confirmed to be less than 1%. In conclusion, HPLC-SEC method was established for the analysis of SPA and PGA in food, and a sample pretreatment method was also established. In addition, the reliability and validity of the analytical method established through this study were also confirmed. Monitoring of the foods in distribution was able to confirm the contents. Therefore, this method was considered to be applicable to food additives test in food.

가공경화 수용력의 차이와 동적 회복 거동이 0.25% C 저합금강의 미끄럼마멸 특성에 미치는 영향

김종철 국민대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

Boron은 소량으로도 강의 경화능을 크게 향상시켜 최근 이에 대한 응용기술이 많이 연구되고 있다. 하지만 boron 첨가강의 마멸 거동에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 Boron을 포함하여 강의 기계적 성질을 향상시키는데 효과적인 원소인 망간과 크롬이 강의 마멸거동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 보론, 망간, 그리고 크롬의 함량을 달리하여 5 종류의 강종을 제조하였다. 첨가한 합금원소에 따라 상이한 미세조직을 광학현미경으로 관찰하고, image analyzer를 이용하여 상분석을 실시하였다. 미끄럼마멸 시험은 상온대기 중에서 100 N의 수직하중과 0.1 m/s의 미끄럼속도를 적용하여 300 m의 미끄럼거리를 회전시켰다. 마멸 시험 후의 마멸면과 마멸단면을 TEM과 micro Vickers 경도계를 이용하여 각 강종의 가공경화 수용력을 분석하였다. 또한, 압축시험을 실시한 후 회복 열처리를 통해 보론의 유무에 따른 강의 동적 회복 거동을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 미끄럼마멸 시험 후의 가공경화 수용력이 높을수록 강의 미끄럼마멸 저항성이 증가하였다. 특히 보론 첨가강의 경우, 미끄럼마멸 시험 도중의 상승하는 높은 온도에서의 회복속도를 늦추어 우수한 미끄럼마멸 저항성을 나타냈었다.

쌀알누룩을 이용한 맥주 제조 및 품질 특성

강선아 전북대학교 일반대학원 2019 국내석사

Amyloid beta vaccination in conjunction with bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease pathology in 3xTg-AD mice

김남식 경희대학교 대학원 2017 국내박사

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, and is characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins. Vaccination against Aβ peptide results in dramatic reduction of Aβ pathology in experimental mouse models. Recent studies have demonstrated that bee venom (BV) phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2), the major component of BV, causes immune tolerance by increasing the population of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, allergic asthma, and Parkinson’s disease models. I hypothesized that bvPLA2 treatment may improve cognitive function and the pathological features of AD in Aβ-vaccinated 3xTg-AD mice. Vaccination with Aβ protects transgenic mice from spatial learning deficits and is also associated with a partial reduction in amyloid burden in 3xTg-AD mice. bvPLA2 administration significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits and reduced Aβ burdens in the hippocampus and cortex region of 3xTg-AD mice, compared with an Aβ-vaccinated 3xTg-AD mice group. Additionally, I examined brain glucose metabolism using positron emission tomography with 18F-2 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([F-18] FDG). Cerebral glucose uptake in the bvPLA2 group was considerably increased in the brain compared to that of the Aβ-vaccinated 3xTg-AD mice. The present suggests that an increase in the Treg population induced via bvPLA2 treatment may inhibit the progression of AD in conjunction with Aβ vaccination therapy in 3xTg-AD mice. 알츠하이머병은 치매를 유발하는 가장 흔한 원인질환으로 아밀로이드 베타와 타우 단백질의 생성과 배출 사이의 불균형을 특징으로 한다. 실험용 쥐 모델에서 아밀로이드 베타 백신은 아밀로이드 베타 생성을 획기적으로 감소시켰다. 또한, 최근 연구들은 봉독의 구성성분인 Bee Venom Phospholipase A2(bvPLA2)가 Cisplatin으로 유발된 신장독성, 알러지성 천식, 파킨슨병 동물 모델에서 CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells(Tregs)를 증가시킴으로써 면역관용을 유도한다고 보고하였다. 때문에 본 연구는 bvPLA2와 아밀로이드 베타 백신 병행요법이 알츠하이머 동물 모델의 인지기능과 병리적 특징들을 개선시키는지 알아보고자 하였다. 알츠하이머 동물 모델에서 아밀로이드 베타 백신 투여는 공간학습능력을 개선시켰으며 아밀로이드 베타 농도를 일부 감소시켰다. bvPLA2 투여는 아밀로이드 베타 백신 단독 시행에 비하여 인지기능을 개선하고 대뇌피질과 해마 부위의 아밀로이드 베타 축적을 감소시키는데 유의미한 효능을 보였다. 또한 18F-2 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucos([F-18] FDG)를 이용하여 Positron emission tomography(PET) 검사를 시행한 결과 bvPLA2 투여는 아밀로이드 베타 백신 단독 시행에 비하여 뇌의 포도당 대사를 더욱 증가시켰다. 따라서 알츠하이머 동물모델에서 bvPLA2와 아밀로이드 베타 백신 병행요법은 bvPLA2가 Treg를 증가시키는 방법으로 알츠하이머병을 개선시키는 효능이 있다고 사료된다.

육계의 부산물을 활용한 천연조미료 제품 개발에 관한 연구

손범식 전북대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

To development natural seasoning from broiler by-products, the conditions preparing the extracts and powders were selected and their quality characteristics and sensory evaluation were analyzed. Broiler by-products, such as bone and feet, were used for preparing the extracts, with bone : feet ratios (w/w) of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5. The products were extracted under atmospheric pressure(95±2oC) and under pressurization extraction(121±1oC, 0.1 MPa); the sample were subjected to these treatments for 1-5h. The powders were prepared by spray-drying, and maltodextrin (DE = 12) was added at a ratio of 10%, 20% and 30%. The optimal mixing ratios and extraction conditions were determined by quality characteristics and sensory evaluation. The optimal mixing ratio for broiler bone and feet mixtures was selected based on the result of the sensory evaluation, which showed that umami was the highest at a bone : feet ratio of 5:5, whereas appearance, flavor, and overall preference were the highest at 8:2. Therefore, the 8:2 mixing ratio was considered to be the as the optimal rato. For selecting the extraction condition (i.e., extraction method and time), quality characteristics were analyzed; soluble solid contents obtained during atmospheric pressure extraction (0.67-1.49 oBrix) and pressurization extraction (2.46-3.61 oBrix) increased with increased extraction time. The mineral contents were the highest at 3h (505.12 mg/L) following atmospheric pressure extraction, but not significantly different from those at 2h (503.17 mg/L), while the mineral contents were higher at 3h (491.12 mg/L) following pressurization extraction. The free amino acid contents were the highest at 2h (659.51 ㎍/mL) after atmospheric pressure extraction, while pressurization extraction was highest at 3h (537.63 ㎍/mL). Thus, extraction under atmospheric pressure extraction for 2h was considered as the optimal extraction condition. The nucleotide-related compounds and free amino acids were analyzed to confirm the taste compound of the powder prepared according to the wall material ratio. Inosine-5'-monophosphate(IMP) and adenosine-5'-monophosphate(AMP) were significantly higher in M10 (added 10% maltodextrn), Hypoxanthine(HxR) and inosine(Hx) contributed to flavor of meat were showed that higher in M10. The free amino acid contents of powders were the highest in M10 and decreased with increasing wall material ratio. The water absorption index (WAI) and hygroscopicity were low in M10 and water solubility index (WSI) was high. The sensory evaluate of powders showed no significant difference in appearance, but M10 was higher in flavor, umami and overall appearance. This study confirmed the possibility of using broiler by-products as intermediate materials for the development of natural seasoning products.

엉겅퀴 물 추출물을 이용한 젖산발효 특성 및 제품개발

심동준 전북대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

In this study, we made fermented thistle syrup that increased useful components. For this purpose optimum drying condition of thistle was set by comparing drying time and color value, and extraction condition was set by comparing antioxidant activity of extract The lactic acid bacteria for thistle extract fermentation was selected by comparing physicochemical properties, microbial changes, antioxidant activity and useful components. In order to prepare the starter culture medium for the production of fermented thistle syrup, the composition of the medium was selected by comparing the number of microorganisms according to the composition of the medium, and physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, useful component content and sensory test of fermented thistle syrup were investigated. 1. Drying condition of thistle were suitable at 70℃ for 4hours and color values was L : 40.36, a : -7.75 and b : 15.08. 2. Water extraction condition of thistle were suitable at 100℃ for 4 hours that shoed better antioxidant activities than other conditions. The antioxidant activities of selected water extraction condition of thistle showed 0.95 mg/g of total phenolic contents, 0.73 mg/g of total flavonoid contents, 46.63% of DPPH radical scavenging activity and 51.32% of ABTS radical scavenging activity. 3. Results of preliminary test, Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were selected as thistle fermentation bacteria. Theses bacteria shoed better physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities than other bacteria. 4. As a result of fermentation of thistle extract with Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc mesenteroides showed higher lactic acid bacteria numbers Lactobacillus plantarum. but Lactobacillus plantarum showed better titratable acidity and pH than Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Total phenolic content showed similar content but total flavonoid contents showed higher contents at Lactobacillus plantarum. Leuconostoc mesenteroids showed decreased cirsimarin and cirsimaritin contents during fermentation, but Lactobacillus plantarum showed 15% increased cirsimaritin contents after 24 hours fermentation. Through the above results, we selected Lactobacillus plantarum as thistle fermentation bacteria which showed higher titratable acidity, total flavonoid content and cirsimaritin contents than Leuconotoc mesenteroides. 5. As a result of lactic acid fermentation after add different concentration of sugar to thistle extract, sugar add showed no significant changes in total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, but the content of cirsimaritin tended to increase and then condition of 12 °Brix showed higher cirsimaritin content about 70% than non-fermented condition. 6. Mixing ratio to make medium for starter culture of thistle extract and malt extract was suitable 75:25, and carbon source add showed lower bacteria growth rates than no carbon source add. And the addition of 0.5% of nitrogen source to the mixture of thistle extract and malt extract showed excellent result among the conditions 7. As a result of sensory test of fermented thistle and non-fermented thistle syrup showed that there was no significant different in color, flavor and after taste, but fermented thistle syrup had higher preference of sourness than non-fermented thistle syrup and bitterness and astringency significantly decreased than non-fermented thistle syrup. From these result we confirmed that sensory properties were improved by fermentation. 8. In conclusion, condition of thistle extraction was suitable at 100℃ for 4 hours, Lactobacillus plantarum was selected as thistle fermentation bacteria and sugar add to improve fermentation effects of water extract of thistle was suitable condition of 12 °Brix using oligosaccharide. And through the experiment, we confirmed that cirsimaritin content and sensory characteristics of thistle extract could be increased by lactic acid fermentation.

분위기와 상대재에 따른 순철의 미끄럼 마멸 기구 분석

구본우 국민대학교 일반대학원 신소재공학과 신소재공학전공 2018 국내석사

미끄럼 마멸 시험 동안 마멸면 직하에서는 기존 기지와는 미세조직, 상 그리고 물성이 다른 층이 형성된다. 마멸면 직하에서 마멸이 발생할 때 서로 다른 층들이 어떻게 형성되는지를 이해하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 그 층들은 산화물 층, MML, 변형층 등 다양한 층들이 존재한다. 이러한 층들의 형성 기구는 하중, 미끄럼 속도, 상대재의 종류, 분위기 같이 다양한 시험조건에 의해 결정된다고 알려져있다. 본 연구에서는 순철의 미끄럼 마멸 시험을 AISI 52100 과 Al2O3을 상대로 시험되었으며, 대기 중에서 그리고 비산화분위기인 Ar분위기에서 수행되었다. 순철은 마멸에 있어 다른 상이나 석출물의 방해를 받지 않기 위해 사용하였다. 본 실험의 온도, 하중, 미끄럼 속도는 모두 일정하게 시험되었다. 시험 후, 마멸면, 마멸파편 그리고 마멸 단면은 SEM, TEM 과 EDS로 분석하였다. 상대재와 분위기를 바꿔 실험한 결과, 각각의 경우에 모두 다른 마멸면 직하 층이 형성되었으며, 마멸속도 또한 모두 다르게 나왔다. 분석결과, 모든 경우 마멸 기구가 달랐으며 각각 산화마멸, MML 형성, 고강도 소성변형층 형성, 마멸면간 강한 응착으로 밝혀 졌다. During sling wear of a ferrous metal, a subsurface layer is formed of which the microstructure, constituting phases and the mechanical property are different from them of the original wearing metal. Since the wear occurs at the layer, it is important to understand how the wear rate varies with different layers. The layers are composed of oxide layer, MML (mechanically mixed layer) and deformation layer. Their formation mechanisms are known to vary depending on wear-test conditions such as load, sliding speed, counterpart material and environmental conditions. In this research, sliding wear tests of pure iron were carried out against two different counterparts, AISI 52100 steel and Al2O3 in the air and in an inert Ar gas atmosphere. The pure iron was employed to exclude other effects from the secondary phases in steel on the wear. The sliding wear tests were performed at room temperature under constant load and sliding speed conditions. After the tests, worn surfaces, wear debris and cross sections were analyzed by SEM, TEM and EDS. Effects of the different counterparts and test environments on the formation of the subsurface layer and the wear rates were studied to find out that the counterparts and environments resulted in significant changes in the wear rate. The change was analyzed and discussed by oxidation, severe plastic deformation, and adhesion at wearing surfaces.

Neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons by Hominis Placenta herbal acupuncture in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease induced by MPP+/MPTP toxicity

전형준 경희대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

최근 한의학에서 널리 사용되며, 신경계 질환에도 응용 가능성을 보이고 있는 자하거 약침의 신경보호효과를 알아보기 위하여, 신경 퇴행성 질환인 파킨슨 씨 병에 대하여 in vitro/in vivo 실험을 통해 자하거 약침의 신경보호효과와 행동검사 결과를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 자하거 약침은 in vitro 실험에서 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)투여로 인한 신경세포 손상에 대하여 신경보호효과의 가능성을 보였다. 이를 근거로 시행한 in vivo 실험에서는 C57BL/6 mice를 사용하여 실험군을 정상군, 신경독소인 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)만 주입한 군, 족삼리에 식염수를 주입하면서 MPTP를 주입한 군, 족삼리에 자하거 약침을 주입하면서 MPTP를 주입한 군의 4군으로 나누었다. 자하거 약침은 MPTP 주입 전에 양측 족삼리에 4주간 격일로 12회 주입하였고 자하거 약침 8회 시술 후부터 MPTP를 하루에 한 번 5일간 복강내 주입하여 중뇌의 흑질의 도파민 신경세포를 파괴하여 Parkinson 질병동물 모델을 만들어 자하거 약침의 세포손상에 대한 예방효과 및 신경보호효과를 관찰하였다. 실험이 끝난 후 행동검사는 pole test와 rota-rod test를 시행하였고 세포의 보존정도는 도파민 세포를 TH 면역조직 화학법을 통해 측정하였다. 관찰결과 MPTP 투여 후 MPTP 투여군의 흑질의 도파민 세포수는 감소하였으나 자하거 약침을 투여한 경우에는 세포수가 유지되는 경향성을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. 행동검사에서도 양호한 경향성은 나타내었으나 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. Parkinson 모델 실험을 통해 자하거 약침은 세포손상예방 및 신경보호효과의 가능성을 보였으나 유의성 있는 결과는 나타내지 못했으므로, 추후 적절한 경혈, 투여방법 및 최적의 농도를 찾는데 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Key words : Hominis Placenta herbal acupuncture, Parkinson’s disease, MPP+, MPTP, Behavioral test, TH-immunohistochemistry Purpose : This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Hominis Placenta(HP) on dopaminergic neurons. Methods : We examined the effect of in vitro administration of HP against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP+)-induced dopaminergic cell loss in primary mesencephalic culture and also used behavioral tests and performed analysis in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mice brain, to confirm the effect of HP on dopaminergic neurons in an in vivo 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced PD mouse model. Animals were assigned to four groups; (1) Group 1 (vehicle-treated group), (2) Group 2 (MPTP only treated group), (3) Group 3 (MPTP + saline-treated/ST36 group), (4) Group 4 (MPTP + HP-treated/ST36 group). HP at 20 μL of 48 mg/kg dose was injected at ST36 for 4 weeks at 2-day intervals. MPTP in saline was injected intraperitoneally per day for 5 days from 8th treatment of HP. We performed the pole test and rota-rod test, on the first and seventh day after the last MPTP injection. To investigate the effect of HP on dopaminergic neuron, we performed analysis in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mice brain after treatment of HP and/or MPTP. Results : Treatment with HP had no influence on cell proliferation and caused no cell toxicity in PC12 and HT22 cells. Our study showed that HP significantly prevented the cell loss and protected neurites against MPP+ toxicity. Although the in vivo treatment of HP herbal acupuncture at ST36 showed improvement tendency on movement ability and protected dopaminergic cells and fibers in the substantia nigra and the striatum, it did not show significant changes compared with the MPTP treated group. Conclusion : These data suggested that HP could be a potential treatment strategy in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. Key words : Hominis Placenta herbal acupuncture, Parkinson’s disease, MPP+, MPTP, Behavioral test, TH-immunohistochemistry