대구 달서구의 외국인 분포와 일상활동 분석

김동식 경북대학교 교육대학원 2012 국내석사

인간의 모든 활동은 시공간 내에서 이루어진다. 즉, 인간의 모든 활동은 공간을 점유하게 되고 일정한 시간의 흐름 혹에서 구성된다. 이러한 인간의 일상 활동 분석은 시간지리학의 틀 내에서 연구되어 왔다. 일상 활동과 관련한 국내 연구의 경우, 개념 및 이론의 소개, 대학생, 직장인, 주부 등을 대상으로 사례연구를 진행한데 반하여 외국인의 일상 활동에 대한 분석은 거의 이루어 지지 않았다. 외국인에 대한 연구는 주로 외국인의 공간적 분포와 이동, 국지적 장소적 특성에 대한 연구에 초점을 두었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 GIS와 시간지리학, 사회적 거리 개념을 바탕으로 외국인의 일상 활동을 분석하는 것이다. 달서구에 거주하거나 직장을 가지고 있는 외국인을 대상으로 설문조사 및 심층 인터뷰를 통하여 자료를 수집하고 분석하였다. 사회적 거리 개념을 이용하여, 국적별, 연령별, 직업별, 거주기간별로 사회적 거리가 어떻게 다른지 분석한 결과 최솟값이 25로 나타났으며 최댓값은 64로 나타났고 사회적 거리 평균은 44.95로 나타났다. 국적별 분석, 성별 분석, 근로기간별 분석에서는 유의미한 결과가 나타났으며 국적별로는 중국계가 사회적 거리가 가장 가깝게 나타났고, 성별 분석에서는 여성(41.00)이 남성(46.21)보다 더 가깝게 나타났다. 근로기간별 분석에서는 5년 이상(42.20)의 사회적 거리 가 가장 멀었고 1년~3년(41.93)이 가장 가깝게 나타났다. 외국인 노동자와 외국인 강사로 구분하여 일상 활동 공간 및 시공간 경로를 분석한 결과 주중 일상 활동 분석에서는 외국인 노동자의 활동범위가 외국인 강사보다 좁게 나타났고, 외국인들은 주거지와 직장의 이동이 대부분이었지만 외국인 강사는 달서구를 벗어난 활동이 나타났다. 주말 일상 활동 분석에서도 공간적 확산이 이루어지긴 하였으나 외국인 강사의 일상 활동이 더 넓게 나타난다. 이러한 결과는 경제적 능력, 교통수단 보유, 근로시간이 영향을 주었다. 본 연구는 외국인의 분포에만 초점을 맞춘 기존의 연구가 보여주지 못하는 시공간상 이동을 지리적으로 시각화 하였다. 이러한 시공간적인 이동행태 자료는 외국인의 이동이 공간을 어떻게 변화시키는지 파악하여 다문화 공간에서 나타나는 사회적인 문제해결에 보다 실질적인 자료를 제공해 줄 것이다. An individual’s everyday life is constructed based on two factors: time and space. Scholars in time-space geography have researched how people’s everyday lives are spatially and temporally constructed and constrained. Previous research has focused on an introduction of relevant concepts and theories, focusing on such Korean cases as college students, workers, and housewives. However, little empirically research on foreigners’ everyday lives has been found in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing foreigners’ daily activities based on those concepts of GIS, time-geography, and social distance. The target population was foreigners living or having a job in Dalseo-gu, Daegu, and the data were collected in two ways: a survey from 62 foreigners and in-depth interviews with fifteen foreigners. The findings are as follows. First, according to their nationality, age, occupation, and the number of years staying in Korea, the social distance were measured; as a result, the average social distance were 38.10, ranging from 23 to 62. There were statistically significant differences among people depending on their nationality, gender, and working period: Chinese’ social distance was the highest, men had closer social distance (38.07) than women had (39.82), and people had worked in Korea for more than five years had smallest social distance (31.28) than those who had worked in Korean for one to three years (40.87). Second, it is revealed that blue colors tended to have greater social distance than white colors do, indicating that blue colors’ everyday movements were limited to Dalseo-gu whereas white colors’ everyday movements were evenly distributed Dalseo-gu and across the city. This result was associated with their economic ability, possession of transportation, and working hours. In addition to foreigners’ spatial distribution which was focused in previous research, this study geographically visualized foreigners’ spatial movements using the 3D visualization method. This type of data provides empirical data that help people understand how foreigners’ spatial movements affect geographical space, thereby contributing to solving social issues in this multicultural society.

COVID-19 발생 이후 소득의 공간적 격차에 대한 공간통계학적 접근 : 서울특별시를 중심으로

하은혜 경북대학교 교육대학원 2022 국내석사

COVID-19 팬데믹은 기존에 만연해 있던 사회 여러 부문의 불평등을 확대시켰으며, 특히 소득 양극화의 심화를 가져왔다. 소득은 COVID-19 감염과 사망의 위험을 결정짓는 원인이자, COVID-19로 인해 경험하는 변화 또는 결과, 그리고 사회의 불평등을 관통하는 요인이다. 그러나 국내에서는 COVID-19에 따른 지역별 소득에 관한 공간 분석이 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 공간적 관점에서 COVID-19 발생 이후 지역별 소득의 차별적 변화의 요인을 규명하고, 소득의 공간적 불평등을 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위해 서울특별시를 사례 지역으로 하여 전년동월대비 2020년의 월별 평균소득 변화율에 대해 공간통계분석을 수행하였다. 평균소득 변화에 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 예상되는 독립변수로는 인구, 직업, 학력, 소득 수준, 주거 환경 변수를 선정하였다. 본 연구에서는 2020년 서울특별시 소득 변화의 시공간적 패턴을 확인하기 위해 탐색적 공간 데이터 분석을 수행하였으며, 지역별 소득의 차별적 변화에 영향을 미친 요인을 규명하기 위해 공간통계기법을 적용하였다. 먼저 문헌연구를 통해 COVID-19 발생 이후 불평등과 소득 격차에 관한 국내외의 논의를 살펴보았다. 그 후 사례연구에서는 평균소득과 평균소득변화율을 지도화하여 서울특별시의 소득 변화의 시공간적 패턴을 파악하고, 전역적·국지적 공간적 자기상관성 존재를 검정하여 소득 변화의 공간적 군집을 추출하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 거쳐 확인된 공간적 자기상관성을 통제하고 소득 변화에 영향을 미친 지역의 인구·사회·경제·주거 특성을 실증적으로 분석하기 위해 일반선형회귀모델과 함께 공간회귀모델을 사용하였다. 각 공간회귀모델의 설명력과 적합도 등 소득 변화 추정 결과를 비교함으로써 최적의 모델을 선정하였다. 이러한 공간통계학적 접근을 바탕으로 최종적으로는 서울특별시 소득 변화의 공간적 불평등과 그 요인을 확인하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, COVID-19 발생 이후 서울특별시 행정동별 평균소득변화율의 공간적 자기상관성 존재를 확인하였다. 둘째, 평균소득 변화와 그에 영향을 미친 것으로 예상되는 인구, 직업, 학력, 소득수준, 주거환경 변수 간 상관관계를 확인하였다. 셋째, 평균소득 변화에 영향을 미친 지역의 특성을 파악하기 위한 기저 모델로 일반선형모델을 사용, 단계선택법을 적용함으로써 회귀분석에서 종속변수와 유의하게 높은 상관관계를 보이는 독립변수를 식별하였다. 넷째, 평균소득 변화의 추정에 있어서 대부분의 시기에서 종속변수의 공간적 의존성을 반영하는 공간시차모델이 설명력과 적합도가 높게 나타나 가장 적합한 것을 확인하였다. 다섯째, COVID-19 발생 이후 소득의 차별적 변화에 영향을 미친 요인을 식별하였다. 최종적으로, 2020년 서울특별시의 소득 변화의 공간적 격차를 확인하였다. 평균소득변화율이 큰 핫스팟은 한강 이남의 강남구와 서초구, 강동구 일대, 평균소득변화율이 작거나 평균소득이 감소한 콜드스팟은 서울 중심부의 서대문구, 종로구, 중구 일대에서 나타났다. 독립변수 중 70대 이상 인구 비율, 기타 인구 비율, 생산자 서비스업 종사자 비율, 사회 서비스업 종사자 비율, 소득 2·8분위 대상자 비율, 1990년 이전 건축 주택 비율이 소득 변화를 잘 설명하였다. 본 연구는 COVID-19와 소득 간 관계 연구를 위한 통찰력과 (포스트)코로나 시대 소득 불평등 완화를 정책 대상 선정에 위한 유용한 정보를 제공한다. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the inequality in various sectors of society that had previously been widespread, and in particular, the polarization of income has deepened. Income is not only a factor that determines the risk of infection and death from COVID-19 but also the change or consequence experienced by COVID-19, which penetrates social inequality. However, spatial analysis of income by region due to COVID-19 is not sufficiently examined in South Korea despite its importance. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors of differential changes in income by region after COVID-19 from a spatial point of view, and to examine spatial income inequality. For this, spatial statistical analysis was performed on the monthly average income change rate in 2020 compared to the same month of the previous year in Seoul. Population, occupation, educational background, income level, and residential environment variables were selected as independent variables expected to have an impact on the change in average income. In this study, exploratory spatial data analysis was performed to confirm the temporal and spatial patterns of income change in Seoul in 2020, and spatial statistical techniques were applied to identify factors that affected the differential change in income by region. This study explored domestic and international discussions on income disparity after COVID-19. Then, this study identified the spatial and temporal patterns of income change in Seoul by mapping average income and average income change rate. It also extracted spatial clusters of income change by examining the existence of global and local spatial autocorrelation. The spatial regression model was used together with the general linear regression model to control the spatial autocorrelation confirmed through this process and to empirically analyze the demographic, social, economic, and residential characteristics of the region that affected income change. The optimal model was selected by comparing the results of estimation of income changes such as explanatory power and fitness of each spatial regression model. Based on this spatial statistical approach, spatial inequality of income change in Seoul and its factors were finally confirmed. The main findings of the study are as follows. First, this study reveals the existence of spatial autocorrelation of the average income change rate for each administrative dong in Seoul after COVID-19. Second, this study found the correlation between the change in average income and the variables expected to have an impact on it, such as population, occupation, educational background, income level, and residential environment. Third, an independent variable with a significantly high correlation with the dependent variable was identified in the regression analysis by applying the step-selection method using the general linear model as the base model to identify the regional characteristics that affected the change in average income. Fourth, it was identified that the spatial disparity model, which reflects the spatial dependence of the dependent variable in most periods in estimating the change in average income, showed high explanatory power and goodness of fit. Fifth, this study identified factors that influenced the differential change in income after COVID-19. Finally, this study found the spatial disparity of income change in Seoul in 2020. Hot spots with high average income change were found in Gangnam-gu, Seocho-gu, and Gangdong-gu south of the Han River, and cold spots with low average income change were found in Seodaemun-gu, Jongno-gu, and Jung-gu in central Seoul. Among the independent variables, the ratio of the population over 70 years old, the ratio of other populations, the ratio of producers and service workers, the ratio of social service workers, the ratio of those in the 2nd and 8th income decile, and the ratio of houses built before 1990 explained the change in income well. This study provides insight for research on the relationship between COVID-19 and income and useful information for policy target selection to alleviate income inequality in the (post-) COVID era.

입지모델링을 이용한 민방위 비상대피시설의 적정성 분석

목정호 경북대학교 교육대학원 2016 국내석사

비상대피시설은 비상사태 발생 시 일반 시민들에게 가장 직접적으로 연관되어 있으며 가장 효율적이고도 안전하게 대피할 수 있게 최적의 상태로 배치되어야 할 필요가 있다. 민방위 시설 장비 운영 매뉴얼에 따르면 확보계획량 즉 소요량에서 유동인구를 감안해야 한다고 명시하고 있다. 하지만 단순히 지역 또는 행정단위 면적 대비 센서스의 인구만을 대상으로 하여 설치 및 지정 되어 있기에 실질적인 시설 배치에 유동인구가 정확하게 반영되었다고 보기에는 무리가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 공간 최적화 모델을 사용하여 민방위 비상 대피소의 위치 적합성을 평가하는 것이다. 비상 대피시설 수용력은 한계가 있기 때문에 제한된 용량과 거리가 공간 최적화 모델을 통해 고려 되어야 한다. 민방위 비상 대피시설 수요의 재현을 위해 Dasymetric mapping을 사용하였으며 현실적인 수요의 재현을 위해 센서스자료와 통신기반 데이터를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 충분한 비상 대피시설이 있다 할지라도 상주인구를 기준으로 설정되어 있기에 주간에 발생하는 재난에 대해서는 충분히 대비 할 수 없다. 둘째, 현실적인 수요를 재현한 결과 많은 비상 대피시설을 보유하고 있는 중심지 그리고 주요 인구 밀집지역에서 추가시설이 필요함이 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 공업단지와 같은 지역에서는 인구의 유동성을 고려하여 더 많은 비상 대피시설이 확충되어야 한다. 이러한 연구를 바탕으로 현실적인 비상 대피시설의 입지가 마련되고 시민들의 생활은 더욱 안전해 질 것이다. Emergency evacuation facilities are directly related to the outbreak of a state of emergency. When an emergency occurs, emergency evacuation facilities should be in top condition in order to be evacuated most effectively and safely. According to the civil defense facility equipment operation manual, it is a requirement that the mobile population should be considered in the amount of reserves planning. However, Emergency shelters is simply a regional contingency only for the census's population that was installed and the specified area or administrative unit. Therefore, the mobile population in the placement of substantive facilities can not be adequately reflected in. Given thin, the purpose of this study is to evaluate location suitability of civil defense emergency shelters using a spatial optimization model. Granted that emergency shelters have limited capacity, limited capacity and distance should be considered in the spatial optimization model. This study evaluated the adequacy of emergency evacuation facilities with using a capaciated maximal covering location problem (CMCLP). In order to represent demand for the civil defense emergency shelters, a dasymetric mapping technique for census data and estimated population data from mobile phone data were used. The results of this study is as follows. First, even if there is sufficient emergency facilities, it can not be substantial in disaster preparedness that will occur in the daytime because it is based on the resident population. Second, as a result of reproducing the realistic demand, there are needs for additional facilities in central locations and other major densely populated areas. Third, in industrial areas, more emergency shelters should be supplied considering the fluidity of the population. Based on these studies, the location of realistic emergency evacuation facilities are provided, life of citizens will become more secure.

장소기반 안전교육을 위한 커뮤니티 매핑 활용 수업 설계와 효과분석

김효빈 경북대학교 교육대학원 2022 국내석사

With the importance of life-saving safety on the rise since 2014, when major accidents continued to occur everywhere in Korea, the movement to re-examine and strengthen safety education has grown. Accordingly, the government is reinforcing safety education through full support and various policy announcements. In particular, it intends to implement this education in the curriculum with “Seven Standards for School Safety Education” and to enhance it through the subject matter educations so that it can be systematically operated in the field of school. Since human factors account for a large part of the occurrence of accidents, it is considered very important to cultivate human beings with a sense of safety with the help of systematic and continuous education for realization of the safe society. Despite of the government’s measures to strengthen safety education, however, various types of dangers from small-scale accidents in everyday life to mass disasters continue to happen, and the appearance of new types of disasters with threats also causes harm to people. This has led people to raise awareness about the effectiveness of school safety education up to date which aims to help understanding safety-related knowledge and develop appropriate responses to dangerous situations, and further, cultivate the attitude necessary for danger prevention. In modern society with growing uncertainty as to dangers, the paradigm of safety education has expanded to developing risk sensitivity that judges and recognizes risks sensitively, and the need to consider the present conditions of safety education and adapt to changes has increased. Though safety education is a mandatory course in schools, many point out that its standardized content based on the teacher-centered and knowledge delivery typed classes reduce interest in the education and it is difficult to apply the content to actual situations. Therefore, it was judged that safety education that considers distinct characteristics of the areas where students face dangerous situations most and the context to raise the effectiveness of the education from the aspect of content and that the class should be organized based on direct participation and experience by students to increase its effect. Additionally, it was considered important to educate students to develop their risk sensitivity with the beginning of recognition of risk elements that could be regarded minor in everyday life. So far, there has been little interest in safety education and its necessity has not been recognized hugely in the subject geography, but this subject is expected to play an important role considering that it can help students think contextually in a variety of daily dangerous situations and give them safety education based on the content suitable for spatial characteristics. To find an effective safety education in geography classes, “place” was established as a link that connects geography class with safety education, and a place-based community mapping utilization class was designed and applied to the school education field. The students who took part in a safety-themed project class with community mapping as a tool identified risk and safety factors by visiting familiar places and actively participated in creating and utilizing maps to solve risks as the community problems. It was found that they objectively explored safety knowledge and countermeasures and experienced lots of changes after the group activity. First, it was identified that the community mapping community led the students to have a positive change in their safety consciousness. To understand their cognitive changes, pre- and post- imaginary mapping activity was conducted, and the analysis result showed that their ability to figure out which factors cause risks and exactly where dangerous places are improved. In addition, the designed community mapping utilization class was found to reflect the areas for improvement in the current safety education―student participation, actuality, distinct characteristics of the area―and its effectiveness was proven as the students were able to achieve the goals that safety education aims. Educational effects such as improvement in citizenship proven through the interviews with the students who participated in the class and the analysis of their self-evaluation demonstrated the potentiality of safety education in geography classes and its values.

지방 중소도시 외국인 밀집주거지 형성과정 고찰 : 경상북도 영천시를 사례로

배주현 경북대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

In the case of small and medium sized cities where the housing market is not large and differentiated, the process of forming ethnic residential areas will be different from that of large cities with various sub-housing markets. The formation of ethnic residential areas may be the result of the interaction of actors on various scales. In order to grasp the formation process of ethnic residential areas in a small and medium sized city, this study tried to analyze from the viewpoint of multi-scale, that is, global, national, regional and local scales. The main results obtained from the analysis are as follows. On the global scale, the rapid increase of migration between countries due to globalization and the uneven global economy; the government's policy to solve the labor shortage of the 3D industries due to the industrial restructuring in the national scale; on a regional scale, the industrial structure of Yeongcheon-si, which is dominated by small manufacturers, was influenced. On the local scale, the selection of foreign migrants, the provision of housing by employers, the lending of financial institutions, and the arrangement of real estate agents can have a profound impact on the formation of ethnic residential areas. In the case study, the role of the real estate agent performing the steering function was detected and the process of purchasing small and medium-sized apartments in the form of dormitories by local SMEs and offering them to foreign workers was unusually captured under the local situation of the housing market where the relatively small size and relatively low-priced housing was provided.

스프롤 측정 방법론 연구 : 밀도-공간구조 기반 접근

임수진 경북대학교 대학원 2017 국내박사

With rapid industrialization since 20th century, urban population dramatically increased, urbanized areas were horizontally expanded, and the number of cities also increased. Lowly dense and fragmented horizontal urban expansion in has been seen in a negative light so that this kind of urban change has been continuously paid attention as a target to be managed. Urban sprawl can be defined as the urban development with low density, dispersion, and without systematical land use plan. In order to manage sprawl phenomenon effectively and to prepare alternatives, it is require to quantitatively measure the degree of urban sprawl. The measurement approaches of urban sprawl can be classified into three categories by analyzing existing researches; density-based, spatial structure-based, and comprehensive approaches. The density-based approach measures the spread degree of low density residential areas, and spatial structure-based approach measures the degree how urbanized areas are segmented and are structurally complicated. Finally, the comprehensive approach measures sprawl by considering every features related to it including density and spatial structure characteristics of urbanized areas. This study regards low density and fragmentation as the key characteristics of urban sprawl. These two key characteristics have been grasped by density-based and spatial structure-based approaches respectively. As a result, density-based and spatial structure-based approaches only provide an understanding of one side of urban sprawl. It is possible to understand urban sprawl fully with comprehensive approach. In this approach, however, various characteristics of urban sprawl are measured separately and analyzers or decision makers have to evaluate synthetically individual measures. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to develop an alternative method grasping two key characteristics of urban sprawl with a single value and intuitively interpreting the meaning of measure. For this, this study examines the major features and their limitation of density-based and spatial structure based approaches. The third chapter of the dissertation evaluated the main characteristics of density-based approach. The sprawl index as a single indicator using only population density has been applied in a number of studies, because it is easy to understand and measure. However, the sprawl index might not be able to reflect the key characteristics of urban sprawl like leapfrog development and might be sensitive to modifiable areal unit problems (MAUP) and the threshold dividing high and low population densities. In this chapter, the characteristics of the sprawl index suggested by Lopez and Hynes were evaluated in various aspects such as change in spatial arrangement, scale and zoning effects and change in the density threshold. The main findings of this chapter are following. First, the sprawl index could reflect the change in population density but could not detect the change in the population distribution pattern. Second, the value of sprawl index was sensitively depended on the changes in the spatial scale and the zoning system. Third, the sprawl index also increased as the threshold dividing the low and high population density increases. The fourth chapter examined what spatial characteristics of urbanized areas can detect with spatial structure-based approach. this study selected a set of landscape indices which might capture major spatial structure such as area, distribution, and shape of urbanized areas and applied them to Seoul Metropolitan Area. The selected landscape indices are class area, shannon’s diversity index, numbers of patches, aggregation index, and shape index. With these indices, it is possible to detect the change in the area and number of urbanized patches, fragmentation, and shaped-complexity of them. However, there is no single landscape index grasping all spatial structure of urbanized areas. In other words, in order to judge whether a metropolitan area is sprawled from spatial structure perspective, analysers or decision makers have to combine the results of individual landscape indices. In this process, some results are contradictory to each other. In addition, landscape indices could not detect the change of population density in urbanized areas between two periods urbanized area. The fifth chapter developed an alternative method measuring urban sprawl. Two core components of defining urban sprawl are low-density and fragmented residential development. Sprawl measures based the density could not grasp the degree of fragmentation and sprawl measures based on spatial structure could not catch the variation of density. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to develop an alternative measure simultaneously reflecting density variation and the degree of fragmentation. To achieve this, Lopez and Hynes’s Sprawl Index which is based on population density and two spatial structure based indexes, that is joint count statistics and division index are combined with weights. These three indices have the same interpretation and range of measurement. We named this new alternative measure as a density-spatial structure sprawl index. The index is easily calculated using density, adjacency, and area of urbanized region and interpretation of the index is straightforward because indices with the same range and meaning of measurement are combined. Computational results show that the developed index can remedy the shortcomings of density-based and spatial structure-based sprawl approaches. This dissertation might make a great contribution to in-depth understanding of urban sprawl from quantitative perspective and be the catalyst for future urban sprawl research. In addition, the suggested approach which can measure urban sprawl comprehensively and intuitively interpret results might practically provide useful information for the management of a metropolitan area struggling with rapid urban sprawl.

지가를 이용한 우리나라 도시의 중심성 분석

이윤미 경북대학교 교육대학원 2013 국내석사

경제적, 정치적 활동이 도시로 집중되면서 도시는 도시 규모가 커짐에 따라 중심지가 하나인 단핵의 도시 공간구조에서 점차 다핵의 형태로 변화하고 있다. 도시 공간구조를 식별하는 것은 도시 이해의 출발점이며, 도시지리학의 오랜 관심사 중 하나이다. 또한 공간의 효율적 관리와 이용을 위한 필수적인 작업으로 그동안 많은 선행 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 기존 연구는 특정 시점의 특정 도시를 대상으로 한 연구였으며 도시 공간구조의 식별을 위해 사용된 지표가 달라 도시간 비교가 어려웠다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 특정 시점에서 우리나라 전체 도시를 ‘지가’라는 공통된 데이터를 이용하여 지가의 공간적 분포 특성을 분석하여 단핵과 다핵의 공간구조 스펙트럼상에서 어디에 위치하는지, 다른 도시 제반 현상과 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 2011년 기준 우리나라 82개 도시의 표준지 공시지가에 단순 음지수 지가 함수를 적용하여 도심으로부터 거리가 지가 분포를 어느 정도 설명하는지 분석하였다. 그런 다음 산출된 결정계수와 인구규모, 종사자 규모, 도시 면적, 시내 통근 비율, 시외 통근 비율, 수도권, 대도시와 인접한 지역과 같은 도시의 제반 현상들과의 관련성을 파악하였다. 분석 결과는 다음의 몇 가지로 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 인구규모와 결정계수와는 대체로 부적 관계에 있다. 대체로 인구규모가 큰 도시들은 결정계수 값이 낮고 인구규모가 작은 도시들의 결정계수 값이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 인구규모가 절대적으로 결정계수에 영향을 미치는 것은 아니었다. 수도권의 과천시, 의왕시, 하남시 등은 규모가 작음에도 불구하고 서울의 교외화 영향으로 결정계수 값이 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 지가함수의 결정계수 값은 시내/시외 통근 비율과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 시내 통근 비율이 높으면 결정계수가 높고 시외 통근 비율이 높으면 결정계수가 낮게 나타났다. 시내 통근 비율이 높다는 것은 도시자체의 중심성이 강하여 단핵적 성격을 띤다고 볼 수 있고, 시외 통근 비율이 높은 도시들은 주거와 업무기능을 완전히 갖추지 못해 중심성이 미약하거나 주변의 대도시의 교외화에 의해서 분산된 지가분포를 보이기 때문이다. 이러한 현상은 특히 수도권에 위치한 도시들에서 강하게 나타났다. 셋째, 수도권에 있는 도시들은 대부분 결정계수가 낮다. 수도권의 도시들은 서울의 교외화로 인한 분산과 대도시 확장 과정에서 택지개발이 이루어지면서 분산되는 구조를 가진다. 이러한 도시들은 중심성이 약한 형태로 시외 통근 비율도 높게 나타난다. 본 연구는 특정시점에서 도시 지가를 바탕으로 우리나라 도시 간 도시공간구조의 비교와 도시공간구조에 영향을 줄 수 있는 도시의 여러 제반 현상들과의 관계를 규명하는데 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. In accordance with the concentration of economical and political activities into urban areas, the size of city is becoming bigger. As a result, urban structure has been gradually changed from a form with a single center to that with multiple centers. To detach urban spatial structure is the starting point of understanding cities and one of the old but important interest in urban geography. In addition, It is an essential task for the effective management and use of urban space in urban planning. There were lots of preceding studies on this topic, however, they examined longitudinally the urban structure of a specific city and evaluated it with different criteria so that it is difficult to compare among cities. Given this, the purpose of this study is to visualize the spatial distribution characteristics of "land value" as a common criterion for all cities in Korea, and to examine where each city is located on the spectrum of urban structure from single to and multiple centers, and analyze the relationship between urban structure and populational, economical, and locational characteristics of cities. For this, This study applies a simple negative exponent function for land value to 82 cities of Korea in 2011, based on the coefficient of determination(r2) of the model, examine how distance from urban center explain the spatial variation of land value, and then calculate correlation coefficients between the coefficient of determination and population, employees, city's size, in and outside commuting rates. The results of analysis were as follows: First, the coefficient of determination and population size have negative relationship. Generally, as the size of cities grows, the coefficient of determination decreases. However, population size definitely effects on the coefficient of determination. even though cities in Seoul Metropolitan Area such as Gwacheon, Uiwang, Hanam have small population, they have relatively small r2. Second, the coefficient of determination is highly related to the in and outside commuting rates. If inside commuting rate is high, then the coefficient of determination is small and inversely cities with high outside commuting rate have small values in the coefficient of determination. The fact that a city has a high inside commuting rate means that the centrality of the city is strong. On contrary, the fact that a city has a high outside commuting rate implies that the centrality of the city is weak so that the city develops dispersively. Particularly, the cities in Seoul Metropolitan Area shows this characteristic. Third, the cities in Seoul Metropolitan Area have small values in the coefficient of determination. Due to the effect of suburbanization of Seoul, new housing districts have been developed in these cities so that they have developed dispersively without strong centrality. Because this study analyzed urban structure based on a single criterion and the same model, it is possible to compare urban structure of cities. In addition, this study can provide the useful information for research on examining the relationship between urban structure and the populational, economical, and locational characteristics of cities.

주제도 작성 원리가 지리적 사실 이해에 미치는 영향

윤진옥 경북대학교 교육대학원 2019 국내석사

Maps has been treated as an essential learning element in geography education that inquires all natural and human phenomena that appear on the earth surface. Therefore, maps in all textbooks need to be provided precisely to students in a form that complies with cartographic principles. However, there have been a number of previous studies in which textbooks of middle and high school textbooks are presented in a form that does not comply with these cartographic principles. Nonetheless, there is no case study on how maps created without cartographic principles specifically affect students' understanding of geographical facts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maps that do not comply with cartographic principles on geographical understanding. The research was conducted by using questionnaires composed of simple questions for geographical facts of high school students using the maps in high school textbooks in terms of world map representation and thematic map design. Then, the process of judging the geographical facts was specifically investigated through the individual interview process with the students. The main results of the study are as follows. First, the area recognition was very inaccurate when using the projection which is not suitable for thematic mapping, and in the case of the oval-shaped world map without lines of longitude and latitude, confusion occurred in recognizing the direction from the map. Second, Students have difficulty in understanding geographical facts from chropleth maps and isarithmic maps, which do not follow the principle of color arrangement scheme, choropleth maps, which do not use the figures important to understanding mapping data as a basis for classification, and choropleth maps that represent the total value rather than the normalized value. This study is academically meaningful because it demonstrates the necessity of compliance with cartographic principles when designing thematic maps. Also, the results of this study will provide useful information for specifying textbook compilation standards in future.

공간통계기법을 이용한 암 발생율과 지리·환경적 특성과의 연관성 분석

이석호 경북대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

Cancer is a disease that ranks first as a major cause of death for Korean as of 2017, and it is known to be mainly caused by environmental factors. Despite the many deaths due to cancer, there is a lack of research how environmental factors are related with regional causes of cancer in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate how different the incidence of various cancer including thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer from geographical and environmental factors. For this, the incidence of cancer by administrative districts (si-gun-gu level) was selected as a dependent variable and 13 variables that are expected to affect the causing of cancer are selected as the independent variables. Global Moran's I and Local Moran's I statistics were used to order to identify spatial dependency in dependent variables. OLS and spatial regression analyses were utilzed to identify the factors affecting cancer incidence and to consider spatial dependence in regression models. As a result of checking Moran index value and the LISA Cluster map, spatial autocorrelation was confirmed in the pattern of cancer incidence. After that, through OLS regression analysis, I figured out which variables had affect the cancer development without assuming spatial autocorrelation. Based on the results, spatial regression analysis was performed to confirm that there is a spatial dependence between the onset of cancer and major risk factors. The results of the analysis show that the spatial error model is the most suitable for all cancer. The number of automobile registration per household, the ratio of population over college, the ratio of buildings before 1980, and the ratio of buildings before 1995 are significant variables in positive direction. In the case of thyroid cancer, the spatial lag model is the most suitable. Only the current smoking rate is significant in the negative direction. Spatial error model is most suitable for colorectal cancer. The number of automobile registration per household, the ratio of buildings before 1995, the population density, and the current smoking rate were significant in positive direction. On the other land, the population per doctor was significant in the negative direction. In the case of stomach cancer, the spatial lag model is the most suitable. while the ratio of manufacturing workers and the ratio of buildings before 1995 were significant in positive direction, the Population per doctor was significant in the negative direction. In case of lung cancer, the spatial error model is most suitable. The sex ratio, the ratio of buildings before 1995, and the current smoking rate were significant in positive direction. But, the ratio of apartment was significant in the negative direction. In the case of liver cancer, the spatial lag model is suitable. The ratio of buildings before 1995 and the high risk drinking rate were significant in positive direction, but the ratio of population over college and the ratio of green field were significant in the negative direction. In the prostate cancer, the spatial lag model is the most suitable. The sex ratio and the ratio of population over college were significant in the positive direction, and the ratio of apartment and the ratio of manufacturing workers were significant in the negative direction. In breast cancer, the spatial error model is most suitable, and the population density, number of automobile registration per household, the ratio of the population over college, and the current smoking rate were significant in the positive direction. But the sex ratio and the ratio of apartment were significant in the negative direction. This study will provide useful information on how to control the geographical environmental risk factors at the regional level in order to overcome and prevent each cancer based on the analysis of geographical environment factors affecting cancer development and cancer.