Comparative Study on Themes of Research Papers on the Research Trends of Parks and Green Spaces in Japan and Korea

Naoko Fujita,Chong Soo-Jin,Yoichi Kumagai,Akio Shimomura Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2004 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.2 No.-

The objective of our research was an international comparison focusing on studies conducted on parks and green spaces undertaken in Japan and Korea. We also aim to clarify the similarities and differences between the two countries and consider the key features of the researches on the field of landscape architecture. We compared the recent trends of Japanese institute with Korean observed in the theme of research papers adopt title of them. The research period spanned approximately twenty years, from 1980 to 2003. We employed the Table of Contents information search system to research academic journal articles and to select the journals that included articles with the key words [park(s)] or [green space(s)] in their title. We chronologically arranged the journals for each country, based on the total number of journals and classification categories. We then conducted a comparative examination among the two countries. We also contributed information on the circumstances behind the formulation or amendment of some policies and laws and we checked the results against the research trend. Among the selected journals, the number of papers was the highest by the Institute of Landscape Architecture. But the reason for increase of the number of papers on green spaces in Japanese journals was not published by the Institute of Landscape Architecture but by the City Planning Institute and the Architecture Institute. In Japan, the papers on parks categorized under historical study were the highest among all categories. On the other hand, in Korean journals, papers on parks categorized under historical study were few. A similar trend was recognized in papers on green spaces. Every society is concerned with the study of function and effect. However, some exact differences have been observed by category classification. In Japan, the percentage of function and effect papers on parks was less than those on green spaces. In Korea, both percentages for these groups were high. The category of system and policy accounted for $17\%$ of the papers on green spaces in Korea. This result was higher than the number of papers on green spaces and parks in Japan and parks in Korea. Recently, the number of papers focusing on large-scale green space system has decreased in Japan. The trend in the study of parks and green spaces on a regional scale or at an individual level will be closely monitored. Systems and modeling studies have been focusing in Korea. The understanding between the administration and the citizens was peculiar to each country.

The Green Mode of Parks and Green Space Construction -a Study on the Exemplary Type of Ecological Landscape-

Le Yang Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2004 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.2 No.-

As for the green space construction of the modern parks, landscape design is not only for the aesthetics but its also to promote the spiritual connotation. The appearing of the exemplary type of ecological landscape reflects landscape architects have developed realization and wishes to improve the deteriorating environment and put them into practice. This paper introduces the basic intension of the exemplary type of ecological landscape, and discusses the relative background and ecological aesthetic foundation of the exemplary ecological landscape which appeared under the crisis of urban environment; lists the modern landscape designers practices of the exemplary ecological landscape; studies the developing trend of this practice which becomes multifold along with the reformation of city.

Design Strategies for Regionality in Contemporary Landscape Architecture

최정민,Choi, Jung-Mean Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2016 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.44 No.6

본 연구는 지역성이라는 관점에서 현대 조경의 경향을 조망하고, 지역성 구현을 위한 실천 전략을 발견하고자 하는 것이 목적이다. 현대 조경은 지역적 가치에서 가능성을 발견하고 재해석하여 정체성을 만들어 나가는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 이러한 경향은 다음과 같이 분류할 수 있다. 첫째, 지역성은 자연-문화-도시의 통합 매체로서 재조명되고 있다. 경관은 시간적, 공간적 연속성을 내포하고 있는 개념으로 땅과 지역 정체성에 관한 문제이기 때문이다. 둘째, 지역성은 설계자에 의해 재해석되고 재창조되고 있다. 조경가들은 땅과 장소의 기억을 지우고, 새로운 개념을 투사하기보다는 기억과 흔적을 재생한다. 이는 공간 형태의 디자인 보다는 시간적 연속성을 공간화하는 경향으로 나타난다. 셋째, 현대조경은 대상지를 백지상태가 아니라 양피지로 간주한다. 이는 대상지의 지형적 지질학적 지층이나, 자연적 생태적 과정과 토지 이용의 변천 과정과 같은 공간적 지문을 시각적 요소로 구체화하는 경향으로 나타난다. 넷째, 현대 조경은 대상지를 분석적으로 접근하는 것이 아니라, 구축적으로 접근한다. 이는 대상지의 지질학적 고고학적 기억과 생태적 과정을 경관적으로 재현하는 경향으로 나타난다. 차별성은 현대조경의 설계 전략으로 강조되고 있다. 지역성은 차별화를 통해서만 형성되는 것이 아니라, 지역의 연속성과 상호 작용을 통해서 형성된다. 이런 측면에서 지역성 구현을 위한 실천적 설계 전략으로의 다음과 같은 가능성을 모색할 수 있었다. 첫째, 대지 구축적 접근 방법은 대상지에서 가능성을 발견하고, 대지를 구축적으로 표현함으로써 지역성 강화에 기여하는 실천적 가능성을 가진다. 그 땅의 기억과 조건이 모두 다른 대상지는 모두 다른 정체성을 가진다고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 지역의 연속성은 그 자체로 비교 우위를 가지는 것으로 설계 유전자의 진원이다. 설계 행위는 백지상태의 창조적 형태의 실험이 아니라, 지역의 연속성이라는 밑그림을 토대로 전개하는 발전적 실천 행위로 이해한다. 물론, 이러한 접근 방법은 절대적일 수 없으며, 적지 않는 한계를 가진다. 또 다른 관점에서 접근 방법 모색도 필요하고, 실천전략 모색도 필요하다. This paper has attempted to reexamine current international circumstance and the meaning of regionality and discover the practical design strategy in the process of observing the trend of contemporary landscape architecture from the perspective of regionality. Contemporary landscape architecture has started to discover possibility in the local value and create identity. This tendency can be classified as follows: First, regionality is re-examined as a medium which can integrate nature, culture and city. As a concept which contains time and spatial continuity, landscape is a matter of the identity of land and area. Second, regionality has been reinterpreted and recreated by designers. Landscape designers attempt to restore the past memories and traces instead of adding a new concept after erasing previous physical features. This design attitude has spatialized time continuity. Third, site is seen as a palimpsest, not tabula rasa in contemporary landscape architecture. It has been attempted to visually materialize the natural and ecological processes and spatial features. Fourth, site is approached in a tectonic approach instead of analytical approach. It is attempted to organize and restore the geological and archeological memories and ecological processes. Differentiation has emerged as a critical design strategy in contemporary landscape architecture. However, regionality is also formed through an interaction with continuity as well as through differentiation. In this sense, the following possibilities can be reviewed as practical design strategies to realize regionality: First, a terra-tectonic approach discovers and selects possibility in the site and expresses the site, creating practical possibility which strengthens regionality. If the memory and conditions of the site are different, the identity would different as well. Second, continuity of region itself is a gene pool with comparative advantage. As a rough sketch of design, it acts as a loose conformity on designers' experience and practice. Of course, this approach is not absolute with some limitations. It is necessary to explore practical strategies.

A Study of Landscape Management Techniques based on Viewing Characteristics of Mountain Landscape - Focused on the Surrounding Areas of Bukhansan Mountain -

Park, Moon-Ho The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2010 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.38 No.5

This study is based on the viewing characteristics of mountain landscapes. It investigates whether the current landscape management-related regulations are efficient in terms of the viewing characteristics of the mountain landscape against Bukhansan Mountain in which the conventional landscape management techniques were used. In addition, some viewing characteristics of mountain landscapes, such as distance from the view point to the target mountain, angle of elevation, altitude, gradient, have been analyzed and 3 cases of viewing condition have been simulated. The following results were obtained: i) Mountain landscapes can be managed up to 7~8 times of the mountain height with a $5{\sim}9^{\circ}$ of elevation angle. ii) In the Natural Landscape District which is situated on the hillside, it is reasonable to include altitude, gradient as criteria for regulation. iii) According to a simulation of the construction permit height by viewing distance, it was confirmed that buildings can be constructed up to 111.55m when viewing the 20% ridge, 150.75m when viewing the 50% ridge and 189.05m when viewing the 70% ridge. iv) The construction permit height varies depending on the landscape analysis method that is used and the application conditions. It is therefore unfair to apply height limit regulations to all buildings without considering the geographical features or viewing characteristics. v) It is unreasonable to apply 2~3 management techniques to the same area for landscape management. Therefore, we recommend the Focused Landscape Management Area based on the landscape master plan as a integrating mountain landscape management techniques.

The Research Regarding the Visual Continuity of the Green in the Re-development Area by Using the Aerial Photograph

Lee Hyuk-Hae,Koshimiz Hajime Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2004 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.2 No.-

In the city of Asia like Seoul and Tokyo, aggregate power is poured into the city making which is suitable in new age. Large-scale re-development is active in various places as the present condition, As for the various East Asian cities, high-level utilization conversion of the land and high conversion of the building are advanced. As for these realities, the re-development is advanced in the situation that has not been clarified enough though it is true that green of the city has decreased. This research was aimed at the clarifying the allocation of greenery when proceeding with town planning projects by quantifying the possibility of allocating greenery in the form of rooftop landscaping in redeveloped areas. Moreover, the distribution of the green in the re-development region was calculated and the coexistence level of green space was calculated, The realities of a desirable green were clarified in the spectacle by understanding a sight and spatial continuousness in the green. In order to clarify the potentiality of roof greenery revaluating, the research was conducted by analyzing from aerial photographs, in Tokyo and Seoul, And the flow of the research was conducted by selection of research object area, taking pictures, acquisition of the aerial photography, rearrangement the data and the analysis. As a result, I was able to prepare a land vegetation coverage classification chart and obtain data pertaining to the level of urban and green tract of land for the researched cities of Tokyo and Seoul. By analyzing this data, we were able to indicate patterns of greenery unable to be obtained through data from ratio of vegetation coverage and ascertain the effectiveness of rooftop landscaping.

Present Status and Future Trends on Urban Greening at Special Sites

Huinan Fu,hongye Huan Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2004 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.2 No.-

This paper discussed the use of the urban greening space beside nature land----special sites of urban Greening. Consider: the special sites of urban greening are referred to the space formed by urban building and framing, where plants can grow under natural or artificial condition. Filly using those spaces will efficiently increase green area, improving ecological environment and landscape in urban area. A classification to special sites of urban greening was put forward, which are the habits of plant combine with the form of buildings. The present status and future trends on urban greening at special sites was discussed and analyzed. Consider: there are two developing trends of the research of urban greening at special sites. Firstly, it is more naturalize and ecologize greening landscape. Secondly, It will take form a techologize in the process of constructing and materials.

The Role of Urban Green Areas in the Conservation of Biological Diversity

Zhao, Shiwei,Zhang, Zuoshuang,Deng, Qisheng Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2001 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.1 No.-

The materials that are involved in urban landscaping include plants and the associated animals, soil, water, and other environmental elements. And biodiversity is the substantial base for human beings. The conservation of biodiversity is of great importance in the sustainable development of the society and should not be neglected in the development of sustainable urban landscape. The conservation of biodiversity should be included in the urban landscape planning. The conservation of biodiversity should be emphasized in the construction of urban green space. Every possible opportunity should be used to conserve the species diversity, genetic diversity and ecological diversity. The assessment of biodiversity conservation should be introduced into modern landscape planning.

Establishing a Research Framework for Ecological Aesthetics: A Methodological Review

이종선,Lee, Jong-Seon Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2017 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.45 No.4

환경설계는 우리 사회의 생태적, 미적, 사회적 가치들의 조율을 추구하지만, 생태적 가치와 미적 가치는 쉽게 조율되기에는 복잡한 관계를 지닌다. 생태미학이라는 분야는 생태적으로 건강하고, 미적으로도 매력적인 경관설계를 그 목표로 경관의 지속가능성과 미학의 관계에 대해 탐구한다. 이러한 복잡한 관계를 다루는 학문 영역의 중요성에도 불구하고, 극히 일부의 연구들이 생태미학과 관련된 주제를 경험적 방법을 통해 연구했다. 본 연구는 생태미학의 기존 개념을 정리하고, 이를 연구방법론과 연결하고자 했다. 이를 위해 첫째, 경관과 대중의 인식과의 관계를 나타내는 개념적 틀을 생태 미학적 관점에서 재정의했다. 이 관계에서 특히 디자인 및 정보가 개입하여 나타나는 조절 효과에 대해 보여준다. 이 틀로부터 도출되는 세 가지 하위 주제는 다음과 같다. (1) 생태적 기능과 경관 선호도의 상호관계, (2) 경관중재: 생태적 기능도 보호하고, 미적 가치도 확보할 수 있는 절충된 디자인 전략, (3) 정보중재: 생태에 대한 정보가 미적 경험에 미치는 중재 효과가 그것이다. 세 가지 주제는 개념적 틀에서 보여지듯, 서로 영향을 주고받는 관계이며, 각 영역의 연구 시 다른 영역의 고려가 필요하다. 세 가지 하위 주제에 따라 기존의 이론적, 실증적 연구들을 방법론적 관점에서 검토하고, 한계를 지적하며, 보완 가능한 방법론 등을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 그 동안 해석적이고 이론적인 담론에 그쳐왔던 생태미학을 개념적 틀을 통해 정리하고, 각 영역을 넘어선 방법론적 고려를 제시함으로써 생태미학의 방법론을 보완하는데 그 의의가 있다. Landscape design pursues a balance among different values in our society, but aesthetic value and ecological value in landscapes must bring complex relationships into harmony. Ecological aesthetics can be defined as a domain of study that manages the relationship between landscape ecology and landscape aesthetics to create aesthetically attractive and ecologically beneficial landscapes. Despite the importance of the research area, there has been limited empirical research addressing ecological aesthetics. This article aspires to connect and expand the conceptual framework to the research methodologies of ecological aesthetics. First, this study suggests a conceptual framework that examines the relationship between landscape and perceptual process in the context of ecological aesthetics. This framework stresses the importance of information and design intervention as moderators in this relationship. From this framework, three key topics in ecological aesthetics arise: (1) correlation between ecological integrity and aesthetic preference, (2) "compromised" design and management intervention principles that enhance aesthetic pleasure and still have biodiversity, and (3) the impact of information intervention in aesthetic experience. The framework indicated three domains affect each other; thus, when one domain is studied, the other two need to be considered. Secondly, several theoretical and empirical studies on ecological aesthetics will be reviewed from a methodological point of view. This will help to consider ecological aesthetics research, which has primarily been limited to theoretical discourse in empirical research.

The Planning of Urban Green Space System and Sustainable Development

Wang, Bingluo Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2001 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.1 No.-

In order to answer the challenge that development gave to environment, Chinese cities are making up and putting into effect the green space system planning. The planning main keys are: set down standards and scope of green space; bring the characteristics of every types of green space in to full play and made into basic units of the system; formed powerful links of the system; make full use of the natural system of city, constituted the urban and countryside as a organic whole green space system, therefore give full play their function and ecological effect. In fact, this green space system is a complex system. It is the main body of city ecological system, a main container of the citizen activities of leisure and recreation and a leading factor for making characteristic city landscape. Therefore it is a system carrying city's environment sustainable development.

Basic Train of Thoughts for the Construction of Low Cost Scenery Spots

Duanmu, Shan Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 2001 Journal of the Korean institute of landscape archi Vol.1 No.-

To many developing countries like China, the practical way to constant development of city construction is low consuming. The basic methods of low-cunsuming landscape construction: 1) Low building consumption: Decreasing construction quantity. Using low-costing material. Designing low-consuming landscape. Reusing of building material. 2) Low energy consumption: Decreasing water consumption. Consuming and enrichment of earth fertilizer. Decreasing electrical consumption. 3) Low maintenance: Adapting natural material. Using local plants. Special design to decrease maintaining. Because of many reasons, China has not yet adapting Low-consuming Landscape Construction.