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Defense Response to Pathogens Through Epigenetic Regulation in Rice
Hoang, Trung Viet,Vo, Kieu Thi Xuan,Hong, Woo-Jong,Jung, Ki-Hong,Jeon, Jong-Seong Botanical Society of Korea 2018 Journal of plant biology Vol.61 No.1
Epigenetic factors have recently emerged as key regulators of the defense response to pathogens in plants. The epigenetic mechanisms underlying defense regulation have been investigated mostly in Arabidopsis, while our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of defense in rice is limited. In this review, we summarize recent findings surrounding epigenetic mechanisms for defense in rice, primarily focusing on DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNA regulation. In particular, we focused on RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and other epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that are involved in disease resistance. Finally, we explored potential epigenetic factors that might regulate the defense response in rice by analyzing available microarray data that can be used to uncover details of epigenetics regulation.
Plant Surface Receptors Recognizing Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns
Yun, Hye Sup,Lee, Jae-Hoon,Park, Woong June,Kwon, Chian Botanical Society of Korea 2018 Journal of plant biology Vol.61 No.3
As sessile, plants are inevitably exposed to environmental threats including pathogens. Due to the lack of mobile immune cells, plants solely depend on the innate immune system to defend against pathogens. The first layer of pathogen detection in plant immunity is to recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that compose structural or functional units in microbial pathogens. For this, plants utilize pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Continuous attack by pathogens resulting from immotility likely contributes to the extension of PRR numbers in plants, although genome-encoded. Recent findings revealed that plant PRRs as a complex dynamically switch between inactive and active forms at the plasma membrane depending on a cognate MAMP. In addition, by regulating the activity and stability of a downstream signal-relaying receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK), plants can control the immune homeostasis. Therefore, we in this review discuss on how plants detect a pathogen and how they control immune responses at the level of PRRs in a correct and delicate way. We additionally provide a possible balancing mechanism between growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, which is required for survival in nature.
Genetic analysis of the tomato inquieta mutant links the ARP2/3 complex to trichome development
Jeong, N. R.,Kim, H.,Hwang, I. T.,Howe, G. A.,Kang, J. H. Botanical Society of Korea 2017 Journal of plant biology Vol.60 No.6
<P>Trichomes are hair-like structures on the aerial surface of many plant species. Trichomes are well characterized for their role as physical barriers and chemical defense against herbivore attack. Here, we describe the characterization of a monogenic recessive mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) called inquieta (ini). All trichome types on ini plants showed distinct morphological defects (e.g., swelling) that are known to be associated with defects in the actin cytoskeleton. Genetic mapping experiments positioned the Ini locus within a 1.5 cM interval on chromosome 11 that contains the tomato homolog of the Arabidopsis ARPC2A gene, which encodes a protein involved in nucleating the polymerization of actin filaments. Use of ARPC2A as a molecular marker showed that this gene strictly co-segregates with the target locus in a mapping population of 135 F-2 plants. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and genomic PCR experiments showed that full-length ARPC2A is amplified in wild-type but not in the ini mutant. Flanking PCR and Southern blot analysis showed that the ini mutation corresponds to a complex similar to 6-kb insertion in the 5(th) intron of ARPC2A. These results provide molecular evidence that altered trichome development in the ini mutant is caused by a defect in actin cytoskeleton formation.</P>
Sohn, Eun-Ju,Lee, Yongjik,Park, Namjo,Park, Minhee,Kim, Nam Hyung,Park, Soohong,Min, Kyungmin,Gu, Sungmin,Park, Youngmin,Song, Jaeyoung,An, Dong-jun,Hwang, Inhwan Botanical Society of Korea 2018 Journal of plant biology Vol.61 No.4
Plants are promising host systems for recombinant protein production. However, progress in the commercialization of plant-made proteins (PMPs) has been slow. Only one PMP drug is commercially available. In this study, we explored the possibility of using plants to produce E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and the use of this plant-produced E2 as a vaccine. We designed high-level expression vectors for transgenic plants by considering the transcription, translation, and storage of E2 in the cell. We incorporated a cellulose-binding domain sequence into the expression vector as an affinity tag for cost-effective, one-step purification. Using this vector, we generated multiple lines of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fusion protein of E2 from CSFV at high levels (0.7% of total soluble proteins). ER-targeted E2 fusion protein was successfully purified via a one-step purification process using amorphous cellulose resin. Arabidopsis-produced E2 was recognized by an antibody that detects CSFV antigen. Finally, antisera from mice immunized with E2 fusion protein reacted strongly to the antigens in a CSFV antibody detection kit. Therefore, we propose that plant-produced E2 fusion proteins could be further developed for use as a green vaccine against CSFV in animals.
Telomere Structure, Function, and Maintenance in Plants
Kim, Mi Kyung,Kim, Woo Taek Botanical Society of Korea 2018 Journal of plant biology Vol.61 No.3
Telomeres in eukaryotes comprise specific repetitive DNA sequences and binding proteins. Since their absence results in chromosomal end fusions and gene deletions, they are considered critical for genomic stability. In plants, as in yeasts and mammals, telomeres are essential for normal development and differentiation. Despite recent discoveries concerning plant telomeres, many questions remain about the mechanism of telomere homeostasis in plants. In this review, we summarize the roles of telomeres and telomerase-binding proteins in plant biology and explain how the length of a plant telomere is regulated.
Hong, M. G.,Nam, B. E.,Kim, J. G. Botanical Society of Korea 2017 Journal of plant biology Vol.60 No.3
<P>To examine the effects of soil fertility on biomass production, plant species diversity, and early vegetation development, we performed a mesocosm experiment using soil seed bank under three soil fertility levels (ombrotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic). Biomass production linearly increased (P < 0.01), whereas plant species diversity significantly decreased (P < 0.001) as soil fertility increased. Soil fertility seemed to play a role as an environmental sieve in early vegetation development, in turn, lead the patterns of biomass production and plant species diversity. Several Poaceae species which are forming tall and dense canopy, such as Phalaris arundinacea, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Zizania latifolia, showed higher importance values under fertilized condition, whereas relatively small macrophytes of Eleocharis acicularis, Carex dickinsii, and Isachne globosa mainly survived under ombrotrophic condition. Although plant species richness decreased as soil fertility increased, the percentages of perennials and exotics increased rather than annuals and natives. Predominance of perennials and exotics under eutrophic condition in early vegetation development seemed to lead a continuous decrease in plant species diversity as a result of competitive effect. A significant negative relationship between plant species diversity and biomass production (P < 0.0001) was obtained when all experimental plots are included in correlation analysis.</P>
Khaleda, Laila,Cha, Joon-Yung,Kim, Min Gab,Kim, Woe-Yeon Botanical Society of Korea 2017 Journal of plant biology Vol.60 No.6
<P>Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (GI) is encoded by a single gene and highly conserved among vascular plants and its mutants display pleiotropic phenotypes involved in diverse biological processes such as light signaling, circadian clock, and sucrose metabolism as well as abiotic stress responses. However, molecular mechanisms of GI are largely unknown due to the lack of useful antibody. To date, the epitope tags have been widely used to detect GI in plants, but it needs to generate the transgenic plants which take a few months. Here, we produced polyclonal alpha-GI antibody using truncated variants of GI having amino-terminal (1-858 aa) and carboxyl-terminal (920-1173) regions as antigens. Both recombinant His-GI(1-858) and His-GI(920-1173) proteins were individually and successfully expressed in E. coli and immunized into rabbit. Anti-serum was purified by antigenspecific affinity purification method using both recombinant His-GI(1-858) and His-GI(920-1173) proteins. Purified polyclonal alpha-GI antibody not only detected endogenous GI proteins in wild-type Arabidopsis plants, but also reenacted its diel oscillations. Furthermore, the antibody showed cross-reactivity with the GI orthologs in other plants such as Chinese cabbage, rape and tomato. Our polyclonal GI antibody could help to determine the molecular mechanisms of GI involved in largely unknown pleiotropic responses in plants.</P>