Urban stall: Development failure in Buffalo and Western New York from 1980 to 2004

Webb, Daniel Walter, Jr State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The region of Western New York and its anchor city of Buffalo have undergone profound changes over the past century. Moving from a growth pole to an aging industrial hub marked by rampant decline, the Western New York region is one of potentially high interest to urban scholars. The recent history of Western New York holds much in common with the histories of other industrial areas in the northeastern United States: massive losses in industrial and defense economies; major changes in spatial development; population shifts within and among regions; and a general strain on the economic, political, and cultural fabric of communities in decline. In these and other ways, Western New York is another in a constellation of hard-hit urban areas in post-World War II United States. As is also the case with other areas, the leaders and citizens of Western New York have attempted to reverse their region's decline. With the aid of hundreds of millions of dollars in public funds and innumerable studies, meetings, and proposed projects, the region's population has battled to return Western New York to an area of relative prosperity. Over at least the past 25 years, there has been a steady and strong push to buoy Western New York and its anchor city of Buffalo. These public and private attempts over the years have largely failed. For this reason Western New York is unique and worthy of extended study. Through multiple large-scale development projects and proposals, the region's leaders and citizens have forged little progress. In the worst cases there has been regression. A disturbing trend has developed in Western New York: although there is constant energy expended in trying to better the region, most large projects fail to achieve their intended outcomes. This dissertation examines how one region's efforts to reverse urban decline were met with interminable delays, insurmountable roadblocks, and outright failure. Through a series of detailed case studies it is shown that---although faced with major structural impediments to growth---the leaders and citizens of Western New York continually hindered their own chances of development success through political provincialism, untenable expectations, mismatches between vision and action, a poor public participation process, and ineffective leadership. Through additional sociospatial studies of historical trends in the region's economy, politics, and culture, it is shown that there are several common and devastating factors that run through the major development projects selected for study in this dissertation. From a "terminal nostalgia" that threatens development projects to an entrenched and bitter political atmosphere that largely follows geographical lines, there are deeply seated issues in the region that routinely sidetrack or derail projects that demand cooperation, compromise, and punctuality. After careful consideration of the most damaging and prevalent issues commonly found throughout development projects in Western New York, potential avenues for positive change are briefly discussed. This is followed by a discussion of several recent projects undertaken in the region that are instructive models for successful development in the future.

Fixed bayonets: The New York State National Guard during the era of industrial unrest, 1877--1898

Kotlik, Ronald Howard State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation explores the role of New York State's National Guard between 1877 and 1895 in quelling labor unrest. The rapid industrialization of the United States from the mid to late nineteenth century was marked by powerful changes in the relationship between labor and capital. With the decline of the independent craftsman and the greater use of unskilled factory labor, skilled workers increasingly used labor unions, collective bargaining, and the strike to assert some power over their own fate. Because of this tension between labor and capital, the late nineteenth century saw a series of turbulent and often bloody strikes throughout the country. In many cases, National Guard troops were used by state governments to quell the disorder and to protect private property. The Guard found itself in a precarious situation: citizen soldiers called out against fellow citizens in the name of law and order. New York State Guardsmen were called to strike duty seven times during the late nineteenth century including the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Syracuse Railroad Strike of 1890, the Buffalo Switchmen's Strike of 1892, the Tonawanda Lumber Strikes of 1892 and 1893, the Oswego Lumber Strike of 1894, and the Brooklyn Trolley Strike of 1895. In order to comprehend the significant role Guardsmen played during these strikes, this dissertation explores the political, institutional, and social development of the New York State National Guard during this period. The dissertation investigates New York State's National Guard as an institution looking at the statewide organization and how politics affected New York's Guard especially in the areas of major legislation and appropriations. An exploration of the socio-economic and ethnic composition of New York's Guard during the late nineteenth century reveals that many of the officers were from the upper levels of society, and a significant number officers and enlisted men were also skilled tradesmen with similar class characteristics as many of the strikers they confronted. Many regiments contained men who either shared a similar ethnic background or were involved in similar occupations. These similar socio-economic backgrounds allowed for the establishment of strong social networks among the Guardsmen. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Analysis of university manufacturing extension initiatives: The case of the Center for Industrial Effectiveness (TCIE) at the University at Buffalo (New York)

Ziolkowski, Michael Francis State University of New York at Buffalo 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation examines the extent to which university-based technical services support the innovation and/or business performance efforts of industrial firms in the manufacturing sector. The analysis focuses on a specific institution (University at Buffalo), a specific outreach unit (the Center for Industrial Effectiveness [TCIE]), and a specific region (Western New York). The central proposition behind the dissertation is that TCIE services contribute to the process of incremental innovation among client firms. A related proposition is that these firms would have been unable to innovate in the absence of TCIE inputs. Data for the study come from a questionnaire survey of 19 TCIE client firms, as well as from personal interviews with senior executives of these firms. Supplementary data come from personal interviews with TCIE principals. A number of important findings are uncovered that ought to be of interest to economic geographers, as well as policy-makers. First, the survey data and follow-up interviews suggest that TCIE services generate a positive return on investment for client firms. The single most common benefit for client firms lies in accelerated ISO certification for specific products. A second finding is that some firms believed that they would have been able to introduce the necessary innovations to secure ISO certification in the absence of TCIE support albeit with less ease and more cost. For other clients TCIE is irreplaceable. A third finding is that the benefits that flow from TCIE support are somewhat geographically confined to business establishments in Western New York. A fourth and critically important finding is that TCIE does not necessarily transmit leading-edge knowledge or technical inputs to client firms. In many cases, these inputs represent developments that are radically new to TCIE's clients (but not to the industry as a whole). Nevertheless, such inputs do appear to improve the efficiency of local firms. A fifth finding is that most sample firms were either innovating products or processes. An important point given that product innovators had higher growth rates than process innovators.

The new university president: How nontraditional presidents construct their presidencies

Davies, Robert O State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

"The college presidency is one of the most influential of all positions because the future leaders of the world sit in our classrooms. The academic presidency also is one of the most important of all positions because it is chiefly on the campus that knowledge---the foundation of the future---is created" (Rhodes, 2001 p. 223). As a reflection of a shift to the research agenda during of the late 19th Century, by the end of the Second World War an overwhelming majority of university presidents were academicians-individuals who had spent a majority of their careers inside the academy (Corrigan, 2002). As a result, the universal career ladder for a president during the latter half of the 20th Century was: Faculty → Department Chair → Dean → Vice President/Provost → President (Cohen & March, 1974). While this ladder is still popular, it is not the single pathway it once was. Both internal and external forces shifted the expectations and required experiences of the modern university president. As a result, new pathways to the university presidency have emerged. Because of the difficulty of cutting costs, providing more services, responding to political and market forces have provided the foundation for universities to increasingly select presidents from outside the academy---the nontraditional president. This thinking is based on the assumption that the experiences of leading major corporations, nonprofit organizations or government agencies are more aligned with leading a university than a scholarly background. As stated by Atwell and Wilson (2003), "If college and university presidents continue to be drawn largely from the ranks of persons who are primarily scholars, there will be an increasing disconnection between the skills necessary to lead our institutions and the qualifications of their leaders" (p. 24). This study is focused on how the nontraditional president creates his or her presidency. To accomplish this, a case study approach was used. Eight presidents were selected based on their individual career paths and because of their initial success at their respective universities. The eight presidents include: Dr. Gregory Geoffroy from Iowa State University, Dr. Shirley Tilghman from Princeton University, Dr. T. K. Wetherell from Florida State University, Dr. John DiGioia from Georgetown University, Dr. Lee Todd from the University of Kentucky, Dr. Shirley Jackson from Rensselaer Polytechnic University, Dr. Robert Gates from Texas A&M University and Dr. Bob Kerrey from the New School University. Each president represents one of four possible career paths: Scholar; Administrator; Dual-Experienced; and Outsider. The basis of the analysis was the use of four lenses: Leadership and Decision Making Style; Action Preference; Focus and Orientation; and Connection to the University. The major findings of this study include: nontraditional presidents are used to transform a university, hired for specific agendas, are very quick to act, rely on the managerial leadership style for control, decision making, and communication, and have a strong personal relationships to the universities they serve. This study also revealed that nontraditional presidents are not hired solely for an external focus or for fund raising needs, can be very effective internal leaders and can have an incredibly strong commitment to the concept of shared governance. In addition, the study reveals several ways in which nontraditional presidents overcame this perceived liability and have been embraced by the academy.

Rust Belt Renaissance? The Experience of Refugees from Burma in Buffalo, New York

Cavello, Seth Michael State University of New York at Buffalo ProQuest D 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Buffalo, New York receives the most refugees for resettlement in the state, and has constructed a narrative as a welcoming place for this population. While this narrative is mostly true, refugees from Burma are facing a new set of challenges arising from Buffalo's broader urban redevelopment that need to be addressed. This study asks the following specific research questions: 1) How do refugees from Burma build community in Buffalo? In particular, how do they build social capital through ethnic and religious organizations, and shared identities? 2) How do refugees adapt their housing strategies in the face of neighborhood change? In particular, how are they responding to gentrification of the West Side neighborhood?.

Intra and extra-firm exchanges in firm networks: A study of Korean subsidiaries in the United States and United States state offices of trade and investment in Korea

Gress, Douglas R State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation examines the nature of Korean inter, infra, and extra-firm networks through an analysis of Korean firm outward foreign direct investment (FDI) to the United States and the activity of Korean firm subsidiaries in America. Particular attention is devoted to the intra and extra-firm relationships employed by these Korean firms in and across space. Additionally, the extra-firm dimension is further explored through an examination of U.S. State Offices of Trade and Investment in Korea. The focus study of Korean subsidiaries in the United States reveals that inter, infra, and extra-firm relationships do indeed impact the location decisions made by Korean firms investing in America. Further, subsidiary managers do not perceive significant benefits from place-place competition at the country or state levels. Also, once situated in the U.S., the strength of infra-firm ties between a subsidiary and a parent firm in Korea is not diminished by a subsidiary's market power, inter-firm network power, or location in an industrial cluster. Intra-firm network power, however, does contribute to higher levels of autonomy. These findings remain consistent with the character of Korean firm networks in terms of their cultural, political, and structural embeddedness. Likewise, culturally embedded relationships between subsidiaries and parent firms are perceived by subsidiary managers to be helpful to their U.S. operations. Non-chaebol subsidiaries perceive an additional benefit from culturally embedded ties between their parent and Korean business associations, and slightly younger subsidiaries perceive a benefit from embedded relationships between their parent and the Korean government. At the extra-firm level of interaction, communications with local and state-level governments are conducted overwhelmingly at the subsidiary level, and subsidiaries do not indicate any inclination to relocate. A more robust understanding of extra-firm linkages highlights the perceptions of U.S. State Offices of Trade and Investment with regard to place-place and firm-place competition, in addition to their perceptions of the Korean firm network relationships deployed during the FDI process.

CdSe/beta-Pb0.33V2O5 heterostructures: Nanoscale semiconductor interfaces with tunable energetic configurations for solar energy conversion and storage

Milleville, Christopher C State University of New York at Buffalo 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation focuses on the formation and characterization of semiconductor heterostructures, consisting of light-harvesting cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs) and single crystalline lead vanadium oxide nanowires (beta-Pb0.33V2O5 NWs), for the purpose of excited-state charge transfer and photocatalytic production of solar fuels. We reported two distinct routes for assembling CdSe/beta-Pb0.33V2O5 heterostructures: linker-assisted assembly (LAA) mediated by a bifunctional ligand and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). In the former case, the thiol end of a molecular linker, cysteine (Cys) is found to bind to the QD surface, whereas a protonated amine moiety interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged NW surface. In the alternative SILAR route, the surface coverage of CdSe on the beta-Pb0.33V2O5 NWs is tuned by varying the number of successive precipitation cycles. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements revealed that the mid-gap states of beta-Pb0.33V2O5 NWs are closely overlapped in energy with the valence band edges of CdSe QDs, suggesting that hole transfer from the valence band of CdSe into the mid-gap states is possible. Preliminary evidence of hole transfer was obtained through photoluminescence quenching experiments. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on Cys-CdSe dispersions, mixed dispersions of Cys-CdSe QDs and beta-Pb0.33V¬2O5 NWs, and mixed dispersions of Cys-CdS QDs and V2O5 revealed a greater extent of quenching of the emission of Cys-CdSe QDs by beta Pb0.33V¬2O5 relative to V2O5. V2O5, devoid of mid-gap states, is unable to accept holes from CdSe and therefore should not quench emission to the same extent as beta-Pb0.33V¬2O5. The additional quenching was dynamic, consistent with a mechanism involving the transfer of photogenerated holes from CdSe QDs to the mid-gap states of beta Pb0.33V2O5. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TA) was used to probe the dynamics of interfacial charge transfer of CdSe/beta-Pb0.33V¬2O5 and CdSe/V2O5 heterostructures. TA measurements indicate that, for both types of heterostructures, photoexcitation of CdSe QDs was followed by a transfer of electrons to the conduction band of beta-Pb0.33V¬2O5 and holes to the mid-gap states of beta-Pb0.33V¬2O5. Ultrafast transient absoprtion measurements revealed that holes actually transferred before electrons, on time scales of ca. 2 ps. In contrast, for analogous heterostructures consisting of CdSe QDs interfaced with V2O5, only electron transfer was observed. In addition, electron transfer was readily achieved for SILAR-prepared heterostructures; however, for LAA-prepared heterostructures, electron transfer was observed only upon excitation at energies substantially greater than the bandgap absorption threshold of CdSe. Transient absorbance decay traces revealed longer excited-state lifetimes (1beta3 betas) for CdSe/beta Pb0.33V2O5 heterostructures relative to bare beta-Pb0.33V2O5 NWs (0.2 to 0.6 betas); the difference was attributed to surface passivation of intrinsic surface defects in beta-Pb0.33V2O5 upon interfacing with CdSe. In an effort to improve the energetic offset in QD/beta-Pb0.33V2O5 heterostructures, cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs were used in place of CdSe QDs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) valence band spectra of CdS/beta-Pb0.33V2O5 and CdSe/beta-Pb0.33V2O5 revealed a greater binding energy onset for CdS compared to CdSe. Binding energy onsets of 1.33 (+/- 0.03) and 0.92 (+/- 0.02) eV were determined for Cys-CdS/beta Pb0.33V2O5 and Cys-CdSe/beta Pb0.33V2O5, respectively; suggesting a 0.41 (+/-0.04) eV decrease in the free energy (betaG) needed for hole transfer from the valence band edge of the QDs to the mid-gap states. Linear sweep voltammetry was employed to measure the photocatalytic activity of CdSe/beta Pb0.33V2O5 heterostructures in electrolytes containing ascorbic acid as a sacrificial proton donor. Preliminary photoelectrochemical measurements on CdSe/beta-Pb0.33V2O5 electrodes revealed reductive photocurrents at applied potentials ca. 450 mV positive of the dark proton reduction onset. Importantly, no reductive photocurrents were measured on bare beta-Pb0.33V2O5 electrodes. These results are consistent with a mechanism in which photoinduced hole transfer from CdSe QDs to the mid-gap states of beta Pb0.33V2O5 NWs facilitates the reduction of protons, as the charge-separated state allows proton reduction to compete with exciton recombination. This avenue of research is ongoing.

A comparative analysis of the expansion of pre-collegiate Japanese language instruction in Oregon and Indiana: Motivation, strategy, and management

Masuyama, Kazue S State University of New York at Buffalo 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

In the last two decades, Japanese language education in the United States has undergone dramatic growth and improvement. This study aims to uncover factors that have contributed to the expansion of pre-collegiate Japanese language instruction (P-CJLI) in the United States and to identify specific strategies that were implemented by states that have successfully promoted P-CJLI from the late 1980s through the 1990s. In order to do so, this study examined two successful states, Oregon and Indiana. The methodology included interviews with key policy makers and practitioners in the field of education in the two states, classroom observations, participation in meetings and workshops, and analyses of relevant documents. In addition, relevant statistical data were collected and descriptive statistical analysis was implemented where appropriate. The findings of the case studies were compared with each other and analyzed in the light of the findings of past studies. In-depth case studies of successful states explored factors that have indirectly and directly impacted P-CJLI: the geographical setting and its residents' disposition, the role of higher education in the growth of P-CJLI, the impact of the Japanese economy, educational reform, the statewide Japanese language project, professional development, networking, institutional setting, and the role of teachers. The successful states were able to develop effective strategies to secure funding for various P-CJLI projects, manage them successfully, and empower Japanese language teachers in the process. Case studies also aimed at helping the reader to understand various efforts made by key players in those states and to illuminate diverse views on what it takes to teach the Japanese language in a country where foreign language learning has traditionally been neglected. Towards the end of this study, the motivation of the individuals committed to P-CJLI movement was examined, and four different types of motivation were identified: political, economical, idealistic, and axiological motivations. They were ranked to suggest which ones are the best keys to promote a less-commonly taught language like Japanese. Policy makers and practitioners of less commonly taught languages may find this study useful to review their approach to promote their languages in schools in the United States.

Investigating U.S. State-Level Income Inequality as a Determinant of Population Health: Theory, Evidence, and Directions Forward

Irish, Andrew Joseph State University of New York at Buffalo ProQuest D 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Background: The income inequality (II) hypothesis (IIH) suggests that greater II negatively affects population health. Scholarly literature on the effects of economic inequality extends back millennia. Modern literature on the IIH as well as related but peripheral literatures are ongoing. These literatures are often not conversant and integrative. Several key questions remain open in IIH literature including how II is to be measured, what II represents, which outcomes II applies to, what theoretical effect pathways might mediate the relationship between II and health, and at which level(s) of analysis II is most meaningful. Each of these questions will be addressed, but the latter two are primarily of interest in this study. I attempt to glean insight into what the historical, peripheral, and IIH-specific literatures have to say generally, about effect pathways, and about levels of analysis, as well as to provide some new empirical evidence, each aimed at making improvements in our research moving forward.Methods: I undertake a review of historical and IIH-peripheral literatures. This has several aims. First, it is an assessment of whether the entire project is wrongheaded or on good footing. Second, it assesses what the key considerations made in this literature have been. Finally, it assesses this literature for insights about the theoretical pathway and level of analysis questions. I also undertake a review of IIH-specific literature with respect to the theoretical pathway and level of analysis question, but also reviewing empirical findings at the level of U.S. states, trying to assess overall support at this level. Finally, I analyze empirical data from two independent nationally representative datasets, across a range of health outcomes, contrasting multiple theoretically based model formulations, with sensitivity checks for variable formulation and II measurement, ultimately bringing new evidence to bear regarding the IIH at the state level.Results: Historical and peripheral literature strongly affirm that the IIH examination is not unreasonable and stands in line with prior thinking. This literature also tends to emphasize considerations of justice and strongly favors theoretical pathways in the domain of policy/politics. Individual level effects are also common considerations. Further, the level of the nation, especially historically, is far more widely considered than smaller regions or local levels. The IIH-specific literature more heavily considers the smaller regional levels such as U.S. states than other literatures and has little exploration of the policy/politics domain, instead favoring effects on groups or individuals. Theory in general has not been well-established and model construction inconsistencies abound. The empirical literature overall leans toward supporting the IIH at the state level, but not strongly. My empirical findings suggest that across 400 models, only slightly more than half (53%) support the IIH at the state level. This inconsistency in support held when looking at: any specific outcomes; from any of the three decades; and for alternate formulations of outcomes, alternate measures of II, and alternate model specifications.Conclusion: The new empirical findings presented in this study are not strongly supportive of the IIH at the state level. I provide empirical and theoretical arguments about why the state-level effect may be null or weak and why nation-level effects are empirically and theoretically likely to be stronger. I further suggest that based on the historical and peripheral literature, IIH-specific research would benefit from considering perceived injustice as a potential mechanism in the production of diminished health. Finally, considering the historical and peripheral literature as well as IIH-specific suggestions, I strongly suggest that the near omission of the policy domain from IIH research should be reversed. Theory more generally should be better established. We should not disregard compositional effects and should improve modelling and theory agreement across research which would more clearly entail falsification or support criteria for the IIH.

No Child Left Behind (?): An investigation of the perceptions of public school administrators responding to the impact of United States legislation on their schools

Adams, Paula J State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

In 2002 the federal government signed into law a new education act entitled No Child Left Behind (NCLB). An amendment to Title I Elementary and Secondary Education Act, this new law affects every school receiving financial support. NCLB is intended to advance literacy levels among low socio-economic populations. This qualitative study investigated the perceptions of 21 school administrators responding to the provisions of the law. The research questions that guided this study were: (1) How are school administrators in upstate New York representing NCLB in their schools? (2) What are local school administrators' perceptions of NCLB? (3) What is the nature of discourse among school administrators for NCLB across the locality in rural, urban, and suburban schools? (4) What connections, if any, do local school administrators in WNY make between NCLB and increased reading achievement? Data were collected from interviews with administrators in public schools and subsequently annotated, coded, and analyzed for themes using categorical aggregation in a grounded theory design. The findings include strategies used by districts to comply with the regulations of NCLB specific to literacy instruction. The strategies included collaborative data analysis, curricular revision, extended time for core disciplines, professional development for teachers, and the adoption of research-based reading programs. Under NCLB, Adequate Yearly Progress is measured on state tests. Scores are disaggregated by ethnic and socio-economic subgroups. Each school's effectiveness is measured by the progress of each group. Schools that have a large and diverse student populations are being identified as failing. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for school administrators, teachers, reading instruction, and student achievement. Conclusions are examined in reference to the literature on critical policy analysis, ideological and educational studies in the United States.