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Post-socialist China: Labour relations in Korean-managed factories
Routledge 2007 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ASIA Vol.37 No.3
<P> How are labour relations practiced in Korean-managed factories in China? It is often said that labour relations in Korean transnational factories are abusive, even despotic. In this article, I argue that the disciplinary nature of labour relations in Korean factories in China is more complex and so multi-dimensional that they cannot be characterised as a simple economic matter of labour exploitation. These relations entail hierarchical segregation, normalising workers' behaviour through fines and salary reductions, personal degradation and dissimilar cultural practices.</P>
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Governance Inhibitors in IT Strategy and Management: An Empirical Study of Korean Enterprises
Lee, Junghoon,Lee, Chihoon,Jeong, Kap-Young Routledge 2008 Global economic review Vol.37 No.1
<P> In recent years, increasing numbers of businesses worldwide have standardized their governance practices in an attempt to improve control over their corporate assets. The term “IT Governance (ITG)” indicates businesses' growing need to find a balance between the conformance (or conformity to regulatory standards) and performance goals mandated by their boards. Many leading organizations have turned to ITG to pursue gains in efficiency, accountability, and compliance; they have not, however, succeeded in implementing coherent information technology (IT) schemes on account of a number of challenging issues. Korean companies in particular face an urgent need to formulate workable modes of ITG, as the disproportion between Korea's extremely high IT capability and poor ITG practices is especially marked. Despite academics and practitioners' growing interest in ITG, few studies to date have characterized the practical inhibitors frustrating the implementation of effective ITG. This paper, therefore, aims to examine empirically how inhibiting features associated with ITG affect the maturity level of IT activities. A survey of 96 leading enterprises in Korea, who generally saw ITG as an innovative enabler but lacked a good ITG structure themselves, showed a strong relationship at a causal level between an enterprise's “lack of IT principles and policies” and its ITG success.</P>
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Daamen, Bas,Hennart, Jean-Francois,Kim, Dong-Jae,Park, Young-Ryeol Routledge 2007 Global economic review Vol.36 No.1
<P> This study aims to investigate the liability of foreignness, or the additional difficulties of foreign companies compared to their local competitors. Past studies have found fair amount of empirical evidences for the liability of foreignness. The present study attempts to take one step further by addressing two questions: what are the sources of such disadvantages and what are the solutions sought by the companies? To do this, we conducted a field study exploring the on-going dynamics of foreign multinationals. Specifically, we collected primary data through interviews with Dutch and Korean managers of Korean multinational companies. Through the interviews, we found evidence for the existence of such disadvantages. We identified four sources of the liability of foreignness - cross-border transfer, interaction with the local government, local discrimination, and interaction within the multinational - and two ways in which these companies actively reduced their exposure to the problem - localization and unfamiliarity reduction. This study should be useful to both practitioners and theorists in international business with an interest in disadvantages connected to the foreign status of a company.</P>
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Kim, Yoon-Zi,Lee, Keun Routledge 2008 Global economic review Vol.37 No.2
<P> This paper deals with the question of why making a catch-up is even more difficult in capital goods industries that are usually led by small or middle-sized companies. It relies upon the sectoral systems of innovation as a theoretical framework for analysis. From the findings, the paper has identified three sources of difficulties in the catch-up of the capital goods industry, particularly in machine tools. First, while small firms in the capital goods industry are usually specialized suppliers to big final goods assembly firms in the consumer goods industry or other industries, and thus the tacit knowledge accumulated from the interface between the producer and the customer firms is very important, a serious difficulty lies in the fact that local client firms are reluctant to use locally made capital goods due to their poor quality and low precision level. Second, while a successful catch-up first requires the ability to produce goods of better quality and lower prices than those produced by incumbent firms from advanced countries, a typical difficulty arises because incumbent foreign firms often react by charging predatory prices upon news of the local development of capital goods by latecomers. Third, if the catch-up firms overcome this barrier, then the next strategy used by incumbent firms is to charge latecomers with legal actions for patent violations. Despite these intrinsic difficulties, the Korean economy has achieved a very slow but gradual catch-up in the capital goods industry. The paper has attributed such achievement to several factors, including the strenuous efforts of the government, niche markets in general-purpose machine tools and emerging economies, and finally, the increasing introduction and adoption of information technology (IT) or digital technologies in machine tools. Furthermore, the three sources of barriers to catch-up imply that any latecomer firms that wish to record a successful catch-up should have these barriers in mind from the beginning of the road towards catch-up. We observe that a successful catch-up requires the ability to produce goods of better quality and lower prices than those produced by incumbent firms from advanced countries. After the initial success, they should also be well prepared against eventual or possible attacks by the incumbent firms in the forms of predatory pricing and intellectual property rights (IPR) charges.</P>
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Wang-Bae, Kim,Eon, Ham Young Routledge 2009 Inter-Asia cultural studies Vol.10 No.1
<P> Information technology capable of real-time evaluation has changed the nature of labor control by completely monitoring a system. This homeostasis of real-time control eliminating the space barrier has increased workers' stress and anxiety and weakened the workers' solidarity. An IT surveillance system, frequently called an electronic panopticon, has been viewed as the sophisticated form of the Talyor principle of scientific management. However, IT surveillance has operated in the way of combined form with the cultural values of a certain society. In this paper, I show how cultural values influence labor control through IT surveillance using a case study from the tire industry. H tire company has introduced the DAS (Data Acquisition System) for increasing productivity through a new control system. Real-time evaluation, an instant report of each workers' merit on the monitor, and compensation have made workers feel constantly under surveillance and under stress due to competition with other workers. This IT surveillance has more deeply influenced labor control when combined with patriarchal familism - composed of features such as group-oriented attitudes, hierarchical relations between the old and young, subordination to one's seniors, etc, which have come to be viewed as some of the typical cultural values prevalent in South Korea. Although the basic principle of technology may be the same in all societies, the effects of applied information technology depend on specific socio-historical contexts: not only culture, habits, and politics, but also the power relations between managers and workers. I will tentatively designate this as a 'hybrid form' of labor control, in the sense that cultural value is added or intermingled with the principle of IT surveillance.</P>
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