(A) study on performance of economics graduate students, Korea University : who is a good human capital in graduate school?

김경현 Graduate School, Korea University 2010 국내석사

The purpose of this investigation is to do determine a prediction model for selecting graduate students in economics area. Although economic graduate course in South Korea is similar to the one in Britain and the United States, little attention has been given to examine a student performance. Athey, Katz, Krueger, Levitt and Poterba(2007), who studied a research on economics graduate school of the United States, even said that economists devote considerable effort to graduate students education but have conducted relatively little research on the determinants of student performance or placement in the job market. As the authors' opinion, a study on performance of graduate students should be an important and urgent problem. But this paper is not concerned here with the determinants of student performance in labor market, the study will be supplemented by previous studied in section Ⅱ. The main objectives of this study were : firstly, to do a study on human capital in economics, secondly, to do a study on a group of the highest education level, and thirdly, to do a prediction on graduate students performance using pre-admission data of applicants. By analyzing this paper, we examine the sequentiality between economics required subjects of undergraduate and graduate course. And the paper can be concerned with what factors have an effect on economic graduate performance. It is important for selection process of pre-admission to cultivate outstanding scholars in graduate school. Hence, the results are expected to help screening graduate students in admissions committee.

Essays on the effects of early school enrollment and legal drinking age on risky behaviors and health outcomes

신유식 Graduate School, Korea University 2022 국내박사

본 논문은 취학 시기의 효과에 대한 연구와 청소년 음주 규제의 효과에 대한 연구로 구성되어 있다. 1장에서는 취학 시기가 학생들의 건강위험행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석한다. 2장에서는 자녀의 취학 시기가 어머니의 정신 건강에 미치는 전이 효과에 대해 분석한다. 3장에서는 한국의 청소년 음주 정책이 개인의 음주 행위에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석한다. 세계의 여러 나라들은 아동이 태어난 이후 몇 개월이 되었는지에 따라 학교에 입학할 수 있는 자격을 부여한다. 새 학기가 시작하는 시점에 최소 입학 연령을 가까스로 넘긴 아동이 바로 입학하는 경우, 반에서 나이가 가장 어린 상태가 된다. 이로 인한 불이익을 피하고자, 일부 부모는 해당 아동의 입학 시기를 1년 연기하는 선택을 한다. 이 경우, 해당 아동은 반에서 나이가 가장 많은 상태가 된다. 위와 같은 입학 시기의 선택이 아동에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 파악하기 위해 현재까지 다수의 실증 연구들이 실시되어 왔다. 1장은 취학 시기가 학생들의 건강위험행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석한다. 구체적으로, 최소 입학 연령을 넘긴 아동이 입학을 미루지 않고 바로 입학하는 선택이 음주, 흡연, 성관계 행위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석한다. 분석을 위해, 우리나라 12월 출생자들이 1월 출생자들에 비해 학교에 1년 빠르게 입학하는 점을 이용한다. 12월 출생자들은 1월 출생자들에 비해 1년 빠르게 입학하지만, 반에서 상대적으로 가장 어린 상태가 된다. 반면에, 1월 출생자들은 반에서 나이가 가장 많은 상태가 된다. 두 집단은 비슷한 시기에 출생했음에도, 외생적인 상황으로 인해 입학 시기에 차이가 발생하기 때문에 위의 효과를 추정하는 데 이용될 수 있다. 회귀불연속 방법론을 사용하여 추정한 결과, 학교를 1년 빠르게 입학하는 것은 음주, 흡연 시작 시기를 앞당기는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 1년 빠르게 입학하는 것은 최근 30일 동안 음주, 흡연했을 확률을 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 남학생과 여학생 모두에게 나타났다. 2장은 최소 입학 연령을 넘긴 아동이 바로 입학하는 선택을 하는 것이 어머니의 정신 건강에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석한다. 다수의 문헌에 따르면, 해당 아동은 정서적, 신체적 발달 상태에 이점이 있는 급우들과 경쟁하기 때문에, 학업 성취도와 학교 적응에 있어 어려움을 겪는 가능성이 높은 것으로 보고되어 왔다. 이러한 부정적인 영향은 아동에게 국한되는 것이 아니라 가족 구성원에게도 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 특히, 대부분의 가정의 주양육자인 어머니의 정신 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 본 연구는 이를 분석하는 위해 호주의 학교 입학 규정에 따라 발생되는 외생적인 상황을 이용하였다. 분석 결과, 자녀의 1년 빠른 입학은 어머니의 불안감을 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이질성 분석 결과, 이러한 영향은 여학생의 어머니와 소득이 낮은 가구의 어머니에게 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 자녀의 응답을 통해 분석한 결과, 여학생과 소득이 낮은 가구의 학생인 경우, 실제로 학교 적응에 어려움을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 학교에 1년 빠르게 입학하는 것이 아동에게 부정적인 영향을 미치고, 어머니의 정신 건강에도 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 3장은 한국의 청소년 음주 규제의 효과성에 대해 분석한다. 한국의 청소년 보호법에 따르면, 만 19세가 되는 해의 1월 1일을 맞이하기 전까지는 청소년으로 규정되며, 주류 구입과 주류 판매 업소 출입이 제한된다. 이 정책의 효과성을 분석하기 위해 소위 빠른 년생 제도가 시행되던 시기의 1, 2월 출생자를 이용한다. 3월~12월생과 이듬해 1, 2월생은 같은 해에 초등학교에 입학하여 같은 해에 고등학교를 졸업한다. 3월~12월생은 대학교 1학년이 되는 해의 1월 1일부터 청소년 음주 규제의 적용을 받지 않는다. 반면에, 이듬해 1, 2월생은 해당 연도에 여전히 음주 규제를 적용 받게 된다. 따라서, 해당 연도의 3월~12월생과 1, 2월생의 음주 행위를 비교하여 청소년 보호법의 효과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 1, 2월생이 음주 규제의 적용을 받음에도 불구하고, 음주 참여 여부와 횟수에 대해서 3~12월생과 크게 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. In the first chapter, I investigate the impacts of early school enrollment on students’ risky health behaviors. In South Korea, those born in December begin school almost one year earlier than those born in January. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design which exploits the school entry rule in South Korea, I find that early school entry leads students to begin drinking and smoking earlier. In addition, it increases the likelihood of drinking and smoking participation over the previous 30 days. However, early school entry has little impact on lifetime sexual intercourse experience. The results of subgroup analysis indicate that my main findings are driven by both girls and boys. The robustness of my results is supported by the use of data from earlier years and various specifications. The second chapter examines the spillover effects of a child’s early school enrollment on their mother’s nervousness. Research has shown that early schooling may have an adverse impact on child development in the short run. If there is such an impact, it may spill over onto mothers, especially in relation to the mother’s mental well-being. To investigate the spillover effects, we utilize the data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. A fuzzy regression discontinuity design is exploited to explore the spillover impacts of a child’s early schooling. We find that a child’s early enrollment increases the level of their mother’s nervousness in the year their child becomes seven. The impact is primarily detected among mothers of girls and mothers from low-income households. Using the responses of the children, we provide suggestive evidence that girls and children from low-income households were suffering from early schooling, and that the impacts might spill over into their mothers. In the last chapter, I analyze the effects of the legal drinking age laws in South Korea on alcohol consumption. In South Korea, an individual is legally allowed access to alcohol from January 1st of the year they turn 19. To investigate whether the regulation effectively restricts alcohol consumption, I compare those who were born around January, but who vary in terms of their status with regard to legal access to alcohol during one specific year. I find no impacts of the regulation on participation in and frequency of alcohol consumption. The findings indicate that strict enforcement and sanctions need to accompany the policy to prevent youth from accessing alcohol.

북한의 영어교과서 분석 : 중학교 1,2,3학년을 중심으로

김단솔 Graduate School, Korea University 2017 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to understand the goal of North Korea's English education and the reality and its changes per period through analysis of North Korea's English textbooks. This study was conducted based on six textbooks in middle school first grade(2004/2007), middle school second grade(2001/2008), and middle school third grade(1999/2002), which are important periods of foreign language education. The structure, vocabulary, grammar, communicational function, and subject and context are analyzed. First, the textbooks' outer and inner features have developed as time passed but still need improvements. The quality of paper, print condition, and illustration still need to be improved. For the inner feature, reading, listening, writing, and speaking are all covered. However, reading and writing have much bigger portion than communication and speaking, which shows the need for improvement in communicational function. Second, the level and number of vocabularies show significant changes by different years. This indicates the level of North Korea's English textbook has improved. Vocabularies in North Korea's textbook largely reflect its culture. The very scarce use of foreign words, preference of British English, frequent use of uncommon words such as Generalissimo, Marshal were shown. Third, grammar of North Korea's English textbook has been emphasized, with the explanation and examples of grammar rules. North Korea’s English education is same as the Grammar translation method of South Korea's third and fourth curriculum. Grammar part was separated and explained in its native language, which shows grammar is recognized as one part of English education rather than assistant tool for communication. Thus, reinforcement of grammar education for communicational function is required. Forth, North Korea's English textbook has shown attempts for changes to reinforce the communicational function, but it still shows a great tendency of explaining the rules of grammar and repeated practice of them rather than the practice of conversation with English speaker Finally, the materials and content of North Korea's English textbook markedly shows that English education in North Korea is a method to maintain and reinforce its political system, not an acquisition of language. Textbooks have the most emphasis on idolization of Kim, Il Sung and Kim, Jong Il and cover the topics of Juche, communism, and science technology. This shows that cultural education, the essential part of foreign language education, is absent or distorted in North Korea’s English education. To sum up, It is shown that North Korea’s English textbook does not follow the trend of the world and accomplish the purpose as a tool for language education. There needs to be a change in teaching method and improvement of textbooks for better language acquisition and communicational function.

(A) comparative analysis of English teacher training qualifications in Turkey and Korea

Gun, Havva Graduate School, Korea University 2017 국내석사

The aim of this study is to compare qualification of English language teachers based on policies, curriculum of English Language education departments and teacher pre-service practicum in Turkey and Korea. This study, focusing on the English language teacher education system, explores ways to prepare teachers for new standards and policies which could be set between English language teaching professionals and education policy makers. Suggestions are made about English Language teacher qualification and teachers’ satisfaction on the basis of the study’s findings. This research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The process of qualification, activities and administration in the two education systems were investigated through interviewing, 5 likert-scale survey and e-mail responses of English language teachers who studied in the department of English at Korea University, Seoul National University in Korea, Marmara University and Gazi University in Turkey. The findings indicate there are vast differences between the two countries’ English language education not only in terms of the English teacher training policy but also the satisfaction regarding the evaluation and training process of English teachers and senior students based on curriculum and practicum in English language education department of the universities. There are big differences between Turkey and Korea in regards to curriculum contents, teaching practicum implementation and teacher employment test method. While most of Korean participants prefer the Turkish practicum stage as an alternative, Turkish participants approached the Korean practicum in a positive light, but most participants revealed that duration of the practicum is quite short. On the other hand, both nations’ participants stated that they were satisfied with their own curriculums but Turkish participants’ satisfaction was seen higher than Korean participants in English language departments. Bu çalisma, Türkiye ve Kore’nin İngilizce oğretmenliği eğitimini, üniversite müfredati ve öğretmenlik stajerliği alanında analiz yaparak iki ülke arasındaki İngilizce öğretmenliği bölümlerinin müfredatını inceleme ve karşılaştırmayı amaç edinmiştir. Yabancı dil öğretmeni eğitimi üzerine odaklanan bu calisma, İngilizce öğretimi profesyonelleri ve politika oluşturanları tarafından gerçekleştirilebilecek yeni standartlar ve uygulamalar için iki ülkenin İngilizce öğretmeni yetiştirme yollarını incelemekte ve öneriler sunmaktadır. Bulgular orta ve lise İngilizce öğretmenliği eğitimini inceleyerek yabancı dil öğretmen niteliğine bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. E-mail yanıtları, repörtaj ve de 5-likert soru kalıbıyla ölçülen üniversitelerin İnligizce öğretmenliği bölümü müfredatı ile stajerlik uygulamaları karşılaştırılmıştır ve bu programda eğitim görmüş katılımcıların memnuniyetleri analiz edilmiştir. Sorular Türkiye’de Marmara ve Gazi Üniversitesinde, Kore’de Seoul Ulusal Devlet Üniversitesi ile Korea Üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerinden uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda iki ülkenin İngilizce öğretmenliği programları müfredat ve stajerlik açısından açık fark göstermektedir ayrıca bu programda eğitim görmüş olan kişilerin memnuniyetleri de farklı alanlarda görülmüştür. Koreli öğretmenler Türk stajerlik sistemini alternatif olarak daha fazla tercih ederken, Türk öğretmenler Kore stajerliğine pozitif yaklaşırken süreç olarak yeterli bulmamışlardır.

Estimation of hydrometeorological disaster risks under different climate and adaptive scenarios : crop yield and forest fire of South Korea

김세진 Graduate School, Korea University 2020 국내박사

자연 재해의 빈도와 강도는 산업혁명 이후 지난 수십 년 동안 세계적으로 증가했으며 기후변화의 불확실성과 변동성에 의해 재해를 분석하고 예측하는 것은 더욱 복잡해졌다. 지난 수십 년 동안 한국의 극한 기상현상은 증가해왔고, 이는 향후 자연 재해의 증가로 이어질 가능성이 큰 것을 보여준다. 노출된 시스템의 다양한 측면을 반영하는 다양한 측면의 재해 위험이 증가함에 따라 효과적인 적응 전략이 중요해지고 있다. 지속가능성을 위해서는 수문기상재해 위험에 대한 기후변화와 관련된 적응능력의 영향을 정량적으로 평가하고 분석하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 위해, 노출, 취약성으로 구성된 위험(risk) 개념에 근거하여 작물 생산량과 물 공급량 간의 관계, 그리고 국내 산불 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 중점적으로 다루었다. 기후변화가 과거인 1990년대와 가까운 미래인 2040년대, 먼 미래인 2080년대의 작물 생산량과 산불에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해, RCP 기후 시나리오와 본 연구에서 정의한 적응 시나리오 하에서 한국의 주요 작물인 옥수수, 보리, 논벼의 향후 수확량과 순관개용수량을 AquaCropR 모형으로 추정하였고, Random Forest 모형을 이용하여 향후 산불 발생과 산불에 미치는 적응능력의 영향을 공간적으로 예측 및 분석하였다. 분석은 1 km의 해상도로 수행되었다. 작물 수확량 분석을 통해 2040년대와 2080년대의 옥수수와 논벼 수확량이 1990년대 RCP 8.5 시나리오에 비해 상당히 감소할 것으로 예상되었다. 순관개용수량이 공급되었을 때는 수확량이 상당히 증가하였다. 이는 미래에 부정적인 기후변화 영향이 있을 경우, 추가적인 관리 없이는 옥수수와 논벼 수확량이 수요에 비해 매우 부족할 것이라는 것을 나타냈다. 그러나 보리는 옥수수나 논벼에 비해 가뭄에 강한 작물이기 때문에 미래 기후의 영향을 특별히 받지 않았다. 그러나 관개에 의한 충분한 물 공급이 있을 때에는 모든 기간과 모든 작물에서 경작면적 당 수확량이 더 높았다. 이에 더해, 한국은 경작면적의 감수 추세가 나타나고 있으므로 작물의 총 수확량에도 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 충분한 물을 필요로 하는 작물의 생산량 감소 위험을 줄이고 미래 한국의 식량 안보를 확보하기 위해서는 적절한 관개 관리와 농지의 안정적인 확보가 필수적인 것으로 사료되었다. 우리나라의 산불은 대부분 인간의 부주의로 발생하지만 산불의 발화, 연소, 확산과 관련이 있는 기후와 환경 조건을 고려해야 한다. 본 연구의 분석 결과, 한국의 산불 발생은 표준강수증발지수(SPEI), 표준강수지수(SPI), Canadian forest fire weather index(FWI) 등 기후변수와 지형습윤지수(TWI), 고도 등 환경변수, 국립공원 탐방객수, 인구밀도 등 사회경제적 변수와의 상관관계가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 고도, 국립공원 탐방객수, 인구밀도와 같은 예측 변수들은 인간의 활동과 연관 있는 것으로 사료되었는데, 그 이유는 낮은 고도와 높은 인구 집중도는 인간 활동이 높은 것으로 판단할 수 있기 때문이다. 이처럼 기후, 환경, 사회경제적 변수들이 모두 산불 발생과 관련이 있기 때문에, 이러한 예측 변수들의 다양한 측면을 설명하는 적응능력을 향상시키는 것이 중요하다. 자연 재해의 적응능력은 재난 대비 및 대응과 관련된 정책의 입법과 이행을 보장하는 것을 의미하므로, 기후 정책과 상당히 관련이 있다. 이는 적응능력이 사회경제적 요인과 상당한 연관성을 가지고 있음을 나타낸다. 환경 연구에 사회경제적 요인을 포함시킴으로써, 지역사회의 적응능력을 분석할 수 있고 복잡한 시스템을 더 잘 이해하고 다룰 수 있었다. 또한, 결과를 통해 재해 위험을 예측할 때, 능동적이고 예방적인 적응 전략을 도출하고 대응하는 적응능력을 동원하기 위해, 적응능력은 시공간적으로 분석되어야 하며, 적절한 규모 및 단위(scale)로 분석되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 기후변화와 자연재해의 규모가 월경적(transboundary)이더라도 적응 정책은 행정적으로 계획되는 경우가 많으므로 적절한 규모 및 단위의 적응능력은 지역(regional) 또는 지방(local)의 수준에서 결정되어야 한다고 사료되었다. 국제사회는 기후변화 적응(CCA)이 재난위험경감(DRR) 개념과 서로 부합해야 하는 것을 확인하였다. DRR은 지속가능한 발전의 넓은 문맥 안에서 정책 및 전략을 개발하고 실질적인 이행으로 적용함으로써 위해를 다루고 취약성과 재난위험을 최소화하는 것에 초점을 둔다. 또한, DRR의 개념이 점점 더 포괄적이고 학제간적으로 발전함에 따라 사회경제적 측면을 포함한 다양한 재난위험 조치와 활동을 포함하게 되었다. 기후변화 적응 전략과 DRR이 통합될 경우, 두 개념은 모든 기후적, 물리적, 환경적, 사회경제적, 기반시설적, 제도적 측면이 고려됨으로써 재난위험을 감소하는데 있어 여러 방면으로 상호 보완될 수 있을 것이다. Natural disasters worldwide have increased in frequency and severity over the past few decades. Additionally, they have become more complex, as well as complicated to analyze and project, owing to the uncertainty and variability of climate change. The number of extreme weather events in South Korea has increased in the past few decades, which has the possibility of a growing number of natural disasters in the future. The increasing risk of multifaceted disasters requires adoption of effective strategies to secure food harvests. To ensure crop sustainability, it is important to quantitatively assess and analyze the impacts of climate change and the associated adaptive capacity on these hydrometeorological disaster risks. This dissertation focuses on the relationship between crop yield and water supply, and on the relationship between the factors that influence the occurrence of forest fires in South Korea, based on the risk concept comprising hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The future yields of major crops including maize, barley, and paddy rice and the net irrigation amount were estimated using the AquaCropR model and forest fire occurrence and the effect of adaptive capacity were spatially projected using the Random Forest model for the 2040s and the 2080s using Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) climate scenarios and adaptive scenarios defined in this dissertation. The assessments were performed at a 1 km resolution. The analysis on crop yields demonstrate that maize and paddy rice yields during the 2040s and the 2080s are expected to decline considerably compared with the 1990s results under the RCP 8.5 scenario, and the applied net irrigation considerably increase the yields. These results demonstrate that without additional management, the negative effects of climate change would severely compromise the yields of these crops. Barley was not affected by the future climate because it is tolerant of insufficient water. However, a sufficient water supply by irrigation increased the yield for all periods and all crops. A diminishing water trend was identified in the harvest area, which also affected the total production of crops. The results indicate that adequate irrigational management and agricultural land security are vital for reducing the risk of low yield for crops requiring sufficient water and for securing food security for the future in South Korea. Forest fires in South Korea are mostly ignited owing to human activity by accident; however, climatic and environmental conditions should not be disregarded, as they relate to the ignition, combustion, and spread of forest fires. The result of the analysis identified that forest fire occurrences in South Korea have a significant correlation with climatic variables including the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), standardized precipitation index (SPI), and Canadian forest fire weather index (FWI); with environmental variables including topographic wetness index (TWI) and elevation; and with socio-economic variables including visitors to national parks and population density. Some of the predictors such as elevation, visitors to national parks, and population density are considered related to human activities because a lower elevation and higher population concentration can indicate a higher presence of human activities. As climatic, environmental, and socio-economic variables all relate to the occurrence of forest fires, it was concluded that it is critical to improve adaptive capacity that accounts for various aspects of these predictors. The adaptive capacity of communities and governments to deal with natural disasters is considerably relevant to climate policy because it ensures legislation and implementation of political actions related to disaster preparedness and responses. This indicates that adaptive capacity has a significant interlinkage with socio-economic factors. The inclusion of the socio-economic factors into environmental studies led to a successful analysis of the state of the adaptive capacity of a community and facilitated the better understanding and addressing of complex systems. They also indicated that when projecting disaster risks, adaptive capacity should be analyzed both temporally and spatially and at the appropriate scale, in order to derive a proactive and precautionary adaptation strategy and mobilize reactive adaptive capacity. The results suggest that the proper scales for adaptive capacity are at the regional or local level although the scale of climate change and natural disasters is generally transboundary because adaptation policies are planned on an administrative basis. Furthermore, international societies recognize that the climate change adaptation (CCA) should be in accordance with the disaster risk reduction (DRR) concept, and vice versa. The focus of DRR is to deal with hazards and to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks by developing and applying policies, strategies, and practices, within the broad context of sustainable development. As the concept of DRR is becoming more comprehensive and interdisciplinary, it has started to include diverse features of disaster risk actions and activities including the socio-economic aspect. If CCA strategies and DRR are integrated, these can be mutually supplemented in many ways for reducing disaster risks by considering all climatic, physical, environmental, socio-economic, infrastructural, and institutional aspects.

Detecting the changes of latent profiles in academic burnout of middle school students

신효정 Graduate School, Korea University 2012 국내박사

This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine changes in academic burnout profiles during middle school times (grade 7th-2, 8th-1 and 8th-2). In addition, this study was to examine the effects of the covariates (i.e., gender, parent education, and coping strategy) in LTA model. To do so, the first goal was to identify profile of academic burnout for middle school students at each time point based on Maslach Burnout Inventory ? Student Survey (MBI-SS). For first aim, the following research question was presented: What kinds of burnout profiles would be identified among middle school students? The second goal was to describe developmental pattern of academic burnout throughout middle school using the LTA model. For the second aim, the following research question was presented: How do those profiles change over time? Finally, the third goal was to confirm effects of covariates for modeling change in academic profiles in LTA model. For last aim, the following research question was presented: What are the effects of covariate variables (i.e., gender, parent education, and coping strategy) on changes of academic burnout profiles over time? Total of 413 middle school students (TI: N=381, T2: N=375, T3: N=388) in Seoul, Korea participated in this study. The data was collected from one middle school of Seoul region of South Korea during three waves. Korean version of MBI-SS and Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC) were used to measure the levels of students? academic burnout and coping strategy. All instruments in the present study measured in the final of the semester. Mplus 5.0 and SPSS 18.0 were used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that the middle school students could be best described by three latent profiles representing degree of academic burnout across three times: ?distressed (DS)?, ?intermediate (IM)?, and ?well-functioning (WF)?. DS is high scores on all subscales although cynicism was slightly higher score than emotional exhaustion and inefficacy. IM is maintaining medium score on all subscales. WF is low scores on all subscales although emotional exhaustion and inefficacy was slightly higher score than cynicism. The result of the current study proved evidence that academic burnout profiles are understood according to the degree, rather than type of profiles, of academic burnout during the middle school years. In the next, results indicated that as student developed throughout middle school they were likely to transition out of the WF group and into the DS and IM group. Specially, non burned-out group, that is WF group, transited to IM group and even DS group. In addition, distressed group of the academic burnout showed stability, that is, less movement to another groups than the IM and WF groups. Further, the result showed that both active coping and passive coping consistently differentiated the academic burnout profiles throughout the course of middle school. Active coping was associated with higher percentage being in the WF versus DS. Conversely, passive coping was associated with decreased odds of being in the WF. Based on the results of the present study, there are several implications. Specifically, the present study can be utilized for designing prevention and intervention programs for middle school students as well as teacher and parents? training program for student discipline in school and counseling settings. First, helping professionals such as school counselors, teacher could understand the diverse types of academic burnout as well as conduct academic burnout interventions (e.g., preventing or decreasing students? academic burnout). Second, school counselors, teachers and parents should keen attention to WF group during middle school period. Because WF group students transited intermediate group very much over middle school time. These results imply that although students are adapting easily at the moment helping professional need to conduct prevention program for general students. To do so, helping professionals could plan prevention strategies through classroom guidance focusing on WF group students. In addition, since DS group of the academic burnout showed stability, professionals have to provide intensive treatment for being DS group students. Third, this result implies that helping professionals and parents should help to prompt active coping and refrain from passive coping. How to instruct effective coping strategy to manage academic burnout for students is very important. The study implies that teachers and parents? training to support students, as resources, could be good way to prompt active coping for middle school students. Moreover, it is crucial to implement prevention program to learn active coping and passive coping through the classroom guidance regularly. There are several limitations associated with the present study. First, it is important to note that academic profiles were different with previous study in this study. Thus, further research is needed in order to identify the academic profiles with other populations for middle school student. Second, in the present study, the results were obtained for predominantly one middle school students in an urban community. These results may differ for other samples with different characteristics (e.g., gender, grade, academic pressure). Thus, it would be useful to replicate the results in larger samples. Additionally, it would be interesting to explore the special samples of chronic academic burnout groups having high academic demanding for middle school students (e.g., international middle school) in longitudinal designs. Third, the time interval of the study was relatively short (six months). These reason resulted in little changes of levels of each burnout profiles in this study. Thus, future study need to extended periods. The lastly, all instruments in the present research were self-reported questionnaires. In the case of self-reported questionnaires, students who experience high level of academic burnout may report low levels of burnout symptoms to minimize or maximize their symptoms. Therefore, future studies should also consider including biological indicators (e.g., blood pressure, cortisol levels) of burnout and stress to help offset the use of self-reported instruments.

U.S. policy for denuclearization of the Korean peninsula under the Clinton and Bush administrations

황부연 Graduate School, Korea University 2012 국내석사

국문초록 한반도 비핵화를 위한 미국의 정책 연구: 클린턴 행정부와 부시 행정부를 중심으로 북한학전공 황 부 연 지도교수 유 호 열 1990년대에 들어서 북한의 핵문제는 국제사회에서 가장 중요하게 해결해야 할 문제로 떠오르게 되었다. 이 문제는 안보적으로 동북아시아와 다른 국가들에게 직접적으로 연관되어있는 것이기 때문이다. 북미관계는 남북관계의 형성에 있어서 매우 중요한 영향을 끼친다. 따라서 북한의 핵 문제를 평화적으로 해결하기 위해서 미국과 북한 간의 유연한 자세가 좋은 영향을 미칠 것이다. 미국의 대북협상은 클린턴 행정부에서 시작되었고, 부시 행정부에 이르기까지 많은 일들이 있었다. 이 논문의 목적은 탈냉전기 이후 클린턴 행정부와 부시 행정부의 대북정책을 비교∙분석하고, 두 행정부가 북한의 핵 문제에 대해서 각각 어떤 방식과 정책을 통해서 접근하였으며, 또 그 과정이 북핵 문제를 해결하는 데에 있어서 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 연구하는데 중점을 두었다. 민주당의 외교정책을 바탕으로 대북정책을 세운 클린턴 행정부와 공화당의 외교정책을 바탕으로 대북정책을 만든 부시 행정부는 각각 다른 시각과 접근방식으로 북핵 문제를 해결하려고 하였다. 이러한 두 행정부의 대북정책을 비교하고 분석하는 것은 미국의 외교정책과 두 행정부의 대북정책을 이해하는 데에 있어서 도움을 줄 것이다. 서론에서는 문제제기와 논문의 구성 그리고 선행연구들을 검토해보았다. 이어서, 본론에서는 미국의 외교정책에 대해서 알아보고, 클린턴 행정부와 부시 행정부의 대북정책에 대해서 자세히 살펴보고 비교해 보았다. 그리고 마지막으로 결론에서는 두 행정부의 대북정책을 다시 한번 재평가하고, 두 행정부가 대북정책의 목표를 달성하는데 실패한 원인에 대해서 본인의 의견을 제시해 보았다. 클린턴 행정부는 자유주의적 국제주의라는 이념의 틀을 중심으로, 포용정책을 추구하였다. 그리고 다자주의와 협력을 바탕으로 북한의 문제를 해결하는데 있어서 환경, 인권, 테러 등을 포함하는 포괄적인 접근을 강조하였다. 또한, 북한의 핵 문제를 해결하기 위해 ‘제네바 합의’(1994) 와 같은 양자간 외교협상을 통해서 평화적으로 해결하려고 하였다. 반면에 부시 행정부는 클린턴 행정부와는 다른 노선의 대북정책을 추구하였다. 현실주의적 국제주의라는 이념의 틀을 중심으로, 봉쇄정책을 기본 노선으로 삼았다. 클린턴 정부의 대북정책을 비판하며 중국의 적극적인 참여를 통한 6자회담과 같은 다자채널을 구축하고 전통적 군사안보를 강조하였다. 또한, 2001년 9.11테러 사건을 계기로 부시 행정부의 대북압박정책은 더욱 강화되었었다. 하지만 임기후반에 들어서는 국내외적인 비난으로 인해서 대북정책은 유화적인 태도로 변화하게 되었다. 클린턴 행정부와 부시 행정부는 각각 다른 대북정책을 추구했지만, ‘북한핵 비확산’과 ‘동북아의 평화와 번영’이라는 같은 목적을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 결과적으로 두 정부 모두 이 목적을 달성하는 데에 있어서는 실패하였다. 먼저, 클린턴 행정부는 북핵문제를 해결하기 위하여 포용정책을 지지하였다. 하지만, 이것은 적절한 결과를 초래하지 못하였다. 따라서, 클린턴 행정부는 북한을 인식하는 데 있어서 부족하였다고 볼 수 있다. 반면에 부시 행정부는 9.11 테러사태 이후, ‘테러와의 전쟁’을 국가의 최우선적으로 해결할 문제로 채택한 후 ‘이라크 전’에 매진하는 모습을 보였다. 물론, 부시 행정부 역시 북핵문제를 6자회담 등을 통해 해결해보려고 애썼으나 큰 성과를 얻진 못하였다. 미국의 우선순위의 변화와 주변상황의 변화가 두 행정부 모두에게 북핵문제를 해결하는 데에 있어서 어려움을 주었던 것으로 보인다. 또한 미국은 민주주의 국가로서 국민의 여론에 상당히 의존하는 국가이기 때문에 임기 말에 들어서 대통령에게는 정책적 성과를 얻어내야만 하는 압박감이 매우 크다. 그리고 대통령의 임기기간 측면에서도 기간 내에 북한의 핵 문제를 해결하기엔 매우 짧다. 더욱이 또 다시 바뀌게 되는 환경 속에서도 이 문제를 해결하기에 있어서 새롭거나 다른 한계에 맞닿는다. 미국의 대북정책은 국제정치질서의 구조적 변화, 미국 내 정당 및 사회세력, 여론의 변화 등 국내적 요인에 의해서 영향을 받아 변화되어 왔다. 한국입장에서 미국은 북한에 대한 안보의 측면뿐만 아니라 북한 문제를 해결하는 과정에서 최우선적 공조의 대상이다. 때문에 미국의 대북정책 결정요인을 파악하고 적절한 대응을 통해 견고한 한미공조를 구축하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 미국과의 높은 공감대를 바탕으로 대북정책에서 미국의 요구를 적절히 활용하면서 한반도의 통일이라는 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 그들의 대북정책을 한국에게 유리한 방향으로 구사하도록 유도하는 전략을 가질 필요가 있다. Abstract In the 1990s, North Korea’s nuclear problem became one of the most vital problems in the world; it is connected with the security of Northeast Asia and other areas as well. The relationship between the United States, a balancer of Northeast Asia, and North Korea has an important effect on the relationship between the two Koreas. Therefore, the U.S. and North Korea’s flexible posture for each other will provide considerable influence on resolving the North’s nuclear problem in a peaceful way. The purpose of the thesis is the analysis of the Clinton and Bush administration’s North Korea policies which showed the marked contrast between the two administrations. The process which resulted from their different approach towards North Korea’s nuclear program produced different results. The North’s nuclear program and the relationship between the two countries were affected by these policies, which are examined in the paper. In understanding the characteristics of the American foreign policy, and obtaining useful information for the government when it might search for a pragmatic decision to solve the North’s nuclear problem, the comparing and contrasting of the two different administrations’ North Korea policy in this paper will be of assistance. In introduction, it shows the identification of the problem, the structure of the paper and the literature review. The main body is composed of the characteristics of America’s foreign policy and analysis of the Clinton and Bush administrations’ North Korea policies and it also compares the two. In the conclusion, it evaluates the two administrations’ North Korea policies and includes the author’s opinion of the reason why the two administrations did not achieve their main goals. In line with a liberal internationalism, the Clinton administration dealt gently with North Korea through its engagement policy and multilateralism, it comprehensively approached North Korea’s problems, such as the environment, human rights violation, terrorism, etc. In addition, through the Geneva Agreed Framework of 1994, the Clinton administration wanted to be able to resolve North Korea’s nuclear problem in a peaceful way. However, the Bush administration took the opposite approach from the Clinton administration. It followed a realistic internationalism, and pursued a containment policy towards North Korea. Moreover, President Bush took a hard-line bilateralism and also highlighted a conventional military security. The September 11th terrorist attacks were a turning point to take harder and more rigid action toward the North to fulfill his goal, anti-terrorism. But, later in his term, under the criticism from inside and outside of the country, he decided to change his North Korea policy to take a softer stance. Even though the two administrations had different approaches and strategies in dealing with North Korea’s problem, they had the same goal; such as denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and peace and prosperity in Northeast Asia. But, the both administrations could not fulfill their main goals, and there could be numerous reasons for that, but in light of the Clinton administration’s process to solve North Korea’s nuclear problem, it pursued ‘soft’ and ‘engagement’ based policy, the administration thought that through that way the U.S. could persuade North Korea to dismantle its nuclear program, but it was not an appropriate way to achieve their goals. And also it could express that the Clinton administration had an insufficient acknowledgement on North Korea. Moreover, during the Bush administration, especially after the September 11th terrorist attacks, it reinforced its security and determined ‘war on terrorism’ as the national top priority problem to solve, so it did not mainly focus on North Korea’s nuclear problem. And it is true that the United States expended efforts and attending the Six-Party talks, which was hosted by China, but it was not that successful to form a better situation. Moreover, one might think that if the Bush administration paid more attention to North Korean issues, a better outcome might have resulted. Moreover, as a democratic country, the approval of its citizens is crucially important to the United States It is true that there is a fierce competition between the Democratic Party and Republican Party to sustain their political status, so the President get pressure from both parties to accomplish diplomatic purposes. And, it is hard to solve the North Korean problem as a democratic country due to the fact that the presidential term ensures that the presidents change in a certain period of time, thus changing the North Korea policy as well. The United States North Korea policy has changed through international influence, such as the international political order’s structural transformation, and domestic influence, for instance the power of domestic political parties and social force along with fluctuation of the public opinion. In solving the North Korea problem, the United States is pivotal to South Korea. To South Korea, the United States is the foremost partner of cooperation in solving the North Korea problem. Therefore it is crucial to grasp the primary factor that moves the United States to make their decision in regard to their North Korea policy, and respond accordingly in order to establish a strong cooperative relationship between the two countries.

Identifying resilient college students in school-to-work transition : characteristics and outcome of resilience group

김소린 Graduate School, Korea University 2014 국내석사

The current study aims to identify the resilient among college students in the school-to-work phrase, and investigate their characteristics and outcomes. The data was collected twice with the interval of 6 months. Latent profile analysis was used to identify resilience group on 557 senior university students in South Korea. Next, multinominal logistic analysis was conducted in order to reveal distinctive characteristics of the resilient from the maladaptive. After participants’ graduation, 321 graduates completed the second survey. Standardized residuals of outcome variables such as career satisfaction, sense of control, and desire for control was calculated, and one-way ANOVA was used in order to compare the resilient with the other groups. The results of the present study are as follows. Four groups were identified by using exposure to adversity and adjustment: the resilient (n = 196, 35.2%), the semi-challenged (n = 212, 38.1%), the competent-unchallenged (n = 63, 11.3%), and the maladaptive (n = 86, 15.4%). The distinctive characteristics of the resilient young adults compared to the maladaptive was frequent uses of certain cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as refocus on planning and positive refocusing, and higher scores of optimism. As for the outcomes of the resilient, the change of career satisfaction was not significantly differentiated the four groups. The implication of this study is that the representativeness of sample, longitudinal study, and identification of the characteristics of the resilient in school-to-work transition, and outcomes. The sample had a variety of location and reputation in South Korea. Also, the data was collected before and after participants’ graduation, which is longitudinal and reflect dynamics of change. Furthermore, characteristics of resilient young adults were discovered as well as outcomes of resilience in the sample of individuals in school-to-work transition. However, longer interval, include of high school graduates, and more accurate measure of adaptation will be needed in the future study. 본 연구는 사회진출전환기에 있는 대학생을 대상으로 탄력성 집단을 선별하고, 탄력성 집단의 특징과 결과를 도출해내는데 그 목적이 있다. 자료는 두 번에 걸쳐 수집되었으며, 6개월의 간격을 두고 실시되었다. 먼저 한국의 대학졸업예정자 557명을 대상으로 잠재프로파일분석을 실시하여 탄력성 집단을 선별하였다. 다음으로 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 탄력성 집단을 부적응집단과 구별하는 개인적 특성을 밝혔다. 6개월이 지나 연구참여자들이 대부분이 졸업을 한 이후, 321명이 2차 설문에 참여하였다. 2차 설문을 바탕으로 진로만족의 표준화된 잔차를 구해 해당 변인들의 변화량을 독립변수로 두고 일원배치분산분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 탄력성 집단 (n = 196, 35.2%), 반역경 집단 (n = 212, 38.1%), 역경부재-유능성 집단 (n = 63, 11.3%), 그리고 부적응 집단 (n = 86, 15.4%)이 도출되었다. 사회진출전환기에 있는 대학생 중 탄력성 집단은 계획 다시 생각하기와 긍정적 초점 변경과 같은 인지적 정서조절전략을 자주 사용하며, 낙관성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 탄력성의 결과로, 각 집단의 진로만족의 변화량이 유의미하게 차이가 나진 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 함의로 표본의 대표성, 종단연구라는 점, 초기 성년의 탄력성집단을 구별하고 그들의 특징을 살펴보았다는 점을 들 수 있다. 본 연구의 표본은 그 지역과 대학의 평가수준에서 다양하며, 자료를 2번에 걸쳐 수집해 변화량을 고려하였다는 의의를 지닌다. 또한, 아동이나 청소년이 아닌, 초기 성년의 탄력성을 연구했다는 점에서 그 의미를 찾을 수 있으며, 특히 탄력적인 성인의 특성을 밝혔다는 점에서 함의를 지니고 있다. 그러나 본 연구의 한계점으로 사회진출전환기에 있는 고등학생을 포함하지 않았고, 다소 짧은 간격으로 자료를 수집했으며, 자기보고식 설문을 사용했다는 점을 들 수 있다. 후속연구에서는 보다 다양한 표본을 수집하고, 1년 이상의 간격을 두고, 자기보고식이 아닌 방법을 사용하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

Estimation of carbon budget change in South and North Korea by land cover change : using VISIT model and land cover map

崔桂善 Graduate School, Korea University 2014 국내박사

In order to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emission, it is necessary to quantify carbon emission caused by human and carbon uptake from terrestrial ecosystem. In this study, the ecosystem model (Vegetation Integrated Simulator for Trace gases, VISIT) was used to elucidate the variation in carbon budget due to land cover change by quantifying the carbon budget of North and South Korea. The key findings are as follows. (1) Carbon budget of North and South Korea was quantified for the past 30 years. Net ecosystem production (NEP) was estimated as 10.72 ± 5.18 Tg C yr-1(0.83 Mg C ha-1yr-1) in the 1980s, 3.00 ± 7.96 Tg C yr-1 (0.23 Mg C ha-1 yr-1)in the 1990s, and -0.46 ± 5.13 Tg C yr-1(-0.04 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the 2000s, which showed that North Korea was changed to a carbon source from sink. In South Korea, NEP was 10.55 ± 1.09 Tg C yr-1(1.09 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the 1980s, 10.47 ± 7.28 Tg C yr-1 (1.09 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the 1990s, and 6.32 ± 5.02 Tg C yr-1(0.66 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the 2000s showing a gradual decrease of carbon uptake. (2) As a result of the estimate of carbon budget by land cover change, in North Korea, carbon uptake declined by approximately 0.52 Tg C yr-1 (0.04 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the 1990s due to the decrease in forest area while carbon emission increased by 0.36 Tg C yr-1 (0.03 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the 2000s due to the increase of cropland. In South Korea, carbon uptake in the 1990s decreased by about 0.24 Tg C yr-1 (0.02 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) due to the increase of urban area while it increased by 0.04 Tg C yr-1 (0.01 Mg C ha-1 yr-1)due to the increase in the forest area. (3) In order to estimate carbon budget of the Korean peninsula more exactly, tree growth rate was considered for revising the model-estimated carbon budget. As a result, when considering the tree growth rate of 6% in South Korea, the carbon uptake was estimated at about 1.11 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the 1990s and about 0.69 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the 2000s. In North Korea, when considering the tree growth rate of 3%, the carbon uptake in the 1990s was estimated at about 0.25 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and emission in the 2000s was about 0.03 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. As shown above, this study conducted the spatiotemporal analysis of carbon budget in each period and quantified carbon budget change by land cover change. Moreover, this result was revised using the tree growth rate. These results suggested the importance of land cover management in the terrestrial ecosystem for ensuring national carbon balance.

Validation of reliability and authenticity of Korean high school English exams

우경민 Graduate School, Korea University 2021 국내석사

The validity and credibility of high school English exams are of key importance due to the pivotal role the exams occupy in providing a pathway to college admission in Korea. It is the sole responsibility of Korean English as Foreign Language (EFL) high school teachers to produce and validate the exams, but teachers have access to limited resources and time. Using the theoretical framework of Target Language Use (TLU), this study aims to identify potential issues surrounding the exams based on two of the selected qualities of test usefulness: reliability and authenticity. An analysis of the potential issues was undertaken using various methods, such as an item and options analysis, corpus-based web tools, comparison of scores with a monthly English exam, in-depth reviews from three native English-speaking teachers (NESTs), and surveys from both Korean EFL students and teachers. Firstly, having conducted the item and options analysis of the 148 students’ responses for 50 multiple-choice items, with five possible responses, the results revealed that more than 80% of test items were appropriate in terms of item facility. However, some items needed to be reviewed and most distractors were not sufficiently effective. Secondly, a comparison of three difficulty level values of each test item was undertaken by relying on a test-item information table that had been constructed by Korean EFL teachers, a native English-speaking teachers’ review, and an item-analysis program. The results showed that the predicted difficulty level values measured by human teachers need to be improved with a more thorough checklist to accurately measure item facility for each test item. Thirdly, based on a corpus analysis of reading passages from the midterm and final exams, some of the syntactic and lexical indices from Coh-Metrix L2SCA and LCA showed differences between the two high school English exams, with tokens in the reading passages being 93.22% in the midterm and 91.99% in the final exam covered by Range-2009RV-KBEWL. Furthermore, the difference of four different readability scores from the reading passages of both exams was not statistically significant. Fourthly, three NESTs were asked to take part in a qualitative review, and they identified various issues within the exams. Fifthly, the scores of the 117 students from the monthly English exam were compared with the results from the midterm and final exams, and the reliability of scores from these exams was reviewed. Lastly, the survey results were discussed from both groups, 97 second-grade high school students who took the exams and 18 Korean EFL high school in-service teachers. In summary, at the final review stage, before a high school written exam is implemented, an effort needs to be made to develop evenly attractive distractors to increase test reliability, raise the accuracy of human teachers’ prediction of difficulty level of test items, and for NESTs to conduct a more detailed review of reading passages to maximize authenticity.