한국제노사이드연구회 주요 활동 외

편집부(편집자) 한국제노사이드연구회 2009 제노사이드연구 Vol.6 No.-

해방 이후 한국전쟁까지의 형무소 실태 연구

최정기(Choi Jung-Gie) 한국제노사이드연구회 2007 제노사이드연구 Vol.2 No.-

This paper is going to explain the actual conditions of prisons in Korea from the Korean liberation to Korean war, to investigate the causes that the massacre of prisoners broke out in the Korean war. For the purpose, this paper use the concept prison regime. By the Prison regime in this paper is meant the social construction which interacts between the control of prison system and the resistance of prisoners in the prisons within special historical and social context. The special character of prison regime under military administration of USA are as follows. First, Koreans had a authority in the prison system under military administration of USA, as long as they was not conflict with Korean-policy of USA. Second, Korean prison officers used the control methods under the Japanese rule, although the liberation of Korea. Third, The prison regime in Korea under military administration of USA was operated mainly by political effect. And this was a main cause to break out the massacre of prisoners at that time.

한국전쟁기 오무라수용소(大村收容所)의 재일조선인 강제추방에 관한 연구

전갑생(Jeon Gab-Saeng) 한국제노사이드연구회 2009 제노사이드연구 Vol.5 No.-

1. Introduction Korean Residents in Japan returned to Korea after the liberation in 1945. But some Residents had to stay in Japan. In addition, among those who returned, went back to Japan. GHQ and the Japanese Government treated the reentering Korean Residents as stowaways or criminals, and committed them first to the Omura Immigration Center (the O.I.C), then deported them from Japan. In this paper we will discuss several issues. First, we will see the establishing process of the stowaways center set up by GHQ and Japanese Government. We will review the laws and policies adopted and executed by Japanese Government until Korean War in order to deport Korean Residents. Especially, we will briefly look into the debate in the Japanese Diet between the government and lawmakers regarding deportation of Korean Residents. Second, we will show the secret passages of Korean Residents to Japan, as well as their deportation. Third, we will overview the cases regarding expropriation and deportation of Korean Residents at O.I.C. Strifes by Korean Residents against deportation of stowaways will be also discussed. 2. Stowaways center policies of Japanese Government and forced deportation immediately after the liberation Japan exacted the aliens registration from Korean Residents since February 1946. Koreans who refused registration were committed to the stowaways center and deported from Japan. Following the enforcement of Aliens Registration Decree, Japan promulgated Immigration Control Decree in August 1949, and set up the Exit and Entry Control Office in October 1950. They formed the legal basis to deport Korean Residents who reentered or stayed in Japan. Japanese Diet also announced that it would consider the reentering of Korean Residents as secret passage, and that they should be deported to Korea. Korean Government was not very active in dealing with this issue. While Japanese Government sentenced the reentering Korean Residents to as much as one year of imprisonment, Korean Government treated the reentering as a minor offense. Not until the breakout of Korean War did Korean Government amended relevant laws to punish secret passage or reentering with as much as one year jail time. 3. Policies regarding Omura Immigration Center and strifes against deportation during the Korean War Japanese Government established a center for illegal entrants in the Bureau of Repatriation Support in Sasebo, which was the beginning of a center accommodating Koreans. In December 1946, GHQ ordered that Koreans arrested in Japan should be sent to this center, and deported Koreans by ships departing regularly from Sasebo. GHQ also made it possible for local allied forces to request U.S. Armed Forces in guarding and repatriating the accommodated Koreans. In January 1950, Japanese Cabinet Council announced ‘Hario Center and the Immigration Control Decree’, and decided to close the Bureau of Repatriation Support in Sasebo and establish the Hario Center. ‘Hario Center for Illegal Entrants under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ was established at Hario Marine Corps in October 1950, and in December was renamed ‘Omura Immigration Center’ and moved to Omura Navy hangar main building. In November 1952, Japanese Government made a plan to double the capacity of the Center. Prisoners were classified into several groups on account of either the reason of deportation or the time they reentered Japan. Lepers were accommodated separately. Prisoners were detained from six months to as much as four years at the Center. They had to endure various treatments infringing human rights―murder, violence, threat, conciliation, etc.―by Japanese Police. 4. Conclusion From the facts outlined above, we have confirmed three important points: First, GHQ and Japanese Government repressed Korean Residents in Japan by the Aliens Registration Act and deportation policy. Especially, Japanese Government and Die

진압(鎭壓)과 석방(釋放)의 정치

김학재(Kim Hak-Jae) 한국제노사이드연구회 2009 제노사이드연구 Vol.5 No.-

1. POW’s camps and POW’s war experience during Korean War The twentieth century was the century of war, and it was also the century of camps. And the civilian population suffered at least as much as combatants, and one significant element of war experience is therefore not battle in the trenches, but the prison camp. If we consider the East Asian context, there are lots of the same problems and there are even more complex ones. The Korean War is another example, one which provided one of the defining moments of the Cold War between East and West and where POW(Prisoners of War) problems became one of the most important and international concerns of the time. What is interesting is that many POWs of the Korean War had the same nationality, but were divided by their ideology. These POWs also became vehicles for cultural and ideological propaganda of both blocs. POW Camps during the Korean War, were the space which the logic of ‘state of exception’ and ‘universal human rights’ were colflicted. On the one hand, ‘POWs’ were recognised as ‘nations’ who fight with enemy, and they protected under principle of human rights bakcked by international sovereignity. On the other hand, they were treated as ‘Homo Sacer’ in ‘state of exception’ and excluded by sovereign power of nation-state. Under this condition, POW camps in the Korean War undertook fuctions of refugee camp, concentration camp, war criminal camp, political prison, and immigration center. Therefore, I saw POW camps were a microcosm of divided nation state, and I will regard POW camp as a base of Korean modern political system, and condensation of violence which has effected korean society for many decade. 2. Who are the Korean Prisoners of War When the Korean War begins, there was a standard which determine POW’s status. The Geneva Convention of 1949 on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, introduced a concept of humanitarian treatment of POWs. But the Geneva Convention of 1949 was originally designed for a war between individual (sovereign) nations. The Korean War, however, has both feature of International Cold war and national Civil War, and the nation(state)-building process was proceeding. United Staes, and UN did not recognised north korea as a sovereign state, and this made ambiguous and exceptional condition of POW’s status. UNC attempted to apply the ‘humanitarian’ provisions of the Geneva Convention to POWs. However, in reality, there was no clear standard to determine who is POW and who is not. UNC defined ‘all captured personnel’ as POW and in the early stages of the Korean war, almost all person captured by the UN force were permanently registered as POWs. But there were many fundamentally different categories of person. UNC thought that Korean war was fundamentally different from previous wars. They regard that they faced politically and psychologically total war. In this condition, ‘humanitarian treatment principle’ made some POWs as War Criminals. And most of POWs were exposed nakedly to the inhumanitarian, brutal violence of the UNC guards, and of another POWs. In 1951, after armistice negotiation began, US suggested the principle of voluntary(of free) repatriation of POWs, which means some of POW would not be repatriated. This is the first case that never happened before. As a result, the prisoners of war problem has proven the greatest obstacle to a truce. At this moment, passive ‘protectionism’ went to active ‘liberalism’, but the alienation between theory and reality maximized. Actually, POWs treated by many exceptional measures, and exploited as a informant and agent of psychological warfare. When they became ‘civilian internee’ or ‘political refugee’, they were regarded as ex-communist sympathizer. 3. The development of Pong-am incident and reaction of UNC When Civilian Internees in Pong-am island camp resisted against UNC guards in 1951.12.14, 85 prisoners were killed and 113 wounded. They were a

공주의 한국전쟁과 전쟁피해

지수걸(Ji Su-Gol) 한국제노사이드연구회 2008 제노사이드연구 Vol.4 No.-

According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of ROK(TRC)’s request, the survey team of Chungnam-Kongju area has conducted a kind of complete enumeration survey of every towns and relating documents about damages of the Korean War between 22nd July to 21st september 2009. The survey team focused on the massacre of leftist political prisoners in Kongju prison and members of the National Guidance Alliance of Kongju, which happened between 9th July to 12th July 1950. the killing of rightist personnel by people’s army and local leftists in so called ‘people’s republic period’(between 26th september to 14th July 1950) mass killing of ‘communist sympathizers’ which lasted since ‘recover’ to last period of 1950. the killing of ‘communist sympathizers’ at ‘1ㆍ4 withdrawal’ 1951. the civilian massacre incidents which happened in combat operations near Kongju area(especially the Kum river defence battle). According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of ROK(TRC), there were only 12 victims case in Kongju area which registrated for investigation request at December 2007. However, our survey team revealed that there were more 367 victims through this investigation. In these days, proverbs such as “don’t be forward, you can ruin both yourself and your family” and “all good workers and smart people was died at war and only empty heads of grain remains” have been transmitted between generations. This shows to us that most of victims at Korean war, whether he/she was rightist or leftist, were the people who fights for selecting and making new state and new society subjectively. In case of Chungnam Kongju area, the place where were many victims were mostly the region where power of left were stronger. However, some towns where exist leftists who have accumulated their political and moral authority since Japanese imperial period(a thinker, an intellectual, an original communist), there were none extreme conflicts and ‘see-saw’. Some towns where exist right youth association which lacked reputation and leadership, and hurriedly constructed local leftist organizations has particulary many victims of war.

한국전쟁기 서부경남지역 빨치산의 조직과 활동

김종준(Kim Jong-Jun) 한국제노사이드연구회 2007 제노사이드연구 Vol.2 No.-

Partisan indicates corps and members of corps who conduct guerilla warfare. Partisan was continued from Japan’s Colonial rule to the Korean War and was divided into old-Partisan and new-Partisan by the Korean War. Partisan in south Korea lost strength in 1949 and acted again through the Korean War. They acted in the center of Mt. Jiri and it belongs to western Kyungnam. The origin and the activity of members of Partisan of Party in Kyungnam-Province is going to be grasped in the center of western Kyungnam from october 1950 to june 1951. Partisan of Kyungnam was organized in Moonjung Ni Hyuchun Myun Hamyang Goon Kyungnam in September 28, 1950. They were organized by remnants and native leftists in the center of leaders of Party in Kyungnam-Province by central Party’s order in retreating of army of people under the Korean War. Partisan engaged in propaganda activity, politics, military affairs through analysis of situation of the Armed Services Committee of Kyungnam-Province. Partisan of Kyungnam consisted of the headquarters and a combat unit. Partisan captured combat resources and necessities by combat with the military or the police and was supplied with the necessities of life by local people. Partisan was educated in military education for combat, could cooperate with local people through politic education. Because of closer cooperation of local people and Partisan, local people were damaged by the national army in combat. The study of Partisan runs short because of the insufficiency of historical material. That is because the members of Partisan were killed in combat and the survivors are very old. Therefore the study of Partisan of Kyungnam is urgent for us.

한국전쟁 전후 국가 정보기관의 형성과 활동

김학재(Kim Hak-Jae) 한국제노사이드연구회 2007 제노사이드연구 Vol.2 No.-

한국전쟁기 강화도에서의 대량학살사건과 트라우마

김귀옥(Kim Gwi-Ok) 한국제노사이드연구회 2008 제노사이드연구 Vol.3 No.-

Ganghwa Island is generally considered as the symbol of Korean people’s resistance against the invasions of foreign powers. Ganghwa History Museum is filled with this history and records and all the spaces of Ganghwa themselves come to be a live historical exhibition. It was in mid 1990s that a rumor of civilian massacres in Ganghwa-Gun during the Korean War began to loom by one surviving family after the democratization movement in 1987. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, ROK(TRC) built on the 1st of December 2005 and so in the next year, 2006, the 138 victims began to be registrated by around 50 bereaved families in several Ganghwa places during the war. These cases seemed to be underestimated in that Ganghwa’s families often used to argue that there were at least the 500 to 1,000 victims killed in Ganghwa before and during the war. TRC presented the 2007 project for the investigations of civilian massacres before and during the war in 9 places including Ganghwa by civil specialist researchers. We entered into this project with members of War and Peace Institute of Hansung University for 5 months. This article is reconstructed on the basis of the report of 2007 investigation on the civilian massacre in Ganghwa during the Korean War. It shows demographic information on the 90 interviewees and the 346 victims, the kinds of violences, many truce-findings, and the estimated 1,500 victims more or less. Among them, the children and teenagers were 1/10 and women almost halves. These massacres were not simple revenge cases, but ‘Red-hunt’, policide, or a kind of ethnic cleansing against the red suspected. Aggressive subjects were less military soldiers more irregular troops, guerrillas, and anti-communist volunteer youth organizers and they carried out a kind of Red-hunt following 1949 Martial Law, National Security Law based on Anticommunism, whether they knew the contents of these laws, or not. Though a lot of people were killed without the reasons of the death, we may have few chances to find the burial grounds because many of them would be cast to be buried at sea around the islands The Korean War is not finished to Ganghwa’s people yet, who seem to have the terrible memory of the war and revenge in their consciousness or unconsciousness. It is very important to clarify truth of massacres during the war and restore the honor of victims and the families in order that real reconciliation and peace may take root among them and state.

한국전쟁기 청원군에서의 민간인학살

박만순(Park Man-Soon) 한국제노사이드연구회 2008 제노사이드연구 Vol.4 No.-

Because of the Korean war, Chung won area had considerable personal and material damages. Especially, the genocide of civilians have left painful memory to the peoples of Chungwon-Gun. As the other area, the genocide happened in every Myun and Eup of Chungwon-Gun, and there was most victims of fourteen city and Gun of ChungchungPukdo. In this study, I researched following four aspects. First, the political and social background of civilian genocide during war. Second, the scale of genocide and the character of victimized group. Third, types of the genocide incidents. Finally, surveillace activities of the government since the genocide incidents. In Chungwon, total 705 people killed by genocide incidents. And 76.9% of victims(542) were mostly twenties and thirties. Ochang-eup was where the most victims founded, total 200 people was killed. (28.4%) North part of Chungwon’s damage was bigger than south part. Because many members of the Natinal guidence Alliance was killed there, and there were many victims by people’s army and local leftists. 51%(358) of the executor was the army and police. In case of the type of genocide, the most case were National guidence alliance incidents, 279 of 385 people was killed as this case. And the other case were communist sympathizer(7.5%), the prisoner case(0.7%), killed by people’s Army(4.9%), by local leftists(6.4%), etc. The lists of prisoners and investigative documents which was founded in this research makes us to know about continuing pain of the victim’s family due to goverment’s surveillace and discrimination. In conclusion, to clarify truth of genocide and restore the honor of vicims and the families cannot be limited to investigation and memorial services. The genocide during the Korean war and surveillance by the state was critical violations of human rights, and healing work should be today’s ongoing process.

한국전쟁기 영암지역에서의 민간인학살

최정기(Choi Jung-Gie) 한국제노사이드연구회 2008 제노사이드연구 Vol.3 No.-

The questions of this paper are as follows; First, Which accidents consist in the genocide of YoungAm area about the time of Korean War? Second, What special characters do those accidents have? So the findings are as follows; The conflicts which effect the civil war of Korea and the genocide are originated from three factors; conflict which are originated from traditional one that is difference between persons of high rank and persons of middle rank, conflict which are originated from inequality of the poor and the rich, and last one is geographical condition. These overdeterminated conflicts effect the civil war of Korea and the genocide under struggles of the right and the left for the state power. And the antagonistic structure of a nation-state level effect the conflicts of a village in types of an offer of ideological justification, a recognition to illegical action, and an offer of the violence. So the main factor of the genocide are conflicts for the making of state power, the executor of the genocide are residents of YoungAm area.