충북지역 환경갈등의 경향과 특성

염우 忠北大學校大學院 2013 국내석사

Recently environmental crisis has been getting aggravated, and citizens have increasingly called for pleasant environment and better quality of life. In the mid 1990s, the Korean society went through major changes. The local autonomous system came back to life and professional environmental organizations were formed by region. It was during this period that local residents and civil society engaged in earnest activities in response to a flood of factories producing bottled water and businesses designed to develop Mujang-dae and Yonghwa Hot Spring. Environmental problems came to attract a lot of attention as a big issue in this society, and preventative measures against environmental conflicts and rational solutions to them were regarded as urgent challenges at regional and national level. This study is designed to make an analysis of some cases that can represent environmental conflicts unfolded in North Chungcheong Province, to figure out their tendencies and characteristics and to make policy-related suggestions for rational solutions for them. This study consists of six chapters. Chapter 1, the introduction, gives an overview of this research: the background, the purpose, the scope and the methods. Chapter 2, the theoretical examination, describes theories on environment, social conflicts and environmental conflicts, and findings from previous research. Chapter 3, the analytic framework, selects representative cases involving environmental crisis for the purpose of research, establishes analytic factors for the systematic comparison and analysis of their respective features, and distinguishes the attributes. A frequency analytic framework, an analytic framework for period-based characteristics and an analytic framework for subject-role correlation are presented. Chapter 4 divides the process of the unfoldment of environment conflicts in the region into five periods in line with the terms of the heads of the local autonomous entity, taking a brief look at their flow and features. Chapter 5 analyses the characteristics of the cases involving environmental conflict according to the given analytic framework, summarizes the findings and makes policy-related suggestions. Chapter 6, the conclusion, puts together and organizes the findings in general and points out the accomplishments and limitation of this research. 32 cases were selected as representative environmental conflicts in North Chungcheong Province out of a total of 178 cases released as 10 major environmental news in the region over the 1995-2012 period, and they were expressed by period in a variety of ways. The first period of environmental conflict, which ranged from 1995 to 1998, refers to ‘a period of explosive environmental conflicts,’ when a diversity of significant problems arose simultaneously. The second period refers to ‘a period of conflict expression by region and basin,’ which ranged from 1999 to 2002. The third period refers to ‘a period of focus on the four-river project,’ which ranged from 2007 to 2010. The fifth period refers to ‘a period of transition for environmental crisis,’ which extends from the year 2011 to the present. The following are the findings. First, the conflicts among environmental issues were given much weight, but reduced as the areas of policy cooperation were expanded in the late 2000s. Second, most of the environmental conflict issues lasted for more than 3 years, which means that they were long-term based, and more than half of them turned out to be associated with the region. Third, the overwhelming majority of the environmental conflicts were caused by the public sector including local governments, and the proportion of enterprises is on the increase. The local governments should need to change their role as a causer into a coordinator in terms of policy and roles. Fourth, most of the responders to environmental conflicts are composed of local residents and environmental agents, whose weight turns out to be on the rise. The construction of governance and the expansion of the areas of policy cooperation should be realized to alter roles. Fifth, environmental conflicts proved to be briskly unfolded in case the environmental influences were caused, and local residents in question turned out to become responders to conflicts when damages were done to them. When polices and projects are implemented, the opinions of the local residents concerned should be collected and there should be an increase in chances to participate in them. Sixth, there were less than 50 percent of the cases which had coordinators, which turned out to be mostly the judiciary. As social services have much to be desired in terms of the regulation and prevention of environmental conflicts, it is necessary that the system should be complemented. Although this research is found to be meaningful for the synthetic examination of issues concerning the environmental conflicts in North Chungcheong Province, it also has limitations in that it has focused only on the conflict matters instead of dealing with them in comprehensive ways. The hope is that future research is to look into the characteristics of the entire environmental issues in consideration of the fact that the matters of conflict and non-conflict are magnified, deepened, reduced and relieved in the midst of mutual relation. In addition, it should be noted that the researcher’s own special experiences and views directly and indirectly involved in environmental conflicts may, unintentionally, have been reflected in both the advantages and the disadvantages of this research.

다산 정약용의 실천윤리적 『대학』관

유영구 충북대학교대학원 2013 국내석사

Dasan Jeong Yak-yong (1762-1836) is not only a prolific writer of practical learning(實學) but also a representative thinker in the history of Korean thought. He is an eminent thinker and politician in that he left behind more than five hundred volumes of extensive writings in various fields such as classical learning, politics, economics, literature, and science. Jeong refutes Zhu Xi’s claim on who the real author of the Great Learning(大學) is as described in its annotation, not to mention controversies over the title of the Great Learning itself, the target audience of this book, and its purpose as the “learning of great man” (大人之學). This implicitly intimates that Neo-Confucianism has failed in succeeding the orthodoxy of Confucian school. Criticism of Zhu Xi is a criticism of Neo-Confucianism, and this ultimately has the effect of leading to a criticism of the Chosun upper class, and as such, this was used as one of the ways to reform the socio-political contradictions of the kingdom. Insofar as “illustrating the illustrious virtue”(明明德) is the most pivotal point of the Great Learning, Zhu Xi and Jeong Yag Yong interpret “illustrious virtue”(明德) in different ways: For Zhu Xi, “‘illustrious virtue’ is the innate brightness of one’s nature.” Jeong Yag Yong, on the other hand, explains it as filial piety(孝), brotherly devotion(弟), and parental love(慈), which not only set the foundation for his thought in relation to practical ethics but also enable us to discern his view on the Great Learning. In particular, Jeong Yag Yong’s critical stance towards Zhu Xi’s insistence on including the Great Learning as part of the orthodox Confucian canons begins with the different exegeses on “illustrating the illustrious virtue.” By interpreting “illustrious virtue”(明德) and “loving the people”(親民) as filial piety(孝), brotherly devotion(弟), and parental love(慈), Jeong Yag Yong is refusing to accept Zhu Xi’s theoretical and abstract metaphysical interpretation that focuses on the doctrine of “nature is principle”(性卽理). As for “resting in the highest excellence”(止於至善), while making clear his position on practical ethics as represented by filial piety(孝), brotherly devotion(弟), and parental love(慈), he criticizes Zhu Xi’s interpretation by portraying the fullest achievement of “illustrating the illustrious virtue” and “loving the people” as “resting in the highest excellence.” On the interpretation of “investigation of things and extension of knowledge”(格物致知), Zhu Xi puts emphasis on its theoretical construction while Jeong Yag Yong focuses on its practical aspects. This indicates that the latter’s thoughts on practical learning and practical ethics grounded on his philosophical ideas are based not on cogitation or words but on putting them into practice. Jeong Yag Yong makes attempts to reform the reality he faced in his view of the Great Learning. When that ambitious attempt fails and results in political frustration, he incorporates in Impartial Discussion on the Great Learning(大學公議) his desire for the national and social tasks of the times to be realized by successive generations. The unique characteristics of Jeong Yag Yong’s commentary on the Great Learning may be explained from this aspect.

압출성형 및 효소처리를 이용한 참당귀 유용성분 추출조건 최적화

이희정 충북대학교대학원 2013 국내석사

본 연구에서는 참당귀를 이용한 기능성 소재를 개발하기 위하여 원료의 유용성분과 다당체의 이화학적 특성을 분석하였고 이용가치를 높이기 위한 압출성형공정을 적용하였다. 압출성형공정의 공정변수에 따른 유용성분과 수용성 추출물의 특성을 분석하여 최적조건을 선정하였으며 효소처리에의한 다당체의 특성을 평가하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 참당귀 원료에 대한 특성을 확인하기위하여 일반성분 및 이화학적인 분석, 항산화 성분 함량 및 항산화활성 평가, 지표성분 분석, 다당체 분석을 하였다. 또한 압출성형공정을 적용하여 참당귀의 유용성분 및 다당체의 추출 증대를 위한 최적조건 구명과 공정변수(온도, 수분함량, 스크류 속도)에 따른 이화학적 특성분석과 항산화 성분을 측정하였다. 뿐만 아니라 참당귀 열수추출물에서 효소처리를 달리하여 기능성 소재 개발에 활용할 수 있는 다당체 추출방법을 확립하였다. 2. 참당귀 원료에서는 추출수율이 44.40%, 항산화 성분인 총 폴리페놀이 0.48% 총플라보노이드는 0.32%이었으며 항산화 활성은 IC50= 139.99~163.78 ㎍/mL이었다. 지표성분 함량인 decursin 와 decursinol angelate의 함량은 5.31%이었다. 다당체 분리를 위한 효소처리는 참당귀의 총당 함량이 VAFT 처리에 의해 가장 높은 함량을 보였고, 제거된 전분함량도 높게 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 중성당과 우론산 함량이 높았으며 참당귀 다당체의 주요성분인 arabinose와 galactose도 높은 편 이었다. VAFT 효소처리에 의한 참당귀 다당체의 분자량은 대조구 491,000 Da에 비하여 13,000 Da로 저분자화 되어 최적 효소처리 조건임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 3. 참당귀를 압출성형공정에 적용한 결과 참당귀 압출성형물의 수용성 성분 추출율은 대조구 보다 21.75% 증가하여 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이가 있었으며, 수용성 성분이 최대 추출율을 나타내는 최적조건은 스크류 속도가 92.48 rpm이고, 참당귀 미분 투입량 30.56 kg/h 와 가수량 4.16 kg/h이었다. 4. 참당귀의 항산화성분인 총폴리페놀은 대조구 보다 40% 증대되었으며 압출성형공정 시 스크류 속도, 원료투입량이 높을수록 증가하는 경향으로 최적조건은 압출성형처리 중 스크류 속도가 62.76 rpm이고, 참당귀 미분 투입량 34.79 kg/h 와 가수량 4.44 kg/h이었다. 또한 총 플라보노이드 함량은 0.80%으로 대조구 보다 42.5% 높아 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이를 나타내었으며 폴리페놀과 유사하게 스크류 속도와 원료투입량에 영향을 받으며 이에따라 항산화 활성은 10.29~14.59%의 증대된 산화억제 효과를 나타내었다. 5. 지표성분인 decursin 와 decursinol angelate 함량은 6.37% 으로 대조구 보다 16.64% 증가하여 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이를 나타내었다. 압출성형처리 중 원료투입량, 가수량이 높을수록 증가하는 경향으로 최적조건은 스크류 속도가 93.71 rpm이고, 참당귀 미분 투입량 28.67 kg/h 와 가수량 9.9 kg/h이었다. 6. 참당귀 압출성형물의 다당체 수율은 32.9%로 대조구 보다 14% 증가하여 스크류 속도에 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되었다. 최적조건은 스크류 속도가 17.82 rpm이고, 참당귀 미분 투입량 30.83 kg/h 와 가수량 7.13 kg/h었다. 7. 참당귀 압출성형물의 다당체 성분 중 전분함량은 감소하였고, 중성당과 우론산 함량은 증대하였으며 다당체의 주요성분인 arabinose와 galactose도 높은 편 이었다. 또한 분자량은 53,417Da로써 대조구 491,282Da 보다 다당체의 분자량이 감소 된 경향이었다. 8. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 참당귀에 함유되어있는 수용성 성분 극대화를 위해 압출성형물에 최적 효소처리 조건인 VAFT을 처리한 결과 효소처리구 참당귀 압출성형물은 압출성형물에 비해 비전분 다당체 수율이 45.3% 증대되었고, 중성당 함량이 53% 증대되어 유의적(p<0.001)인 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 arabinose 함량은 38.3%, galactose 함량은 38.4%로 참당귀 압출성형물 대비 각각 2.9%, 8.2%로 증대 되었다. 분자량은 8,405Da로 대조구 16,362Da 대비 다당체 분자량이 약 50% 감소하여 저분자화 되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 참당귀의 유용성분을 수용화하기 위해서는 1차적으로 압출성형처리를 통하여 세포벽의 구성 메트릭스를 붕괴하여 고분자를 수용화하고, 2차적으로는 효소처리에의해 압출성형처리로 이완된 조직구조를 완전히 수용화함으로서 수용성 성분을 증대시킬 수 있었다. 따라서, 압출성형처리와 효소처리를 병행하면 일부 단단한 조직을 갖는 세포벽도 효율적으로 수용화 할 수 있어 참당귀의 비전분 다당체의 추출율의 증대를 가져올 수 있음을 확인하였다. This study was conducted by extrusion process and enzyme treatment to maximize the extraction of functional components in Angelica gigas Nakai. In addition, the optimizing condition of the extrusion process and the enzyme treatment was established to increase the extraction of the functional components in A. gigas. Thus, if the functional components separated from A. gigas through the complex process of the extrusion process and the enzyme process are industrially used, the added value of A. gigas will be raised, and A. gigas will be able to be used for various industrial materials. We identified the characteristics of the base materials of A. gigas, looked deep into the optimizing condition of the extrusion process to increase the extrusion of the functional components in A. gigas, and analyzed physiochemical characteristics depending on extrusion process variables (temperature, moisture content, screw speed). In addition, we established an extraction method for polysaccharide by using the different enzyme treatment for the hot water extract of A. gigas to develop functional materials. As a result of applying A. gigas to the extrusion process, water-soluble constituents were increased to 21.75% compared to a control, showing a meaningful difference (p<0.05). The optimizing condition of the constituents was that the screw speed was 92.48 rpm, the input of A. gigas powder was 30.56 kg/h, and the amount of water was 4.16 kg/h. The total polyphenol which is the antioxidative components of A. gigas was increased by 40% compared to a control, and it tended to be increased as the screw speed and the amount of base material of the extrusion process become higher. At this time, the optimizing condition was that the screw speed was 62.76 rpm, the amount of A. gigas powder was 34.79 kg/h, and the amount of water was 4.44 kg/h. As the result of measuring the antioxidant activities of A. gigas extrusion, the inhibition of oxidization had the effect of 10.29~14.59% compared to a control. The content of decursin and decursinol angelate, which were index components, was 6.37%; it was increased by 16.64% compared to a control (5.31%), showing a meaningful difference (p<0.05). The content of decursin and decursinol angelate tended to be increased as the amount of base material and the amount of water become higher, and the optimizing condition was the screw speed 93.71 rpm, the amount of A. gigas powder was 28.67 kg/h, and the amount of water was 9.9 kg/h. In the enzyme treatment for the separation of polysaccharide, the total carbohydrate content in A. gigas and starch content become higher by the Viscozyme, Alcalase, Flavorzyme, Termamyl 120L(VAFT) treatment. In addition, neutral sugars and uronic acid were high, and the arabinose and galactose which were the main component of A. gigas were also high. The molecular weight of polysaccharide in A. gigas treated by the VAFT enzyme treatment was lower to 13000Da compared to a control (491000 Da), and the treatment was selected as the optimizing condition. As the result of applying VAFT, the optimizing condition, to A. gigas extrusion, compared to a control, the nonstarch polysaccharide yield was increased by 45.3% and the neutral sugars content was increased by 53%, showing a meaningful difference (p<0.001). In addition, the arabinose content was increased by 2.9% to 38.3% and the galactose content was increased by 8.2% to 38.4% compared to the A. gigas extrusion. The molecular weight was lower by about 50% to 8,405Da compared to a control (16,362Da). Therefore, as the result of this study, it is expected that A. gigas will be widely used for industrial materials and help to develop and research the materials of different medicinal plants which were not yet known.

액체재료 직접주사방식을 이용한 3차원 구조물의 성형

정현준 충북대학교대학원 2013 국내석사

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) is the name given to a process that manufacturing arbitrary structure by single process. SFF allows three-dimensional fabrication directly from CAD data. Many researchers have tried to expand SFF technology into direct product manufacturing. However, conventional SFF technologies have disadvantage that its equipment is usually expensive and materials are limited. Thus, researchers have focused on the development of novel SFF technology that more economic and simple. One of them is direct writing (DW) system. DW is a method that patterning the materials to the substrate without a mask directly. It can use a variety of materials and be applied to various fields. DW system is classified to droplet, energy beam, flow and tip based method. Among DW systems, flow-based type using a syringe pump and nozzle is simpler than other types. Furthermore, the range of materials is exceptionally wide. In additive process, the three dimensional structure is made of stacking layers. And each layer is made of several lines. In this regards, the good surface roughness of fabricated layer is essential to three dimensional fabrication. The surface roughness of fabricated layer tends to change by dispensing pattern. When the multiple layers fabricated by nozzle dispensing system are stacked, a control of nozzle position from substrate is important in order to avoid interference between nozzle and fabricated layer. In this study, fluid direct writing system for the three dimensional structure fabrication was developed. And some experiment were conducted in order to examine characteristic of material used in this system. In addition, in order to increase the surface roughness, the effect of various dispensing pattern on the surface roughness was experimentally studied. And the research that how to control the position of nozzle from substrate was conducted.

액체크로마토그래피를 이용한 13종 화장품 보존제 성분의 동시분석 및 모니터링

류용재 忠北大學校大學院 2013 국내석사

본 연구는 현재 유통 중인 화장품을 대상으로 보존제 성분의 함량을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구의 대상이 된 보존제 성분은 벤질 알콜, 페녹시에탄올, 소르빈산, 벤조산, 클로르페네신, 디히드로아세트산, 살리실산, 메틸 파라벤, 에틸 파라벤, 프로필 파라벤, 이소프로필 파라벤, 부틸 파라벤, 이소부틸 파라벤 등 총 13종으로 액체크로마토그래피로 동시 분석이 가능한 것을 선택하였다. 기기분석 조건은 AcQuityTM Ultra Performance LC System (Waters), BEH C18 컬럼(150 mm✕2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) 과 Photo Diode Array (PDA) 검출기 (정량분석을 위한 파장; 220 nm, 정성분석을 위한 파장; 190-400 nm)를 이용하여 수립하였고, 수립된 조건은 정량한계, 검출한계, 정밀도, 정확성 그리고 표준곡선의 직선성에 대해 시험하여 검증하였다. 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 0.23 mg/L, 0.75 mg/L 이하, 정밀도와 정확성은 각각 2.49%, 2.04% 이하로 나타났고. 표준곡선의 직선성은 모든 성분에서 R^2 값으로 0.9998이상의 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 회수율은 96.3%와 102.61% 사이의 범위에 있었고, 이때의 %상대표준편차는 3% 이내였다. 검증된 분석조건을 107종의 화장품에 적용하였고, 화장품 유형별 대상 보존제 검출률, 보존제 성분별 검출률과 함량에 대해 조사하였다. 제품 유형별 대상 보존제 성분의 검출률은 자외선 차단제 42.9%, 어린이용 로션과 팩 제품 69.2%, 크림 82.4%, 화장수 93.3%, 로션 95.2%, 바디 로션 92.9%로 나타났다. 전체 시료의 79.4%에 해당하는 85종의 시료에서 1종 이상의 대상 보조제 성분이 검출되었다. 사용빈도가 가장 높은 보존제 성분은 페녹시에탄올과 메틸 파라벤으로 나타났고, 메틸 파라벤은 주로 프로필 파라벤과 함께 사용되는 것으로 파악되었다. 검출된 성분의 함량은 식품의약품안전처에서 정한 배합허용한계 농도 이내에 있었다. The content of thirteen preservatives was investigated for hundred and seven cosmetics sold in retail markets. A simultaneously analytical method of liquid chromatography (LC) for the preservatives in cosmetics was developed with AcQuityTM Ultra Performance LC System (Waters), BEH C18 column (150 mm✕2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) and Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector (λ; 220 nm for quantitative analysis, λ; 190-400 nm for qualitative analysis). The developed instrumental method was validated with limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantificaton (LOQ), precision, accuracy and linearity of standard curves. LOD and LOQ were lower than 0.23 mg/L and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. Precision and accuracy were lower than 2.49% and 2.04%, respectively when standard compounds were analyzed seven times consecutively at LOQ level. Good linear relationships (R2≥0.9998) were obtained in all compounds. Recoveries were in the range between 96.03% and 102.61% and the overall variability was below 3% (RSD). The type of cosmetics that showed the lowest detection rate of target compounds was sunscreen lotion with 42.9% detection rate. It was followed by baby lotions and mask packs with the same detection rate at 69.2%. At least one of target preservatives was detected in 82.4% of creams, 93.3% of skin toners, 95.2% of lotions and 92.9% of body lotions. Overall, 79.4% of all samples contained at least one of target compounds. The most frequently detected compound was phenoxyethanol. Methyl and propyl paraben also had higher detection rate than the others except phenoxyethanol. Although the target preservatives in cosmetics sold in retail markets were detected by the simultaneous analysis of LC, the content of the detected preservatives was within maximum allowed amount established by Korean FDA.

강우시 비영농기와 영농기의 광역 논에서의 오염물질 유출 특성

이정범 忠北大學校大學院 2013 국내석사

The objective of this research was to investigate pollutant dynamics from a 26.2 ha rice field watershed during non-growing and growing seasons. Water samples were collected, and runoff water was measured at 1~6 hours intervals during six storm events of the year 2011~2012 . The water samples were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), total phosphorous (TP), phosphate-phosphorous (PO4-P), suspended solid (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Mean flow-weighted concentrations of pollutants were 10.2 mg/L for TN, 6.9 mg/L for NO3-N, 0.50 mg/L for TP, 0.35 mg/L for PO4-P, 64.4 mg/L for SS and 29.4 mg/L for COD in the non-growing season and 1.7 mg/L for TN, 1.2 mg/L for NO3-N, 0.16 mg/L for TP, 0.07 mg/L for PO4-P, 59.0 mg/L for SS and 11.5 mg/L for COD in the mid-growing season. The mean flow-weighted concentrations of pollutants except for SS in the non-growing season were higher than those in the mid-growing season. The mean flow-weighted concentration of SS in the non-growing season was almost the same as that in the mid-growing season. This may be because rice plant residues on the topsoil in the non-growing season act as surface mulch, and therefore prevent soil erosion. The average ratio of NO3-N to TN in the non-growing season was 68.0%, similar to 70.0% in the mid-growing season. However, the average ratios of PO4-P to TP in the non-growing season was 70.0%, much higher than 44.0% in the mid-growing season. The high average ratios of PO4-P to TP in the non-growing season may be due to mineralization and desorption of P caused by low soil water content.

액체 크로마토그래피 : 텐덤 질량분석기를 이용한 건조혈반의 항결핵약제 정량분석

이선영 忠北大學校大學院 2013 국내석사

여성노인의 기능적 체력 평가를 위한 지각도구 개발

지윤미 충북대학교대학원 2013 국내석사

This study focused on 105 elder women over 65 was to develop perception assessment tools for an test of functional fitness assessment after comparing with fitness in daily life. For the validity of this tools, Senior Fitness Test(SFT) was used, which investigated it through correlation between two tests. The perceptual tools consisted of used ones pre-existing through document researches. As the first preliminary, it was composed of 32 questions regarding 4 fitness factors(cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and balance & agility). Then some wrong questions were modified according to an expert's opinions based on the theoretical rationale. Thus, it was comprised of 26 questions about 6 fitness factors like upper-body muscle strength, leg muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance, upper-body flexibility, trunk forward flexibility, and balance & agility. For data process, SPSS/Win ver. 12.0 was used, which investigated reliability and validity for the development of the questions. Also, content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability estimate, and confirmatory factor analysis were implemented. Besides, correlation analysis was applied in order to find out the relation between perceptual tools for an estimation of functional fitness developed and SFT. First, there was no question of which average was under 0.8 after 6 experts doing CVI about the 26 questions. Second, the high reliability, a=0.962, of the 26 questions was verified as a result of running Cronbach's alpha so as to investigate internal consistency of them. Third, 6 fitness factors were set and examined through confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity. Fourth, every question showed high correlation when Pearson's correlation analysis was used to investigate item reliability after test-retest reliability estimate. Fifth, Pearson's correlation analysis for the relation between perceptual tools for an assessment of functional fitness and SFT also showed the significant correlation, which meant there was meaningful correlation as an aspect of criterion, SFT. Therefore, it was appropriate that perceptual tools for an assessment of functional fitness developed in this study were useful as perceptual tools because of their high validity and reliability.

戀君時調의 類型別 特性 硏究

이승준 忠北大學校大學院 2013 국내석사

迄今爲止,戀君時調被解釋為,在上下垂直的君臣關係中,大臣通過對離別君主難以忘懷的思念之情的表達來體現自己忠心的作品。因此戀君時調中的忠一般看做為忠節的意思,例如不事二君,一片丹心等。 但是在朝鮮後期歌曲集『青丘永言』和『古今歌曲』​​的戀君項目中卻收錄著一系列不屬於如今戀君時調範圍內的時調。例如一部分錶達君主報恩和濟世問題的時調包括在戀君項目中。這個問題既表明了現代的研究者和當時的人對戀君時調概念的理解存在著差異,又表明了戀君時調作品之間存在著辨別特徵。 關於戀君時調辨別性的問題在先行研究中已經被指出。但是如今已經沒有了考察辨別性根據的視覺,而且也沒有其他議論的新進展。 '戀君'的辨別性問題集中在對戀君歌詞的研究。以話者是否把君主認知成絕對存在為依據,可以分成兩種情況。並且通過這一依據可以確定,對君主的認知差異是辨別戀君特徵的根據。 因此本論文將以戀君歌詞的研究成果為基礎,考察戀君時調的辨別性特徵為要點。意在以當時人的角度來定立戀君的概念。其結果能確認到以下幾點。 首先朝鮮時代的君臣關係持有上下垂直結構的同時也有君臣共治的方面。對君主的認知分為絕對存在的尊君意識和人間存在的格君意識,再次把這些分為臣下的尊君,官僚的尊君和士大夫的格君。朝鮮時代的人稱大臣的尊君為思慕,官僚的尊君為報效,士大夫的格君為愛君憂國。通過使用這些用語,考察以<戀君>為題材創作的文集和歌集,可以把戀君時調分為'思慕型','報效型','愛君憂國型'。 第三章根據戀君時調的類型分類為基礎,考察各個類型的戀君時調找出情緒表現樣態和志向。其結果為,思慕型定義為被治者的大臣對君主的忠誠。思慕型的情緒表現樣態分為對君主的迫切懷念和再會的願望兩種情況。 報效型定義為,官僚通過对君主報恩來表明自己的本分。在情緒表現樣態分為對君主報恩的堅定意志和對未報恩的遺憾兩種情況。 報效型在形式上和思慕型有區別。這一點也可以成為當時人和現代人在戀君的概念上存在差異的根據。因此我們可以得到,在考察朝鮮時代戀君時調的概念和範圍過程中報效型占的比重很高這樣的結論。 最後,愛君憂國型定義為,士大夫通過對君主的憂慮和擔憂表達格君。愛君憂國型的情緒表現樣態大體上可以分為對君主的擔憂和君主善政的願望兩種情況。對君主的擔憂情緒表達了士大夫的格君意識,同時也表達了把自己看成國政軍營主體的意識。對君主善政的願望表達了通過君主追求建立儒家理想世界的意識。 第四章在第二,三章確認的結果基礎上,考察了戀君時調的文學意義。戀君時調反映了和儒家理想世界實現相關的個人認知,對君主的認知,以及現實認知等問題,這成為理解朝鮮時代士大夫文學的重要根據。

영어의 단모음화에 대한 최적성이론적 접근

이은숙 충북대학교대학원 2013 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to analyze the rule-based approach and the constraint-based approach of the vowel shortening in English. Vowel shortening has been explained by a lot of researchers like SPE, Halle & Mohanan(1985), Myers(1987), Rubach(1984, 1996). In SPE, Chomsky & Halle explained English vowel shortening with three rules such as Trisyllabic Shortening Rule, CC Cluster Shortening Rule and -ic(-id/-ish/-ule) Shortening Rule. Rubach(1984) and Halle & Mohanan(1985) added i-Shortening Rule to these three rules. Myers(1987) claimed that he could explain vowel shortening with only one rule, i.e., Closed Syllable Shortening Rule which applies after Resyllabification. Burzio(1994) proposed Metrical Theory with special focus on syllables in a word. All of these attempted to explain vowel shortening with a new rule and in a simple and systematic way, but all ended with a limited success. Alcántara(1998) analyzed English vowel shortening within the framework of Optimality Theory(hereafter, OT) based on Prince & Smolensky(1993), McCarthy & Prince(1993a, b, 1995). McCarthy & Prince(1994) offered OT principles like Universality, Violability, Ranking, Inclusiveness, Parallelism. OT has mechanism using constraints, candidates, and the hierarchical ranking of constraints. The constraint hierarchy enables us to choose an optimal candidate which minimally violates the given constraints. Alcántara analyzed vowel shortening and stress pattern in English and posited some constraints such as FtBin, Edgemost and Non-Fin. He got succeeded in explaining various English vowel shortening facts which couldn't have been explained in the preceding studies. Burzio(2007) reasserted Burzio(1994) and then analyzed the relation of stress and vowel reduction in English within OT correctly. This thesis is composed of four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces this study's contents and goal. Chapter 2 examines previous studies and the problems found in those analyses. Chapter 3 examines the analysis of vowel shortening in English within the framework of OT, and then offers a new way of explaining vowel shortening within OT. Chapter 4 is the conclusion of this thesis.