미국의 남ㆍ북한 정부 수립에 대한 인식 —태평양문제연구회(IPR)와 그 기관지를 중심으로—

고정휴 역사학연구회 2008 사총 Vol.67 No.-

Korea was emancipated from the control of Japan on August 15, 1945. Koreans were then convinced that Japan's defeat in World War II would bring about real liberation from foreign powers and lead to the establishment of an autonomous, homogeneous country. Contrary to their conviction, two Koreas with opposite political systems and ideologies emerged on the Korean peninsula three years later. This paper presents how American intellectuals viewed the progress of the separation of Korea after liberation, on the basis of New York-based IPR's journals such as Pacific Affairs and Far Eastern Survey. The two Journals were selected as the sources of this research because the IPR, founded in 1925, had shown interest in Korean affairs and most American experts on Korea had kept relationships with this institute. This research can be summarized as follows. First, the American intellectuals considered that the US' and USSR's occupation of South and North Korea, respectively, resulted in the establishment of the two Koreas. Second, they had a negative view of the extreme rightist ideology and of the future of the Syngman Rhee Government. Third, they were much concerned that the establishment of two hostile Korean Governments would lead to a civil war on the Korean peninsula. Last, they expressed a wish that a new democratic government like the US would be founded on the Korean peninsula.

族親衛의 설치와 성격 - 族親衛를 통해 본 王室 구성원 소속 特殊軍 -

박진 역사학연구회 2007 사총 Vol.65 No.-

The kings of Chosŏn dynasty had started on making framework for royal family to enhance their authorities after the creation of new era. As a result, the organization(Chongchinbu, Tonnyungbu and Uibinbu ; 宗親府, 敦寧府, 儀賓府) and the special commands for the royal family (Chokchinwi and Ch'ungsunwi ; 族親衛, 忠順衛). Though, these two commands were considered as lower status than the organizations, they were the honor system, also. The exact establishment time of Chokchinwi were unknown but it might be inferred between 1438 and 1445 according to records because the discussion that the special command was needed for royal family was raised in 1438 and Ch'ungsunwi for royal family and yangban clans were set up in 1445. The object of Chokchinwi were king and queen's relatives within specific limits and the parents-in-law of the crown prince. The concubines could be a part of Chokchinwi, also. Chokchinwi didn't have its quota for it wasn't considered as a army but a honorable treatment system and had long-rotated system. No one was needed to pass the exam to enter the command and the persons who finished up their duty could be promoted. For the selecting of Chokchinwi members, Chongbusi(宗簿寺) and Tonnyungbu made a special list. and it's due to the increasing number of royal family. Meanwhile, Ch'ungsunwi establised in 1470 had a large range of entry which includes yangban clans as well as royal family. Many yangban descendants who could not pass the examinations(kwagŏ ; 科擧) wanted and rushed to enter Ch'ungsunwi on the ground that the members of Ch'ungsunwi could get a government position easily after finishing their shift-duty. Consequently, Ch'ungsunwi wasn't considered as a army but a honorable treatment system like Chokchinwi. The kings and the government of Chosŏn dynasty expected that royal family could take political and economic advantage through Chokchinwi. Gradually, royal family abandoned study and did not make an effort to develope himself any more. In a word, Chokchinwi answered purpose to respect royal family and it would be a concrete base of Chosŏn dynasty.

대만의 대학 역사교재 분석 —중국근대사(1840~1910년) 속의 한중관계사를 중심으로—

이은자 역사학연구회 2009 사총 Vol.88 No.-

The present study analyzed how Korean history in Chinese modern history is described in university history textbooks in Taiwan. The history of Korean- Chinese relation in Chinese modern history includes the Ganghwa-do Incident, Ganghwa-do Treaty, Korean soldier’s riot in 1882, Gapsin Coup in 1884, Donghak Peasants’ Revolution, and Sino-Japanese War. Accordingly, this study examined Korea-related descriptions found in textbooks ‘Chinese Modern History’ and ‘Complete Chinese History,’ diving them by themes. The characteristics of the descriptions can be summarized as follows. First, Chinese relation with Joseon is described in connection with Japanese invasion of China and the negotiation of China and Japan over Joseon. In the contents, Joseon is described as a tributary nation of China as a suzerain state, and it is maintained consistently from the beginning to the end that China protected Joseon from Japanese invasion by sending its troops. However, Joseon’s independent reaction and position are not mentioned. Second, Gapsin Coup in 1884 is explained mistakenly. Gapsin Coup in 1884 is described as a revolt resulting from the irrationalities of pro-Japanese enlightenment group and King Gojong’s blind following. For instance, it is stated that in 1884 the rioters in Joseon raised a rebellion in collusion with Japan, and the rebellion was suppressed by Chinese troops. No consideration is given to the formation of the enlightenment group in Joseon, the outline of policies in the Gapsin Coup, the meaning and evaluation of the coup, etc. Third, the Donghak Party and Donghak Peasants’ Revolution are not described correctly. Donghak Peasants’ Revolution is called ‘the Donghak Party’s uprising’ and the Donghak Party is understood wrongly to be pro-Japanese. Although the Sino-Japanese War was for taking the initiative over Joseon, China’s response is explained as an action for protecting Joseon as a tributary state and Japanese invasion is emphasized. During the period from 1885 when Yuan Shi Kai came to Joseon right before the Sino-Japanese War, China’s ‘imperialistic’ interference with Joseon was most oppressive but it is not described in detail. Fourth, when these descriptions are compared with Chinese university history textbooks, the degree of distortion is much more serious. For example, Chinese university history textbooks mention the meaning and evaluation of the Gapsin Coup in 1884 and Donghak Peasants’ Revolution. Of course, this is related to the tendency of Chinese historians who interpret China modern history as the history of anti-imperialistic and anti-feudal struggles. Nevertheless, Taiwanese university history textbooks mention Joseon only from the aspect of Chinese-Japanese negotiation and the two countries’ actions, emphasizing China as ‘protector’ and Japan as ‘invader’ and depreciating and distorting the meanings of Gapsin Coup in 1884, Donghak Peasants’ Revolution, etc., which are important incidents in Korean modern history. Fifth, different from Taiwanese university history textbooks, Korean university history textbooks overemphasize Joseon’s independent reactions and its position. Korea modern history is virtually the history of Korean-Chinese- Japanese relations. As confirmed in Taiwanese university history textbooks, Korean-Chinese and Korean-Japanese relations are closely interconnected to Chinese-Japanese relations. However, Korean university history textbooks hardly deal with Chinese-Japanese negation over Korea. Thus, it is considered necessary to promote exchange between the two countries, to understand each other’s history, and to make efforts to correct distorted historical facts.

근대일본의 전쟁과 팽창의 논리

GEN,이재석,김보한,송완범,윤유숙,조명철,이영 역사학연구회 2008 史叢 Vol.67 No.-

明淸時期 揚州都市의 發達과 鹽商文化의 形成

김종박 역사학연구회 2008 사총 Vol.67 No.-

城市是各种文化活动集中的空间, 而这些活动具有向最有利的区位聚集的趋势。因此, 在一个较大的地域范围内, 存在着特殊文化模式下的最优区位, 它也是文化模式最精致的中心。在这里, 占主导地位的模式被吸收, 重造和向外辐射。例如, 苏州是东南一带传统上的文化中心城市, 具有极强的凝聚力和示范性。然而, 自明代成化、弘治以来, 伴随着两淮盐政制度的重大改革, 大批鹾商辐集扬州, 形成了颇具影响的河下盐商社区。通过模仿, 消融苏州文化的特质, 逐渐掺以徽州的鄕土特色, 最终孕育出独具特色的扬州城市文化。 城市文化的辐射强度和辐射范围, 也决定了城市文化的地位。文化传播表现为文化特质的借用, 它得以实现的途径, 在传统中国主要是依靠移民的迁徙。一般来说, 传播或移植, 在具有相似的文化内涵中移植的数量更大;移植的范围与速度, 取决于相互接触的居民拥有的共同文化意義和文化内容的程度大小。明初江南(尤其是苏州)的强制性移民, 以及中叶以后徽州行商及海内, 正是明清社会风尚得以转变的广泛社会基础, 也是城市中心地位发生更易的移民背景。 任何一种文化都是多层次的, 高层次的精英文化总是植根于较低层次的大众文化之上, 从而成为整个文化的表征。文化中心城市汇集了当地较大地域范围内的文化菁华, 因此成为主流文化模式的象征。如果说, 苏州文化代表了东南传统文化的主流, 那么, 扬州的城市文化, 则是自明代中叶以来东南地区新兴的徽州文化的表征, 它是集大成的形式, 成为闭关时代城市文化发展的顶峰。 城市文化的地位, 首先取决于城市本身的凝聚力。前文提及, 各种文化活动具有向最优区位聚集的取向。这种最优区位, 具体表现为城市所提供的高雅文化氛围的程度。乾嘉时期,扬州繁华甲于天下。河下盐商无不席丰履厚, 风雅好客, 招致天下文人纷至沓来, 形成了城市文化的极度繁荣。这一切, 都是以盐业经济的巨大利润为其後盾, 从而也决定扬州城市文化繁盛的转瞬即逝。到道光年间, 伴随着两淮盐商的式微, 「扬州耆旧如晨星, 提倡风雅者绝无人」, 「从此名士舟不向扬州泊」, 城市文化迅速衰落。当时, 在沿江一带, 「无徽不成镇」, 也被「无宁(按:指宁波人)不成市」所代替。于是, 东南文化的凝聚点发生转移, 新兴的上海洋场文化取代了闭關时代中心城市的主流文化。

숙종대 刑曹의 재판 업무와 합의제적 재판제도의 운영

조윤선 역사학연구회 2009 사총 Vol.88 No.-

The typical judicial government office in Joseon dynasty was hyung-jo(刑曹). Hyung-jo did codified laws, punished on slaves, and administrated official examinations. But the most important function of Hyung-jo was ‘So-gyul’(疏決) and ‘Jo-yul’(照律). ‘So-gyul’(疏決) is to discuss a criminal’s crime and to report to king. ‘Jo-yul’(照律) is to look for penalty suitable on the criminal. At that time, the trial was operated by agreement of the king and government officials. So Hyung-jo did not have so great a power in trial system. Instead of Hyung-jo, ‘Bi byun sa’(備邊司) was an governmental organization which got the initiative in trials and became another judicial government office. The officials of ‘Bi byun sa’(備邊司) participated in judgements of political trials, controled their processes and leaded trials favorable for them. The trial system by agreements was good to prohibit dogmatic decisions of the king, but caused to weaken the roles and functions of hyung-jo. The chief of hyung-jo was required to play a role of a judge that treated a crime strictly, settled arguments clearly. But it was difficult to find an official suitable to that position. Therefore the chief of hyung-jo was changed so often, especially in the period of ‘Soog-jong’(肅宗) when there were many changes in political situation. So the appointment of the chief of hyung-jo was affected by the political situation at that time and the judge’s position wasn’t secured stably. The king Soog-jong and government officials were agreed with the basic principle that pertinent punishment must be applicate to a crime. The trial system by agreements with the king, officials and judicial government office was the most proper at Joseon dynasty.

일제하 서울의 도시위생 문제와 공간정치 —상하수도와 우물의 관계를 중심으로—

김백영 역사학연구회 2009 사총 Vol.88 No.-

Water supply system is the necessities of modern urban everyday life. In colonial cities which is characterized as a dual city with the juxtaposition of the ‘civilized’ space of the foreign colonizer and the ‘uncivilized’ space of the native colonized, water supply system functioned as a material barometer to distinct the ‘civilization’ and the ‘barbarian’ in terms of urban sanitation. In the phase of earlier colonial urbanization in Seoul, water supply system had been introduced and managed by private corporations, of which main customers had been Japanese residents dwelling mainly in the southern town and Yongsan area. In 1920s water supply system became to be brought under public management and gradually became the main objects of collective consumption of urban everyday life not only of Japanese but of Koreans. The 1930s witnessed rapid growth of urban population and spatial expansion sprawling out to the periphery areas, which amplified the social contradiction of colonial differentiation between Japanese dwelling southern town and Korean dwelling northern town on one hand, and between the downtown area and the outskirts of Seoul on the other. While making colonial capital in such a traditional historical city as Seoul, Japanese colonial power found difficulty in consistent realization of the sanitary arrangements. Colonial power mostly showed indifference to urban conflicts concerning those urban sanitation problems. We can conclude that the colonial power was double-faced as both a public authority and a ruling power showing discrimination and hypocrisy, which enforced the urban sanitation problems deformed and crippled.

抗戰前期南京기長江三角洲地區傀儡組織述論

진겸평 역사학연구회 2007 사총 Vol.65 No.-

본고는 1937년부터 1939년까지 남경 및 상해를 중심으로 장강 삼각주 지역의 괴뢰정권 조직을 분석한 것이다. 저자는 기존의 관습적인 도덕주의적 시각과 단순한 정치적 편견을 넘어 정치문화학과 사회학의 각도에서 일본 점령 당국, 국민정부 그리고 점령지 민중의 태도 등에 대하여 검토함으로써 항전 초기에 등장한 많은 협력자들이 일본 점령당국에 협력한 원인을 추적하였다. 논문은 일본 점령당국의 입장을 분석하여 그들이 구사한 ‘중국인으로 중국인을 제압한다(以華制華)’와 ‘분할하여 통치한다(分而治之)’는 정책이 여러 괴뢰정권들이 分立한 주요 원인이었다고 본다. 일본 침략당국은 중국에 강력한 중앙정부가 출현하는 것을 원치 않았으며, 自治委원회, 治安維持會 등이야말로 일본이 점령지역에서 육성․건립하고자 한 가장 바람직한 괴뢰조직의 형식이었다. 중국 측면에서 보면, 중국 정치의 분열, 경제적 빈곤과 군사적 취약성, 특히 항전 초기의 전투에서의 패퇴가 일본 점령지에서 많은 협력자를 발생시킨 중요 원인이었다. 그리고 이러한 다수의 협력자의 출현은 일본으로 하여금 점령지에서 지역적인 협력정권을 수립한다는 본래의 계획을 실현할 수 있는 기초가 되어 주었다. 본 논문은 협력자의 성분에 대해서도 분석하고, 항전 초기 일본 당국과 협력했던 사람들이 대부분 부유한 공장주, 상인, 금융업자, 북양정부시기 失意한 정객과 구관료들, 일본 유학의 배경을 가진 지식인들, 그리고 민간의 비밀결사의 두목들이었다는 사실을 밝혔다. 대체로 유신정부의 각부 部長 이상의 협력자들은 대부분 북양정부 시대의 정계의 유명인, 국회의원, 혹은 국민정부 내의 일본유학의 경력을 가진 비주류 정객들이었다. 그리고 지방 각 省과 市 수준의 괴뢰정권은 실의한 지방 고관, 지방의 유명인, 혹은 비밀결사의 두목들에 의해 조직되었다. 본고는 괴뢰정권의 배후에는 실제로 일본 군사 특무 기관(Secret Service)의 조종이 있었다는 점에도 주목했다. 예컨대 宣撫班, 特務班 등이 그것이다. 만일 협력자들이 특무기관의 조종을 거부할 시에는 일반적으로 모두 일본에 의해 버림을 받았다. 또한 일본 점령당국 내의 각 파벌들은 각기 서로 다른 협력자들을 조종하였다.

여행과 기행문을 통한 민족`민족사의 재인식: 최남선의 사례를 중심으로

류시현 역사학연구회 2007 사총 Vol.64 No.-

Mass travel or touring is a kind of symbol of the modern. Though the train and steamship, the Western had traveled the non-Western area such as Asia, Africa, South America. Their travel books composed with exotic observation based on the Orientalism. Comparing with the Colonizer's view, the colonized's traveling book focused on their culture and history with non-prejudice. Among them, I examine Choi Nan-son and his record of travels during the colonial period. First of all, his interest of travel or touring was the means of physical training and Enlightenment. He encouraged the 'boys' who will be the core of the future Korea nation. After that, his traveling books connected with Korean culture and history which called the 'Korean Studies'. Especially, when he had gone both the Bak-du Mt. and the Kumkang Mt., he always interested in Korea's ancient history. After the middle of 1930's, Choi was changed as the collaborator of Imperial Japan. At that time, he supported Japan's Imperial war such as the Manchuria aggression in 1931 and the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. His traveling articles was focused on the Japan's main historical role in the East-Asia area. Choi denied his theory on the Korean studies which was produced during from 1900s to 1920s. The political key role of Northeast Asia was changed Korea into Japan based on the theory on the ancient East-Asia history. He agreed with Japan's the theory of Pan-Asian coprosperity and encouraged Korean peasant and intellectuals to collaborate Imperial Japan who lived in Manchuria. He also encouraged Korean university students heartily to entry into the Pacific War. Chio was changed into pro-Japanese in 1940s.

프랑스 근현대 도시사 연구의 발전과정과 특성

민유기 역사학연구회 2007 사총 Vol.65 No.-

This paper aims to investigate the development of the studies of Urban history in France, specifically focusing on their methodologies, characteristics and important issues, and further to try to predict where the study will go. Until the middle of the 20th century, monographic description of Town history has been actively issued. However on the contrary of this, the basis of a new methodology of Urban history was established during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Urban history makes emphasis on the autonomy of the urban space and its complexity, and therefore seeks to analyze a city's political, economical, social, and cultural elements altogether for the study of cities and of Urban form. In the background of evolution of Urban history in the 20th century, there was an expansion of public interests about social problems which were resulted from urbanization around the country. The interaction between the research of towns and cities in terms of socio-cultural history and urban history investigations which treat space as a theater as well as an historical actor has contributed to the growth of modern and contemporary history. In the 1970s, Historical anthropology accelerated the study of Urban history, by stimulating the research of diversity of Urban culture. Since the mid 1990s, the important issues in Urban history has been urban image, cultural representation, and urban identity. During recent 10 years, Urban history in Comparative perspective and Urban ecological history has been newly brought into relief. Future studies of Urban history in France will extend to large number of small towns and cities which have various backgrounds, different from the studies which mainly deal with Paris or some important industrial cities, and are expected to revitalize the urban history in the late 20th century.