近代化論에 立脚한 地域社會開發 硏究

박태암 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1981 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.4 No.-

1. Purpose of study The purpose of this study can be summed up in the following three investigations: 1) To define conceptual connections between the modernization, the community development (CD), and the Saemaul Undong, by means of comparative analysis of concepts, theories, and goals of the three movements; 2) To evaluate achievements made so far by the Saemaul Undong, a Korean model of CD, and to show a desirable direction for its future, by examining processes of its evolution up to the present day from the viewpoint of modernization theory; 3) To present a most efficient model of Korean CD, and to suggest practical measures for carrying the model, into practice in terms of concrete and detailed case studies of the Saemaul Undong. 2. Motivation and method of study The undertaking of this study is motivated by our recognition of the fact that, contrary to men's earnest wish for creating a more humane and more comfortable life, the more enlarged and expanded modernization has got, the less humane and comfortable the life has grown. The CD is an effort for modernization, and the Saemaul Undong is a Korean type of CD. Both "community" and "maul" literally mean a society of Gemeinschaft; the two similarly represents a society of common sympathy and warm hospitality. However, neither the Community Development nor the Saemaul has promoted common pleasance and sympathetic feeling; conversely, both have rather increased the loss of sympathy and the absence of humanity. This study is designed to offer a way to restore the lost humanism in a modernized society. If a true modernization aims at a balanced realization of its two basic principles, humanism and rationalism, the practical policy for modernization of most countries tends to place far greater emphasis upon the latter principle, consciously or unconsciously neglecting the former. The result is the dominance of material and quantitative development of technology and economy, which necessarily leads to a limitless expansion and strengthening of urbanization and bureaucratization. In short, the consequent effects of the one-sided modernization, CD, and Saemaul Undong have been to almost completely get rid of the possibility of realizing the humanist principle of humanitarian democracy by replacing a Gemeinschaft with a Gessellschaft. As is now well-known, to pass through this serious crisis of dishumanization, governmental efforts have been made to develop or reconstruct a humane community in recent Europe, America, and Japan. In view of a profound impasse the Korean Samaul Undong is now facing, this study attempts to propose some countermeasures by which to cope with the critical situation. 3. Contents study This study comprises three major observations; examination of the definitions and main theories of modernization and C.D.; analysis of the processes of evolution and achievements of the Saemaul Undong, and revaluation of them: and the author's proposals of tentative model of desirable self-governing cmmunity development which are based on investigations into concrete cases of the Saemaul Undong. 1) The definitions and theories: The term modernization is usually used in following three ways; a uniquely western historical process, a social system in a particular stage of historical development, and a universal general concept. While the historical concept defines modernization as a peculiarly Western phenamenon of social development, the social system concept qualifies it as a specific process which occurs in a specific stage of history. However, either of them is not relevant to the analysis of modernization in the developing country including Korea. The only adequate category seems to be general concept, which is applied to in this study. The universal general concept of modernization defines the term as neither a Western phenamenon nor a process in a series of evolutionary stages but as a human effort to realize a harmoniously balanced development of scientific industrialization and democratized humanization. In its ideological orign, the conception of modernization pursued for not only material but also spiritual improvement of human life. Contrary to its initial intention, the actual practice of modernization has often produced a partial modernization of industrialization without liberty or democracy without humanization. Also despite the fact that the original concept of "community" included in it both senses of locality and communal sentiment, the modernized CD has almost failed to substantiate the two senses in an integral unity, particularly owing to a very rapid spread of traffic and communication and the consequent expansion of the life sphere of community. While it is difficult for R.M. Maclver's comprehensive concept of community to easily comprehend in it the "communal" community, the limited ecological and functional concept of H.F. Kaufman, NakaMura, and others tends to disregard the importance of locality. In the light of the deffects which can be found in the two major theories of the twentieth-century, the community is defined in this study as a limited concept of local community. In this local community, which is based on a small geographical boundary, that is, a village, the residents know one another very well, share common feelings and behaviors, and settle their problems by means of compromise and consensus. The local community constitutes the lowest but the mot efficient unit for CD as a practitioning arena of democratic self-government. 2) The Saemaul Undong is a korean type of modernization movement which has brought about an epoch-making innovation in modern Korean history. To embody three great spiritual principles - diligence, selfhelp, and cooperation - the movement aims to accomplish three great goals - the enlightment of spirit, the increase of income, and the social development. This Korean type of CD, which during the one decade of the 1970's had been launched and propelled under the governmental initiative, has attained surprising achievements and made great contribution to national as well local developments of our country. Moreover, it provides the nation with a national spirit which it has lacked for long. As is widely known, the national spirit, such as the Frontier Spirit of the United States, the Puritan Spirit of western nations, and the Yamato Spirit of Japan, has worked as a driving force for a nation's development. The formation of the Saemual Spirit indeed means the emergence of an objectified national spirit of modern Korea. A series of case studies shows that if a decade of years of the Saemaul Undong to a great extent have elevated the standard of living in rural communities and enlightened the attitude and behavior of village residents, some half of them, overwhelming portion of which consists of younger generations, dislike to remain in the country area. Above all, the reluctance of able young farmers to settle down on the farm threatens to impede a successive progression of the movement since of average village resident still lacks a sufficient amount of self-governing ability. 3) Proposals for a tentative model: The division of CD into three possible models and the subdivision of the second model into two types can be made in accordance with leadership relation between government and people: the government-initiating model which is relevant to the under developed country; the type A of the government-people-cooperating model which gives more leadership to the government and the type B of it which gives more leadership to the people; and the popular self-governing model which is relevant to the developed country. Of the four, the most desirable is the third model, which may be applicable to a few more advanced villages and towns as an experimental example, and which should be extended to all other local communities as soon as possible. But the most relevant to most of Korean communities at the present moment seems to be the type B of the second model.The final goal is the third model, but the type B of the second model is a necessary transitional prerequisit for arriving at the ideal situation. To hasten our departure from the first model and the type A of the second model, both of which occupied a far more dominant place in the 1970's Saemaul Undong, following strategic measures will be required; energetic vitalization of organized development of community, systematic enforcement of improvement of social environment, nation-wide expansion of citizenship education for voluntary community consciousness, constructive activation of residential consensus, and adequate operation for ceaseless persistince of community development of governmental administrative power.

새마을 運動에 있어서 問題的 狀況의 理解와 展望 -地域社會開發事業으로서의 發展方向

최재원 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1980 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.3 No.-

It is very important to appraise reasonablly outcomes of the Sae-maul Undong. To understand moot point in the movement belongs to endeavouring to prosper the movement. That is to say, in order to expect better results of the movement, it is natural that the moot point must be understood in present time. The view that the movement is in need for exact criticizing and is faced with starting point for change, is raising it's head very powerfully. Generally speaking, the moot point of the movement are as follows: The first, in pulse of the movement it was based upon more of a political aspect or policy than a community development or organization theory. The second, there are a tendency to generallize process and method of the movement excessively. The exfort to individualize in case by case is in want. The third, the economic power of the nation was extended by the undertaking for increase of the income, but there are a tendency to overestimate the fruit. The forth, environmental improvement undertakings are propeled very unreasonably and unscientifically. The fifth, stream of the movement is cut off many stage because of concreteness of the goal. In the future, the movement shall are prosperous more and more. But the power of propullsion are not based upon government or public agency but community itself. It is expected to promote a spirit of cooperation through propulsion of the Sae-maul Undertakings, and regional residents shall want to develop the community in themselves.

地域社會開發事業의 擴大方案에 關한 硏究

이석형 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1985 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.7 No.-

地方自治의 實施에 따른 地域社會開發의 展開過程

崔在元 대구대학교 새마을·지역사회개발연구소 1989 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.11 No.-

地域社會組織과 Volunteer에 관한 硏究

李帳鉉 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1991 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.13 No.-

協同的 地域開發에 關한 硏究

안태환 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1980 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.3 No.-

Regional Development is regarded as a comprehensive and planned endeavour, for better income and welfare improvement. Through these regional development, We could achieve three genral goal; efficiency, equity and sequrity in region. Among many smodels, There are reflecting two different perception of the problem of development planning; first downward planning at the national level, secondly upward planning at the local level. The incident problems of downward planning are following; first, The economic activity within region is not consistent with geographical region. secondly, Since growth pole is urban and periphery is runal, Structural gap between urban and rural has deepened along time. Therefore, growing pole links more tight with other city. Regional growth has stagged owtward from pole and income level of inhabitants lower and unfair. thirdly, Efficiency is more important factor than equity in most developing nations, because of scarcity of available resources. The limits of upward planning have various aspects; over-competition among villages, necessity of spatial integration, diseconomy of scale size, inter-regional coodination of public administration, …etc. It has been suggested a cooperative regional development strategies from discussing limits and problems of models. First, It is a upward and development from within method. It is a autonomous problem solving method with its own available resources. With these effort and strategies, We could achieve a ideal autarchy and highly self-sufficient economic system, Second, It is a cooperative method. It has been necessary that village integrate wider development unit for the efficiency. Thus middle-range unit is same self-autonomous agropolitan that reflect a basic need of inhabitants. Therefore, a cooperative policy correspond to autonomous method. Third, It is a exploitation method of latcnt resources. It is necessary that marginal resources as well as manifested resources mobilize for development goal.

地域社會의 發展과 地方自治

安泰煥 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1990 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to examine the interrelationship between the changing factors of local urban community and major problems of it, and to suggest its development strategies. Since Korea society had experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization during last one gene-ration, local communities and cities were changed in most sectors. Thus most local cities showed several regional and urban problems, for example, : (1) high dependence on Seoul in most aspects, (2) unbalance among most urban sector, (3) urban shadow area, etc. So development strategies for local communities are suggested as follows : (1) propelling the high level of industrialization, (2) enforcing public administration based on socio-economic region, (3) inducing the balanced development in regional and class inequality, (4) preparing for open and international society, (5) propelling the decentralization based on the sound regionalism, etc. Based on these strategies, the local government, local assembly, its man, and residence which are considered as changing agents and actors, have been demanded the peculiar role and functions in accordance with the above strategies.

地域社會開發과 觀光開發과의 關係에 關한 小考

최재원 대구대학교 새마을 . 지역사회개발연구소 1983 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.5 No.-

They say that it is the era of mass leisure, mass tourism, and social tourism. It is really true. Leisure time is increasing. Leisure connects our daily life and tourism or recreations more closely. For that reason, many kinds of recreation for the good use of leisure time are created. One of these kinds is tourism. Tourism is increasing rapidly and development of tourism resources are becoming more frequent because of the demand for various recreation and tourism outlets. In brief, vulgarization of the tourism indicate the state of things not well. Therefore, Korea, needs to develope many resources and facilities for recreation or tourism, resorts and tourism areas. In this case, it does mean to develope not only the resources and facilities resorts and areas but also the apporpriate Atmosphere for the residents who live in that community. Namely, The community involved should be developed concurrently with company tourism and regional development. But the distinctive quality of the community should be conserved. The community itself is rightly one of the most important resources of the residents who live in that community which is located in the developmental objective area of the region, The recreation or tourism development gives many positive effects to the residents lives of that community as well as to the history of region. Eventhough, The negative ettects of tourism are not negligible tourism or recreation development gives a lot of economic benifits to that region or area. But the important effects to the region are cultural and social. For that reason tourism or recreation development has to link up with regional and particularly community development. The development of recreation and tourism changes and disorganizes the whole community. So, A think that the current recreation or tourism development must go hand in hand with appropriate community development.

地域社會開發事業의 人間學的 理解

최재원 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1979 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.2 No.-

The human factors are very important for community development, and they also can be the results of community development. As for the Saemaul Undong of Korea, the spiritual development of rural residents is one of three major goals of it. But there's none on the empirical study of spirtual development of them until now. So, this study intends to survey the human aspect which contains anti-fatalism, diligence, cooeration, anti-ritualism, futurism, materialism, nationalism, will power and creationism empirically. The Liker Scale of eleven points is used to measure them. 1. Anti-fatalism of rural residents is scored as; M(Mean)=7.93, Me(Median)=8.27, Q₁=6.38, Q₃=9.76, Q=(Q₃-Q₁)/2=1.69 2. Sprit of diligence of rural residents is scored as; M=8.71, Me=9.32, Q₁=7.72, Q₃=9.96, Q=1.12 3. Sprit of cooperation of rural residents is scored as; M=8.50, Me=9.41, Q₁=7.66, Q₃=9.97, Q=1.15 4. Ritualism of rural residents is scored as; M=3.72, Me=3.94, Q₁=0.32, Q₃=5.80, Q=2.74 5. Futurism of rural residents is scored as; M=3.30, Me=2.75, Q₁=0.22, Q₃=5.20, Q=2.49 6. Materialism of rural residents is scored as; M=5.97, Me=6.20, Q₁=4.27, Q₃=9.04, Q=2.38 7. Sprit of nationalism of rural residents is scored as; M=1.96, Me=0.31, Q₁=-0.09, Q₃=3.44, Q=1.76 8. Will power of rural resident is scored as; M=7.20, Me=7.91, Q₁=5.29, Q₃=9.74, Q=4.45 9. Sprit of creationism of rural residents is scored as; M=7.44, Me=7.45, Q₁=6.34, Q₃=9.59, Q=1.62 These scores mean that the human aspect of Korean rural residents are developed very much by dint of Saemauel Undong, other community development movement and rapid social change of rural region. And the development of the human aspect of rural residents is also effected as independent variable to community development. So interaction of them is devoted to develop the other sides.

工場 새마을運動에 關한 硏究

최재원,양철모 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1981 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.4 No.-

工場새마을運動은 1970年代初부터 始作된 農村새마을運動으로부터 點火되어 1974년부터 推進되기 始作하였다. 이 工場새마을運動은 1973年末 石油波動과 資源波動으로 因해서 景氣가 急激히 下降하는 時點을 擇해 點火되었으며 全體企業人과 從業員들의 不掘의 意志와 努力으로 物資節約, 에너지節約, QC運動 等을 通해서 不況을 克服하고 企業體質을 强化하는 轉機를 만들고자 하였다. 즉 工場새마을運動은 韓國 固有의 企業倫理觀을 바탕으로 하여 企業主는 家長과 같은 位置에서 어버이精神을 具顯시켜 나가고 종업원은 한 家庭의 構成員이라는 立場에서 企業主를 爲하고 나아가서는 企業의 發展을 爲하여 스스로 해야 할 일을 찾아 實踐에 옮겨가는 過程에서 企業은 成長하고, 企業의 社會的 責任을 다하게 된다는 것이다. 따라서 工場새마을運動은 企業의 社會的 責任에 대한 새로운 認識, 勞使間의 紐帶强化, 豊饒로운 民主國家의 建設을 指向하고 있으며 새마을 敎育, 人間關係의 改善, 福祉制度와 施設의 擴充, 夜間敎育, 生産性增大를 爲한 各種 勞力 等이 項住되어 왔다. 本 硏究는 이러한 工場새마을運動의 實態를 正確하게 把握하고 보다 바람직한 發展方向을 模索하기 爲하여 各種 統計資料 및 硏究論文 等의 文獻을 통하여 經驗的인 硏究를 試圖하였다. 이와같은 硏究의 結果로 다음과 같이 要約할 수 있겠다. 첫째, 工場새마을運動은 政府(政檔)의 變化에 關係없이 되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 이미 實施된 프로그램이 成功的이었기 때문에 새마을指導者 및 中堅幹部에 對한 訓練과 새마을 敎育을 實施할 施設과 프로그램이 擴充되어야 한다. 그리고 現在 새마을精神의 涵養에 重點을 맞추고 있는 敎育內容은 QC, 時間과 動作硏究 等과 같은 生産性向上의 方法을 强調하는 것으로 바뀌어야 한다. 셋째, 費用 對 利益의 硏究와 같은 施行錯誤의 浪費를 避하기 爲한 方法을 模索하기 爲해서 이 運動에 對한 보다 더 깊은 硏究가 必要하겠다. 넷째, 勤勞條件과 福祉態의 改善을 通해서 經營者는 企業利을 勤勞者에게 보다 더 많이 돌려야 한다는 것이다. 다섯째, 計劃의 立案과 實行에 實者를 보다 더 많이 參與시킴으로서 工場새마을運動에서 意思決定의 樣態를 위에서부터 아래로 修正하여야 할 것이다. 여섯째, 生産性增大의 2가지 要因中에 韓國에서는 勞動能率보다는 合理的인 經營面을 더욱 改善하여야 할 것이다. 일곱째, 勤勞意欲을 높이기 爲하여 被雇傭人들의 株式所有를 制度化시켜야 할 것이다. 여덟째, 各己 工場에서 된 多樣한 새마을事業은 嚴格한 評價가 加해져야 하며 그리하여 租稅惠擇, 政府補助金, 低利融資와 더불어 McGregor 가 提案한 것과 같은 補償制度가 公平하게 實施되어야 할 것이다. 아홉째, 都市새마을運動에 있어서 現實參與를 通하여 企業의 社會的 責任을 遂行하므로서 生産性을 보다 擴大시킬 社會的 與件을 마련하여야 할 것이다.