開港期 釜山地域 貿易에 관한 硏究

박정흥 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1996 국내석사

The trade activities of the Pusan region was summarized in the above paper for the port opening era in Korea. It also examined the changes and types of overseas trade and commerce conducted at the time until the end of the Chosun Dynasty, and used it as the basis for observing the development of overseas trade before and after the port opening. Then, the formation and changes in regional commerce were studied by analyzing these developmental data with information from the development of commercial capital. The origin of Japanese monopoly on Korean trade can be traced back to the fact that trade was being conducted by Korea and Japan within the boundaries of Weigwan (restricted area for Japanese Residents in Pusan) during this time, and other commercial activities were being carried out between the two countries due to their geographical proximity. From 1885 to 1912 after the port opening, with the exception of 1900. Pusan ranked first out of all the ports in Korea as the largest exporting port for Korea, and from such study the following points can be suggested. First, during the port opening between 1876 and 1910, Pusan began to establish itself as an overseas trading port, unlike other major Korean ports like Inchon and Wonchun, but its trading activities were mostly with Japan. Such activities began to grow rapidly during this period. Second, the current infra-structure of Pusan began to take shape accompanying the trade with Japan, and the Chungangdong area established itself as the center of the city. This confirms the Japan-oriented trade of Pusan and its influence on the city. Third, unlike other ports, the opening of Pusan served as the bridgehead for the Japanese invasion of the Far East. Fourth, it was apparent that the industry and commerce of Pusan at the time evolved around Japan, however, merchants in the form of merchant inns and corn-factor-inns (local inns that also served as vending areas for seafood and grainery) were very active. Fifth, the local businesses were stagnant or if they were growing were strictly controlled to prevent further growth. Finally, the Japanese merchants had a monopoly in Pusan during the port opening era, and most of the foreign merchants in Pusan were Japanese. Due to its strategic geographical location, Pusan served as the bridgehead for the Japanese invasion of the Far East. Like this, it can be said that the points mentioned above are the same points being confronted today, 120 years later, in that Pusan is the largest trading port in Korea and the gateway linking the continent and ocean. We can also note that Pusan's role in leading the. Korean exports and commerce until the mid-7Os did not occur accidently, but something that has been practiced throughout history.

韓國의 貿易金融政策方向에 關한 硏究 : 現行 輸出支援金融을 中心으로

강근수 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1988 국내석사

Korean trade financing policy is closely related to the system of export support financing. Therefore this paper considered the distinctive featurer the present situation, and the problem of Korean trade financing policy through the phenomenal analysis laying stress on the present system of export support financing, and studied the future-oriented course of Korean trade financing policy for the continuous enlargement of export and the improvement of national economy. Generally the distinctive feature of Korean trade is to be the dual cycle structure between export industry and internal trade-oriented industry. This became the source of monopolistic capital profit. In 1950's the distinctive feature of Korean trade financing policy was the inefficiency and the lack of independence under the influence of foreign assistance. Because of concentrating on the arrangement necessary for receipt of foreign assistance, economic life of the populace was stiffened. The preferential treatment of large enterprises and the sacrifice of agricultural fields were forced. Thereafter these have affected the character of Korean trade policy. In 1960's the distinctive feature of Korean trade was the intial stage of international division of labor exporting it into advanced countries like a the United Stated to process the parts or half-finished products importing from Japan. At that time the main export industry was the texitile industry. In 1970's Korean trade shifted from the export of the texitile products to the export of the heavy chemical industrial products. As a result the character rearing the large enterprise was reinforced in Korean trade financing policy. In the large enterprise the preferential treatment was given by the special financing support for export industry, the import financing of the main raw materials, the export financing, the simplification of the ex post facto control, and so forth. But the enlargement of trade liberalization was a serious blow to the middle and small petty enterprise. In this changing process of Korean trade the export support financing of our country has deepened the dual structure of trade because of the preferential support for the large enterprise, that is, the foreign capital enterprise. Particularly the enterprise of our country which had a lack of funds and a low productive capacity has assumed the trade pattern depending on the loan and the direct investment of foreign enterprise. Our export support financing has played the role supporting this present situation indirectly. As a result the foreign dependency of the national economy was deepened, and the insolvent enterprise was appeared by the bankruptcy of the middle and small enterprise and the collusion of the large enterprise with the international capital. What is worse, the negative effect,-that is, the adhesion of politics and economics, the estrangement of consuming public, the ruin of adoriginal capital, the decline of volition for technical development, and so forth-was appeared. Accordingly the course of new trade financing policy of our country is as follows. First, for the balanced development between the export industry and the internal trade-oriented industry the dual cycle structure of Korean trade should be improved by the structural improvement of exchange rate policy and bank-rate policy. Secondly, for the Diversification of export structure and the establishment of self-supporting economy structure the export support system for the middle and small enterprise should be rein forced. Lastly, for the settlement of the foreign dependency the Korean trade structure the territory of national economy should be expanded through the closer connection between the internal structures of vertical and horizontal division of labor.

우리나라 農産物 貿易에 관한 農民 意識 實態 分析 : 慶南 地域을 中心으로

최준한 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1992 국내석사

It may not be possible to bring up agriculture by blind analogical conclusion that the international competitive power will be secured by propelling agricultural structure improvement business and that it will change to the agriculture of advanced countries' type, or by uncertain vision or stroking policy. The synesthesia among residents in the agricultural community, farmers, agricultural organizations and the government is required for the development of agriculture. That is, in case of Japan, general trading companies develop the agricultural community saving movement of the business level and these companies participate in sales of regional special products by utilizing their existing organizations and sales network or they act as the managment consultants for tourism farms, they consider the project even as a portion of their business territory, therefore, we should make such facts as reference and reliability between every individual should be restored first of all The analyzed results of farmers' consciousness which have been show at this time are as follows. 1) As our agriculture has weak production foundation in the scale of the leveled ground, adjustment of cultivated land, management form of farm house, capital structure, technology and manpower, its productivity is very low level. Accordingly, the counterproposal is urgently required to continue to attain a long-term goal, to prevent occurrence of damage caused by the abrupt change of policy and the separated reliability from the reality, and to reduce the sense of suffering damage by the producers. 2) The import of agricultural products has been accelerated, without protection of domestic production, due to the aspect of securing the shorted food and other external factors. The strong intention of price control policy is executed, but the simple compensating support for farm products has the strong nature of welfare and prosperity supporting aspect rather than for reproduction, and a portion of damage and loss of the producers might be compensated, but the desire for reproduction could not be improved, and therefore, the price upholding policy should go first. 3) In accordance with increased width of importing agricultural products, there is no way but the cultivation of the existing farm products shall be affected directly or indirectly. Accordingly, farmers are forced to select which kinds of products is urgent to replace the reduced producing products, as far as the replaced products are not exported, it has the same negative influence to domestic agricultural production, and therefore, it is the only way to minimize the damage by opening import by stably cultivating the items judged to have possibility of export and the replacing products with import. 4) While the number of farm houses is generally decreasing at present, the number of non-farm houses in the farm community is rapidly decreasing phenomenon. It suggests that the agricultural condition of the petty farmers of low income is generally worsening and they are gradually losing their foundation of life in and out of agriculture. Especially, manufacturers are increasingly moving into the suburbs of cities, which absorbs the rural population, and especially, when we observe the fact that the removal of youth causes not only many problems on agricultur but also 30.6% of the present residents wish to give up farming within 3 years it is the most urgent subject to be studied preferentially in the course of agricultural development through improvement of agricultural structure. 5) Although it is desirable that investment in agricultural line shall be enlarged by agricultural producers themselves, the intention of investment showed dubiosity by 45.6%, investment in facilities (such as house) was concentrated, and the domestic production quantity of fruits and vegetables was increased or concentrated in accordance with this survey by questionarie, which indicates the instability of prices due to unbalanced adjustment of demand and supply, and therefore, the necessity of establishing its countermeasure is enlarged. 6) Upbringing successors and strengthening technique. The presentation of possibility of agricultural development and the motive giving to participate in the education voluntarily are necessary. (In case of Japan, those persons who learned agricultural technique receive a fixed amount of money monthly, and as soon as completion of education, various facilities, farming machines, and practice machines and materials required for production will be lent free of charge to them and a portion of management cost will be supported, and also, the instructors engage in farming personally to demonstrate earning high income, which presents the possibility and give motive to participate in education voluntarily.) The efficiency of management should be upgraded by providing countermensure of specialization of leading manpower, strengthening research function and participating private economic portion of agriculture related industry in the development of agricultural technique. It is necessary to guide to attain the investgative and commercial farming by providing fundamental invest and condition toward strengthening competitive power of agricultrural compensation by recognizing the importance of agriculture and also by improving farming technique by agricultural producers themselves and by reducing costs and at the same time by improving quality of farm products.

北韓의 貿易 實態에 관한 硏究

손영욱 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1989 국내석사

Under present international circumstances trades, between the east and west is different in it's ideology and political system, have been evidently increasing by that nation's interests has priority over it's ideology and political relations. Forty three years have passed since Korea was divided into two, during this period, South and North Korean economy have been developed by their own economic system. But, nowadays the South-North talks and the South-North economic of North Korea and prepare for economic inter course between South and North Korea. The year, 1984, should some signs of fundamental change in North Korea economic policy. North Korea has begun to change her policy to the direction of partial opeining economy in order to promote foreign trade through technical renovation and economic structure reformation since 1970's. So we should actively meet this change and gradually explore the way of trade economic cooperation with North Korea. Then Korea is expected to make use of the opportunity by taking the lead cautiously the potential intems of trade was decided by analizing the structure and system of North Korea trade and looking into the chief items of trade with Japan. In the future, if two countries approach the step of real economic integration after maintaining the economic cooperation durably, would make a great economic profit. Most of all two countries well build up a common market. Under this circumstances, we have to appreciate the fact that South and North Korea are to be a competing relations to both sides in any future not only in the foreign trade but also in economic enchange in many parts of the capitalistic market.

釜山國際化를 위한 自由貿易地帶에 관한 硏究

안부련 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1993 국내석사

Along with the breaking cold war between East and Nest, the environment of world economy is changing to internationalization, open door policy and trend of information, while an the other hand, local economic policy is ever-deepening. Accoriding to the transition of the environment of world economy, the formation of economic bloc of the North-East Asia is discussed in the Asian region, too, and therefore, Pusan should be internationalized in order to be the central econamic city in the North-East region and to provide for the coming pan-Pacific age. As the conception of internationalization of Pusan in order to be the central economic city in the North-East Asian region and to provide Asian Pan-Pacific age, there are a lot of alternative plans, such as full equipment and expansion of the international airport and harbor, and installation of convention center, world trade center, TelePort, free trade zone, etc. however, considering the contributing degree of Pusan port, it is essential to install the new international airport and construction of the now harbor together with the free trade zone at Kadeok island, the West Naktong River circle under development plan by Plan by Pusan city government as a strategy to accelerate internationalization. The free trade zone means that, by establishing a fixed zone separately from the custom duty zone of the whole harbor, the whole merchandise coming into this zone are exempted from all custom duty And in this zone, landing, carrying in, and processing of merchandise is free and various taxation benefits are given. The economic effects by establishing free trade zone are enlargement of trade, increase of employment, improvement of techonology, the acqisition of foreign currencies and, activation of shipping and financial industries. In order to promote export and improve technology by increase of employment and inducement of foreign currencies and to contribute to development of national economy. Korean government established and is managing the export free zone in Masan City and Iri City in 1970 and 1973 respectively, which have gained considerable result, however, the small scale of moved in enterprises, invested countries are preponderant on U.S.A and Japan, enterprises centered on labor-intensive industries, dullness of inducement of overseas technology, the employment structure centered on %A men, etc. are shown as operational problems. It is urgent for Pusan to be internationalized in order to be the centered management city in Pusan district following the formatio of North-Fast economic ciracle. The establishment of free trade zone in order to promote internationalization of Pusan, will provide the function of international circulation as well as the now business chance for the local economy. As the economic spreading effect, the effect of employment, effect of industrial correlation, effect of income transfer and effect of acquisition of foreign currencies can be stated.

南北韓 經濟交流協力의 擴大方案에 관한 硏究

박송춘 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1994 국내석사

For past 40 years, North Korea keep closed economic policies under center-controled scheduled economy of national self-sufficiency principle. As a result, by the lack of capital and technology, stagflation and keeping combination between military and industry resulted in a severe unbalance among industries. Light industry, especially withdrawal of producing consuming goods brought people's dissatisfaction, North Korea got to limit that it could not control only with self-reliance ideology. On the other hand, South Korea succeeded in strategy of abroad development and achieved high economic growth but South Korea found difficulties about new trade preservation policy that includes limited import, trade barrier and free market pressure. From this circumstances, South Korea must get out of labor-centered industrial structure of low value-added and low technological skill, and it is time to reconstruct high value-added industries. Like above, both South and North met new turning-point in economic development, and the needs of mutual economy exchange and cooperation increase more. Therefore, motive the start this research is to find problems about South-North Korea's economy exchange and cooperation, and enlargement of practical economy exchange and cooperation. This paper gives the way of promotion the share but Korea's economy exchange and cooperation. First of all, the way of economy exchange can divide labor exchange and material exchange, labor exchange includes exchange of economy information, academics, culture, art, publishment, broadcast, technician, technical exchange, etc. The material exchange must be considered how to come over the problem of indirect trade and enlarge to direct trade. Next, as the way of economy cooperation, first, the cooperation between light industry and household electric goods, automobile and machine tool, cooperation of petroleum and chemical industry. Second of all, we should develop together sight-seeing areas, reclaimed land, continental shelf. Third of all, joint development of material, energy needs cooperation. At last, there is economy cooperation of economic block in north-easten Asia. If South and North Korea's relation gets better to cooperate practical level of joint investment, Korea will be in charge of economic block in north-easten Asia. In addition, this block has large mutual supplement, and concentrated population, exist, so that Korea has high chance of building world the biggest economic block in short period.

多者間 纖維協定과 우리의 對應方案

이종은 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1989 국내석사

Protectism of Trade by the importing nations has been reinforced since 1960's. MFA was organized as a organization for the restriction of the importation of textile goods. It has been extended and maintained since it was started as STA in 1961. MFA Ⅳ is to close on 31, July, 1991. But it is difficult to conjecture that MFA Ⅳ is to extend or return to GATT after that time. Textile goods-is exported largest quantity as a single item in Korea. It was exported $147 billion and it was occupied 23.2% of total exportation in 1988. It is a matter of immediate necessity to change to textile industry of advanced nation's type in Korean textile industry. This research have studied in order to reach a conclusion of change to the textile industry of advanced nation's type. In chap. Ⅱ, treated the development and contents of MFA. In chap. Ⅲ, researched course of free trade of textile goods and estimated textile negotiation in relation to major countries (U.S.A., EC, Canada). In chap. Ⅳ, researched and analysed trait and present condition of Korean textile industry. In chap. Ⅴ, studied economic effect of MXA, analysed in fluence that extention of MFA Ⅳ affect Korean textile industry, and prospected future of MFA Ⅳ. In chap. Ⅵ, assayed subject of MFA Ⅳ and contents that is against principle of GATT. In chap. Ⅶ, indicated corresponding plan concern to advanced nation's restriction of importation in Korean textile industry. Finally, in chap. Ⅷ, reached conclusion of this study. Conclusion of this study is as follows. Basic corresponding plan in negotiations stage is improvement of bargaining power. General corresponding plan in enterprise and dimension of government is as follows. The Korean government and enterprises should change basic direction of their policies. In other words, the government and enterprises should after its producing system toward diversification of production lines, up grading of product lines, graduation from labor intensive to automation of production systems, dependence away from contract production using the other's brand names to marketing of own brand name items by market promotion activities.

釜山地域 輸出産業의 構造改善方案에 관한 硏究

김태현 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1990 국내석사

The method in which Pusan, experiencing recently severs stagnation and much hardship because of its industrial structure, can be animated economically and increase export is as follows; First, adjustment of export industrial structure. Second, increasing of support for export. Third, rationalization of management. Fourth, reinforcement of technological innovation. 1. Adjustment of export industrial structure As the development of export industry in pusan is interrelated with manufacture, so the manufacture has to be firsthand thing that must be promoted. It is natural that the industrial system should concentrate on third industry from second as the national economy develops, and in the long run Busan as well as viewed to develop based on the third, especially on financial industry. But such a change doesn't occur in a moment but must be propelled progressively. Therefore for the present, above all, the effort to adjust the industry structure to a higher one has to be made. And at the same time the direction to reinforce the competitive power of light industry, a main field of manufacture in Busan, has to be sought. 1) Competitive power reinforcement of existent light industry Decline in the light industry of Busan is unavoidable in the long run. But there has been stored considerable technology in some fields like shoes and textile. Because this technology storage is not achieved in a short period, we should grow such fields that has a great deal of know-how and high additional value as a specialized industry of Busan, while we decrease the degree of independency on such goods with low additional value by means of consigning plant to developing countries and so on. 2) The introduction of foremost industry Economy of pusan has traditionally developed based on the list industry, and it made much contribution toward national economy development till the early 70s. But afterward our national economic situation beginning to change in the direction of counting much of heavy industry, the importance of local industry of Busan has gradually diminished. This is because Busan, having not adapted itself to the trend of national economic changes, has been out of date by sticking to the given industry form. Therefore, to complement this weakness of Busan economy, we should prepare for the stepping stone for industrial structure of Busan to escape from being based toward light industry through introducing non--pollution- causing foremost industry to Myongjie, Nocksan industry belt under plan of prospective construction. 2. Reinforcement of many sorts of support system. Many sorts of support system has to be estabilished to encourage enterprises to continue growth corresponding with characteristic of pusan and increase the amount of export. 1) Reinforcement of financial support To enhance the structure of export, financial support is essential. In recent a plan to make Busan monetary center is being propelled, And with its practical realization the flowing out of money from Busan has to be prevented. And with financial support to middle and small factory, the industrialists who have suffered from heightened valuation on won (원貨切上)and high wage and the like will have to be much helped. 2) Expension of financial aid toward export industry We have been the target of pressure from advanced countries including U.S.A. that we should open the market because we've upheld an increasing favorable balance till 142 million $ of 1988, the fourth in the world since our first reach to it in 1986. Our government began to lesson the scale of financial aid toward export industry to appease the pressure , and as the result financial aid toward the large enterprises were abolished and toward middle and small lowered in the scale. In the course middle and small factories of Busan with fragile financial structure has been badly affected and that is the cause to threaten Busan economy with heightened valuation on won and increase of wage. We should of course adjust export industry structure toward the kind with high additional value but because at the present such is not easy to be done we need to draw up amount of individual financial aid for export industry to the line that is helpful to the industrialists. And expension of support for industry is also needed by the way of actively circulating trade paper expected to gain currency from post half of this year. 3) Expansion of support from related associations. The practical economy of Busan has been depressed by many causes, but now total efforts in city together with academy and financial companies located in Busan should be made to revive local economy by practicing appropriate remedy. In addition, comercial and industrial council should help Busan industry to take advantageous position in the competition by giving information of foreign trade, for the purpose of which information department in it has to be enlarged beforged beforeh hand. Comercial and industrial council will have to put export or foreign trade school in practical action and guide strudents to keep pace with the stream of foreign economy by publicly relating the currency of world trade in succession. 3. Effort in the parr of export industry's management rationalization. Busan industry can not fall back only on the governmental support to settle the difficulty we've got over the export condition, so it must seek the strategy to help itself through the effort of management rationalization. For it, it must cut the management expenses which is not essential together with heightening of product quality. In the export strategy price increase has reached the limit, so export increase is sought in non - price competition field through image innovation of enterprise. It is needed to change strategy from quantitative attack into total income amount calculating in order to reinforce the industrial character of enterprise. Therefore it is desirable to restrain from OEM and to export self-brand items of high quality. 4. Reinforcement of technological development There must be technological support not to be out-dated, for world economy is developing too rapidly and it is impossible to come up with if without effoort of technology development. It is no exaggeration to say that the success of each enterprise is depend on the degree of its technology. The days have passed that export industry count on the low wage, because the standard of wage is not low any more owing to the resule of labors' struggle against employers in Korea. And in order to increase export overcoming difficulty in export condition, productivity increase has to be abtained through continuous-technology development. In the case of Busan, middle and small scale of manufacture takes the greater part of industry and independent technology development is hard to be achieved. Therefore, industry-academy co-operation system in which industry can collaborate with university laboratory staffs will be more timly at the present to develop new technology.

釜山港 機能提高 및 港灣關聯 産業育成 方案에 관한 硏究

손정목 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1989 국내석사

Two main plan problems are suggested in analysing Pusan economy and port impacts of internationalization. One is Pusan port function elevation problem, the other is port/harbor related industrial developing problem. In the case of Pusan, the main issues are the internationalization strategy and a pivot port of the previous studies. Pusan has been experienced a rapid population growth together with urban economic growth. Therefore, Pusan has been continued economic growth with port functional factors. In order to analyze both the industrial structure and the present situation of port/harbor, several ibdexes has been selected. Included in these indexes are : population of economic activities and the state of employment, economic extension transition, industrial structure, change of location coefficient, gravity of distribution business and port/harbor, quantity of ship and warehouse, and the present situation of port/harbor related industrial. On the basis of the above methods, the plan finds from the analysis of indexes in Pusan. This results are summarized as follows: first, to Pusan port function elevation plan. 1. Pusan make a large scale and specialization of port/harbor propel height. 2. Expanded with systematization of physical distribution and basis facilities. 3. Make a support system through out information function elevation and internationalization of money. 4. Drive forward a unification of administration and moving of the Korean Maritime and Port Administration (KMPA), construction of the Inland Container Base depot. Moreover, to Pusan port/harbor related industrial developing plan. 1. Elevated a connection of port/harbor with a distribution industrial. 2. Have to strengthen of trade and information function, elevation of maritime related industrial. 3. Pusan go forward a development of metropolitan is superior to foreign metropolitan port/harbor through out a creation of International Monetary Centers.

世界經濟의 地域主義化와 釜山地方 輸出企業의 對應에 관한 硏究

오일석 慶星大學校 貿易大學院 1993 국내석사

In today world economic orders, as protectionism is widely spread, the Uruguay Round has been helding for promoting bilateral trade without any restriction of trade in the contrary GATT is weaking in degree. Futhermore, regionalism, economic block formed by adjacent country fo bilateral cooperation in same area, come to birth as new world economic trend. It is mention that EC and NAFTA are the major economic block. EC is the distinguished economic block made by Western European countries and NAFTA is another economic block consisted of America, Canada, Mexico. The main reason to make economic block is to enhance the efficence of raw material and to maximize the economies of scale and economies of scope. But, economic block make external economy decrease profit of trade through trade diversion effect. Most of the manufacture business in Pusan region working for labor intensive industry and they depend on OEM export. This method of export cannot run their company with the long-term project. Therefore, we stand a position to lose large market in EC and NAFTA in the case they take trade restriction to us. For this reason, we should make an acts this new trend. The countermeasures are as follows. The first, we should strengthen competitiveness in exports. 1) industry structure has to be changed and advanced to the high level 2) new product development 3) technical innovation 4) productivity raise The second, we should intensify economic cooperation their company within economic block 1) Pusan export business an effort to have good relationship with administration of EC and NAFTA. 2) Pusan export business have to search for suitful site in economic block. The third, We should be planning and operating effective export strategy. 1) marketing with our own brand. 2) market segmentation in EC and NAFTA market. 3) after-service to be assured. 4) stiffening non-price competition. The forth, We should introduce one-stop service in trade complex. 1) establishing trade exposition center. As we review above, if we do these measure Pusan export business will be actively and our export environment will be improved.