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The Hindu.Moslem Divide and The Way to Indian Independence
Den?se K?hler 부산외국어대학교 사회과학연구소 1987 社會科學論叢 Vol.2 No.-
1947년 8월 15일 영령인도제국은 인도와 파키스탄으로 분리되어 해체되었다. 인도와 파키스탄의 정치적•경제적 배경은 공통적인 것이었으나 힌두교와 이슬람교라는 종교적 이유 때문에 두개의 국가로 분리되어 독립한 것이다. 힌두-무슬림의 대립은 인도 민족주의의 발생기인 1900년대 초부터 시작되었다. 즉, 영국인들과 접촉이 빈번했었던 힌두들은 서구의 각종 문물을 쉽게 받아들여 새로운 시대의 중산층으로 등장했고 민족주의 운동의 중심세력으로 성장하였지만 영국인들을 배척했었던 이슬림교도들은 상대적인 낙후세력우로 전락할 수 밖에 없었다. 또 영국인들의 의도적인 분리 통치 (Divide and Rule) 정책은 이 두 집단 사이의 적대감을 더욱 심화시켰고 이 상황은 1905년 무슬림연맹이 창설됨으로써 노골화 되었다. 1947년까지의 독립투쟁 기간중 무슬림연맹은 영국에 대항하였다기 보다는 힌두가 중심인 국민회의파에 저항했었다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 1920년대의 비협력운동, 1939년의 전쟁비협력운동 등에서도 무슬림연맹은 오히려 영국측에 서서 국민회의파에 대항함으로써 인도 민족주의 운동을 혼란시켰다. 1947년 분리독립은 1920년대초 영국에 유학중이던 몇몇 이슬람교도들의 착상에서 부터 비롯된 것이었다. 이 착상은 곧 많은 이슬람 정치가들의 지지를 받았고 이것이 모하메드 · 알리 • 지나와 자와하랄 • 네루의 정치적 타협에 의하여 실현된 것이다. 마하트마 · 간디는 분리독립의 마지막 순간까지 이것을 반대하였지안 그의 반대는 이상론에 불과하다고 묵살당했다.
Park, Jin-Byung,Bü,hler, Bruno,Panke, Sven,Witholt, Bernard,Schmid, Andreas Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2007 Biotechnology and bioengineering Vol.98 No.6
<P>Utilization of solvent tolerant bacteria as biocatalysts has been suggested to enable or improve bioprocesses for the production of toxic compounds. Here, we studied the relevance of solvent (product) tolerance and inhibition, carbon metabolism, and the stability of biocatalytic activity in such a bioprocess. Styrene degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120 is shown to be solvent tolerant and was engineered to produce enantiopure (S)-styrene oxide from styrene. Whereas glucose as sole source for carbon and energy allowed efficient styrene epoxidation at rates up to 97 µmol/min/(g cell dry weight), citrate was found to repress epoxidation by the engineered Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120ΔC emphasizing that carbon source selection and control is critical. In comparison to recombinant Escherichia coli, the VLB120ΔC-strain tolerated higher toxic product levels but showed less stable activities during fed-batch cultivation in a two-liquid phase system. Epoxidation activities of the VLB120ΔC-strain decreased at product concentrations above 130 mM in the organic phase. During continuous two-liquid phase cultivations at organic-phase product concentrations of up to 85 mM, the VLB120ΔC-strain showed stable activities and, as compared to recombinant E. coli, a more efficient glucose metabolism resulting in a 22% higher volumetric productivity. Kinetic analyses indicated that activities were limited by the styrene concentration and not by other factors such as NADH availability or catabolite repression. In conclusion, the stability of activity of the solvent tolerant VLB120ΔC-strain can be considered critical at elevated toxic product levels, whereas the efficient carbon and energy metabolism of this Pseudomonas strain augurs well for productive continuous processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 1219–1229. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</P>
Marie-Hélène Pastoret,Gabriel Krastl,Julia Bühler,Roland Weiger,Nicola Ursula Zitzmann 대한치과보철학회 2017 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.9 No.4
PURPOSE. To compare the dimensional accuracy of three impression techniques- a separating foil impression, a custom tray impression, and a stock tray impression. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A machined mandibular complete-arch metal model with special modifications served as a master cast. Three different impression techniques (n = 6 in each group) were performed with addition-cured silicon materials: i) putty-wash technique with a prefabricated metal tray (MET) using putty and regular body, ii) single-phase impression with custom tray (CUS) using regular body material, and iii) two-stage technique with stock metal tray (SEP) using putty with a separating foil and regular body material. All impressions were poured with epoxy resin. Six different distances (four intra-abutment and two inter-abutment distances) were gauged on the metal master model and on the casts with a microscope in combination with calibrated measuring software. The differences of the evaluated distances between the reference and the three test groups were calculated and expressed as mean (± SD). Additionally, the 95% confidence intervals were calculated and significant differences between the experimental groups were assumed when confidence intervals did not overlap. RESULTS. Dimensional changes compared to reference values varied between -74.01 and 32.57 탆 (MET), -78.86 and 30.84 (CUS), and between -92.20 and 30.98 (SEP). For the intra-abutment distances, no significant differences among the experimental groups were detected. CUS showed a significantly higher dimensional accuracy for the inter-abutment distances with -0.02 and –0.08 percentage deviation compared to MET and SEP. CONCLUSION. The separation foil technique is a simple alternative to the custom tray technique for single tooth restorations, while limitations may exist for extended restorations with multiple abutment teeth
Kim, Young-sun,Park, Min Jung,Keserci, Bilgin,Nurmilaukas, Kirsi,K?hler, Max O,Rhim, Hyunchul,Lim, Hyo Keun Radiological Society of North America 2014 Radiology Vol. No.
<P>To determine whether intraprocedural thermal parameters as measured with magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry can be used to predict immediate or delayed therapeutic response after MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation of uterine fibroids.</P>