Reflections on the Lack of Consideration of Ethnic Ancestry to Stratify Clozapine Dosing

Jose de Leon(Jose de Leon ) 대한신경정신의학회 2023 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.20 No.3

This review article argues against trusting standard clozapine references, including the US package insert, because they do not include advances in the sciences of pharmacokinetics and pharmacovigilance and ignore the effects of ethnic ancestry on therapeutic dosing. The minimum therapeutic dose leading to the minimum therapeutic concentration of 350 ng/mL in serum/plasma can be used to compare individuals/groups with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The US clozapine package insert recommends targeting doses of 300-450 mg/day and, subsequently, increments of up to 100 mg with a maximum dose of 900 mg/day. Ethnic ancestry is defined by DNA ancestry group. Asians (people with ancestry ranging from Pakistan to Japan) and Indigenous Americans are similar in clozapine dosing; their average clozapine minimum therapeutic dose ranged from 166 mg/day (female non-smokers) to 270 mg/day (male smokers). For those with European ancestry, average clozapine minimum therapeutic doses ranged from 236 mg/day (female non-smokers) to 368 mg/day (male smokers). Based on limited studies, Black (African sub-Saharan ancestry) patients may be treated with typical US doses (300-600 mg/day), assuming no poor metabolism (PM) status. Ancestry’s impact on clozapine lethality in four countries is discussed (two countries with highly homogenous populations, Denmark and Japan, and two countries with increasingly heterogenous populations due to immigration, Australia and the UK). An international guideline with 104 authors from 50 countries/regions was recently published, providing 6 personalized clozapine titration schedules for adult inpatients (3 ancestry groups and PM/non-PM schedules) and recommending c-reactive protein monitoring at baseline and weekly for 4 weeks.

El Tratado de Libre Comercio en América del Norte y el Crecimiento Económico en las Manufacturas Mexicanas

Adrian de Leon Arias 한국라틴아메리카학회 2007 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.20 No.3

Regional economic growth in Mexican manufacturing after trade liberalization in 1984-1985, and in particular under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1994, has been characterized by a faster growth in employment and output in the Northern Border region. In this article, these regional dynamics are analyzed and related to productivity, that is output per worker growth, in that region and compared to others regions in the country from 1970 to 2004. This study concludes that there is not a clear association between TLCAN and greater economic growth in the Northern Border region.

Dr. Pablo Mendes de Leon Director, International Institute of Air and Space Law Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Pablo Mendes de Leon 숭실대학교 법학연구소 1998 法學論叢 Vol.11 No.-

A Skeptic’s Look on Philosophical Therapy

Leon de Haas 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 Journal of Humanities Therapy Vol.6 No.1

Philosophical practice is a historical and social phenomenon. As such it reflects and reproduces developments in the society which it is part of. In Western countries the post-industrial mass culture of the Self can be seen as a struggle with ‘nihilism’. Attempts to proclaim a philosophical therapy are both part of the culture of the Self, and, particularly, a sign of resistance against the loss of philosophical identity. In the context of the Industrial Revolution philosophy lost substantial crafts to the new sciences and humanities. In different ways, Husserl and Wittgenstein gave due consideration to that loss, and developed new practices of philosophy. Their paradigmatic innovations are known as the linguistic and phenomenological turns, the latter radicalized by Levinas. In this essay, the work of the three protagonists is called the ‘Open Senses’ paradigm. After World War II this paradigmatic revolution has been ignored, or at least debunked. Peter Raabe’s book on philosophical therapy is discussed as a present-day example of restorative philosophy in the field of philosophical practice.

LIFTS OF DERIVATIONS TO THE TANGENT BUNDLE OF P^r-VELOCITIES

DE LEON, MANUEL,SALGADO, MODESTO Korean Mathematical Society 1986 대한수학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Encounters and Dialogues: Styles and Levels of Communication in Philosophical Practice

Leon de Haas 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2011 Journal of Humanities Therapy Vol.2 No.-

The world of philosophical practice is a patchwork of partly vague, partly not reducible styles and methods. We badly lack a common language regarding the quality of philosophical practice. The author contributes to the professional discussion of philosophical practice by being explicit about his approach. He characterizes his phenomenologically inspired way of philosophical practice as ‘dialogical encounter’. He describes some examples from his coaching practice. In the last part of the essay, he makes a distinction between encountering and procedural practices by describing two events.

Liability in the context of space tourism

Leon, Pablo Mendes De Korea Society of AirSpace Law and Policy 2007 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.2007 No.special

This article is dedicated to my colleague and friend Professor Soon-Kil Hong, Ph.D, who is the famous President of the Korean Association of Air and Space Law and distinguished teacher at the prestigious Hankuk Aviation University. I had the honour and pleasure to teach there a few years ago - upon his gracious invitation. Professor Soon-Kil Hong has made a long, outstanding and impressive career in aviation and space activities, both from a practitioners and academic perspective. That is why I have tried to find a subject which addresses these facets of his personality although this humble article cannot do justice to the great merits of Professor Soon-Kil Hong. This article discusses the liability aspects for damages and injuries to passengers on suborbital flights, by examining: 1. Recent developments regarding space tourism 2. Suborbital flights in relation to the Chicago Convention 3. The application of space law treaties to space tourism 4. Potential candidates for liability regimes applying to space tourism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Liability under international space law 4.2.1 The Outer Space Treaty (1969) 4.2.2 The Liability Convention (1972) 4.2.3 Conclusions 4.3 Liability under international private air law 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 The Warsaw Convention (1929), as variously amended 4.3.3 The Montreal Agreement (1999) 4.3.4 Conclusions 5. Final observations

REGULAR P-ALMOST COTANGENT STRUCTURES

LEON, MANUEL DE,MENDEZ, ISABEL,SALGADO, MODESTO Korean Mathematical Society 1988 대한수학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Philosophy in the Market for Happiness and Self-transformation - Lydia Amir’s Contribution to the Restoration of Philosophy’s Lost Key Role

Leon de Haas 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 Journal of Humanities Therapy Vol.9 No.1

Lydia Amir calls on philosophers to take responsibility in society by offering rational alternatives to irrational New Age cosmology in spiritual matters and to amateurish psychological answers in moral issues. She offers a skeptical worldview, in which humor plays the key role. This essay discusses her worldview critically. Her view of epistemology is limited, like her view of skepticism. In both cases, the Socratic practice of skeptical investigation of truth claims in dialogical encounters is ignored. Her project is seen as one of the contemporary attempts to restore philosopher’s lost key role in society.

Weldability assessment of Mg alloy (AZ31B) sheets by an ultrasonic spot welding method

de Leon, M.,Shin, H.S. Elsevier 2017 Journal of materials processing technology Vol.243 No.-

<P>A series of ultrasonic spot welding experiments with similar Mg alloy (AZ31B) were performed to determine the process parameters and their effect on weld quality, including weld strength and fracture morphologies. Two dominant welding parameters including vibration amplitude and welding time were evaluated independently to obtain good weld quality. A horn and an anvil tip surfaces were designed with pyramidal patterns to prevent slippage of lap-structured Mg alloy sheets among tool tips during ultrasonic spot welding process. The lap joint thinning was significant at higher vibration amplitudes and longer welding dines and resulted in the variation of fracture types at the weld interface. Lap-shear tests on the ultrasonic spot welded Mg alloy lap joints yielded two fracture types: shear and pullout fracture. Metallographic examinations of the fracture surfaces provided insights on the fracture characteristics of the ultrasonic spot welded Mg alloys. Variations in the fracture morphologies were the results of the actual weld nugget development and closely related to weld quality. Higher weld strength was obtained at a low welding energy range of 100-140J. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>