Economy Considerations and the Derivation of DP in Old English

Hee-Cheol Yoon 한국영어학학회 2002 영어학연구 Vol.- No.13

Yoon, Hee-Cheol. 2002.Economy Considerations and the Derivation of DP in Old English, the History of English, 13.This paper suggests that the definiteness or referentiality of Old English noun phrases depend on the presence of the uninterpretable [+R(cferential)]fcature in the functional head D. In Old English, the [+R(cferential)] fcature is associated with the EPP fearures, which forces the syntactic operation to delete both types of uninterpretable features in D for the proper interpretation at the interface. In consideration of the tact that Old English has no definite article possible candidates for deletion of those features in D include adnominal demonstratives, possessives and genitives of proper narnes all of which are characterized as inherently definite or referential. As far as thematic relations and empirical evidence are concemed, adnominal demonstratives are introduced into the speeifier of 예 through merge while possessives and genitives of proper names undergo movement to reach the same structural position. Although movement is a costly option, the operation is forced to delete not only uninterpretable features in D but also uninterpretable Case features in possessives and genitives of proper names. In case both demonstratives and possessive/genitives of proper names are available from the numeration, economy considerations determine the order of application between syntactic operations. A economic option of merge always precedes move, which results in the linear precedence of possessives/genitives of proper names over demonstratives in Old English noun phrases. Key words: DP hypothesis, adnominal demonstratives and possessives in Old English, definiteness, economy considerations

연구논문 : 담양 의암서원(義巖書院)의 설립, 사액 그리고 철폐

윤희면 ( Hee Myeon Yoon ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2015 역사학연구 Vol.57 No.-

유희춘을 모시는 三川祠는 담양의 양반사림 58명이 앞장서고, 전라도 양반사림의 호응과 지방관들의 도움을 얻어 1610년경에 완성되었다. 삼천사는 1630년경에 향교 근처로 옮기고 白川祠라 이름을 바꾸었다. 옮긴 이유는 유희춘이 文節이라는 시호를 받은 것과 관련 있어 보인다. 1668년에 담양 양반사림들이 사액을 받고자 상소문을 제출하여, 1669년에 「義巖」이라는 사액 이름을 받았다. 의암서원은 사액을 받은 뒤 나라로부터 여러 가지 혜택을 받았다. 제례에 쓸 祭需와 각종 잡물을 관아로부터 지급 받았다. 토지 3결을 면세받았고, 노비도 한때 100여명 이상을 소유하였다. 액외원생(정액 이외의 원생)을 수령으로부터 허락을 받기도 하였다. 특히 관에서 보태준 식리전은 재정의 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 19세기에 들어와서는 서원이 문중서원화되는 경향을 보이는데, 유희춘 후손들이 원임을 담당하고 의암서원 운영에 깊이 간여하였다. 의암서원에서는 경제적 어려움을 타개하기 위하여 관에 적극적으로 밀착하였다. 수령에게 원장을 맡기고, 19세기에 들어서면 경원장제를 채택하였다. 그리고 이들의 후원을 얻어 많은 건물들을 수리하고 건립할 수 있었다. 19세기에 이르면 대부분의 서원은 교육기능은 제대로 발휘되지 못하고 있었다. 의암서원도 마찬가지였다. 대원군의 서원 철폐로 의암서원도 1871년에 철폐되었다. 호남의 유생들은 1884년에 유희춘의 문묘 배향을 요청하는 상소를 하였으나 뜻을 이루지는 못하였다. Samchonsa enshrined Yu Hee-chun was established by 58 Confucian scholars of Damyang who initiated the idea, being responded by Yangban Sarim of Jeolla Province. It moved next to Hyanggyo by the year of 1630 and named it Paekchonsa. Its movement resulted from Yu Hee-chun`s receiving his posthumous epithet(Munjeol)Yangban Sarim submitted public appeals to receive charter and as a result, they acquired EuAhm in 1669. Since then EuAhm Seowon got several kinds of benefits. The economic foundations of EuAhm Seowon were fields, serfs, extra students, wonbo and duty free village. Especially Shickrigeon that was added by public office formed a great part. Since the opening of 19th century, the descendants of Yu Hee-chun took the role of wonim and were deeply involved with its management. EuAhm Seowon tried to be close to a local authority to resolve financial difficulty. They entrusted the position of Wonchang to a chief magistrate and chose implementing Gyeongwonjang system. With their support, they could build and maintain more buildings. By the turn of 19th century, most of seowon could not perform its educational fundction. EuAhm Seowon was in the same situation. In line with Daewongun ordered the close of seowon EuAhm Seowon was closed down in 1871. Yangban yusaeng of honam Province filed an appeal to ask a Confucian shrine of Yu, Hee-chun, but could not fulfill their will.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

탈중심적 세계의 시학 : 월러스 스티븐즈의 언어관에 관한 연구

윤희수 신한영미어문학회 1996 새한영어영문학 Vol.35 No.-

This paper aims to trace the poetic quest of Wallace Stevens in the decentered world by focusing on his view of language. For this purpose, the paper primarily examines two opposite interpretations of Stevens' abstraction, either as a means of fictive fabrication of reality or as a way to pure reality. And the emphasis of the re-examination is on the second interpretation suggested by the critics who view him as a poet of reality. Through this process of re-examination, we have reached the assumption that behind Stevens' uncertainty of the capacity of abstraction to grasp the thing itself lies his recognition of the intrinsic abstractness of language. And this assumption is likely supported by the fact that the shift of Hillis Miller's view, which represents the second interpretation of abstraction, is influenced by deconstructionists such as Derrida whose main source of inspiration is, in turn, Nietzsche's insight into the arbitrary abstraction of language. To justify this assumption on Steven' language view, three poems are analyzed in detail. As a result, especially in "The Rock", we are able to find that his poetry reflects the centerless world by showing the labyrinth of language not based on any absolute center or principle, and opens the way to "the great poem of the earth" liberated from the obsession with any transcendental concepts.

文學과 傳達

尹熙百 釜山敎育大學 1982 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.18 No.1

The aim of this paper is to consider efficacy of communication in a literary work in the viewpoint of linguistics and to examine how language contributes to the communicative aspect of literature. Recently sociolinguistics has been studied actively with reluctance to theoretical linguistics which deals with language in vacuum. It primarily concerns with the relationship between hearers and speakers. It is significant to consider communicative aspects of a literary work in the standpoint of pragmatics if writers are to readers what a speaker is to a hearer. Ⅰ. An Element of Literature : Communication Communication is one of the elements of literature. The content of a work is not closed in itself but created, communicated, and accepted. From the side of comminication, written words which form a passage between a writer and readers, have the same function as utterances. Ⅱ. Literature as a Speech Act. Since literature is regarded as a kind of speech act-discourse, it should obey the following rules of discourse, which are called 'Principles of Cooperation'; a. the principle of 'quantity' b. the principle of 'quality' c. the principle of 'relation' d. the principle of 'devices' But we often find the principles violated in some fine works of famous writers. This is called 'flouting', which is an intended effort to get a special effect and interrupt the flow of discourse and attract readers' attention Ⅲ. Theory of Communication Communication, we shall say, takes place when one mind so acts upin it environment that another mind is influenced, and in his mind an experience occurs which is like the experience in the first mind, and is caused in part by that experience. Communication is evidently a complicated matter, and capable of degree sat least in two respects. The two experiences may be more or less similar, and the second may be more or less dependent upon the first. Though the vehicle of communication must inevitably be complex in difficult cases difficulty of communication should not be confused with the difficulty of the matter communicated, but the two are often connected. Communications involving attitudes are deeper than those in which references alone are concerend. Ⅳ. Communication and the Artist An experience has to be formed, no doubt, before it is communicated, but it takes the form it does largely because it may have to be communicated. an artist or a poet cannot stop to consider how the public or especially well-qualified sections of the pubic may like it or respond to it. If he suspects of close separate attention to the communicative aspect he tends to fall into a subordinate rank. But this conscious neglect of communication does not in the least diminish the importance of the communicative aspect. Even if we find private works of art-works which satisfy the artist, but are incomprehensible to everybody else-so rare, and the publicity of the works so constantly and so intimately bound up with its appeal to the artist himself, efficacy of communication is a main part of the rightness which the artist may suppose to be something quite different. In the arts we find the record in the only form in which these things can be recorded of experiences which have seemed worth having to the most sensitive and discriminating persons. Therefore we should review the works in the standpoint of communication. Ⅴ. Literary Style and Communication In order to increase efficacy of communication in a work, in the whole composition there should be no word written of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to one pre-established design and the writer should use every word, line, and paragraph upon the reactions of the reader, and must aim at lucidity, simplicity, and euphony. But the writer should take into consideration two uses of language, scientific or emotional. Ⅵ. Conclusion One has a desire to exress and convey one's experiences and emotions, to be appreciated. But literature is formed, not on the basis of the satisfaction of such expressive desire, but that of communicative desire by expressing the emotions and experiences of a writer in written words.

최소이론에서의 주격자질 점검

윤희수,김형덕 金烏工科大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

In this paper, I have presented Chomsky's(1992) Minimaalist theory and provided solutions to its problems. The Minimalist takes the interface levels,PF and LF, to be the only significant linguistic levels : hence D-and S-structures are eliminated.If an array of items is selected from the lexicon by select-α,then SATISFY presents it ina format satisfying the conditions of the X-bar theory. SATISFY can apply at different positions in a derivation. Computation selects from the lexicon freely at any point. We have assumed that weak features of an inflectional element cannot attract a heavy element such as a main verb. though it attract a light element such as an auxiliary. while strong features attract any element. I have seen that Wh-movement and I to C raising are two separate operations. he motivation for I to C is to check the 〔+ Q 〕feature. while Wh-movement is triggered by 〔+Op 〕. Our basic assumption is that no feature can move alone without being supported by an overt element. If there is no modal or auxiliary. do must be inserted under T in order to bear the features of T. One of the major characteristics of Minimalist theory is that it is a morphological feature-centered theory. Therefore, we can say that all grammatical operations must be driven only to satisfy the requirements of the morphological properties of functional heads or lexical items.

효과적인 항공기 사고조사에 관한 연구 : 증인 진술을 중심으로

윤승중,은희봉 한국항공대학교 1996 論文集 Vol.34 No.-

항공기 사고는 기술적인 측면에서의 비약적인 발전에도 불고하고 1970년대 중반 이후에 3에서 4%의 일정한 율로 지속되고 있으며, ICAO 통계에 의하면 2005년까지 년 20건씩 지속될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 이러한 항공기 사고는 막대한 생명과 재산상의 피해로 인하여, 다른 교통수단에 비하여 상대적으로 낮은 사고율에도 불구하고 치명적이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 사고조사의 목적은 과학적이고 논리적으로 사고원인을 규명하므로써 유사사고의 방지에 있으며, 본 연구는 특히 사고조사에 있어 물적증거와 함께 매우 중요한 부분인 증인의 증언에 관하여 문헌연구를 통하여 연구하였다. 논문의 구성은 제1장에서 연구의 목적과 구성, 방법에 관하여 기술하였으며, 2장에서는 항공기 사고의 개요, 사고의 현황에 대하여 국·내외 관련 자료를 통하여 조사하였다. 제3장에서는 사고조사의 의의와 사고조사에 관한 법률, 사고조사 과정에 관하여 연구하였으며, 제4장은 증인인터뷰에 관하여 그 의의 및 계획, 기법에 관한 내용을 기술하였다. 마지막으로 제5장에서는 이상의 연구 내용을 근거로 증인 인터뷰를 중심으로한 효과적인 사고조사에 관하여 결론을 도출하였다. The aircraft accidents have been happened at the constant rate of three to four percentage after the middle of 1970 era, in spite of well-developed technology and equipments in the civil aviation ICAO expects the twenty worldwide aircraft accidents every year until 2005. Even though, the rate of aircraft accidents is very low in comparison with the one of other transportations, the need of perfect flight safety is reuired because of the great sacrifice of life and property. Therefore, the investigation of aircraft accidents is for the purpose of preventing the analogous accident by finding out the causes of accidents scientifically. This study is organized into four part. The first part presents the summary and situation of aircraft accidents. the second part presents the meaning and process of the investigation of accidents and the third part involves the meaning, planning and technique of witness interview. The final part presents the purpose of this study for the effective investigation of aircraft accidents especially with respect of witness interview.

볼링 투구동작의 운동학적 분석

윤희중,이연종,금명숙 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1997 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.16 No.1

The purpose of this study are to examine the kinematical variables of throwing motion in bowling. The selected kinematical variables were the joint angle of lower and upper extremity at release, the length of stride, the height of center of mass, the velocity of the wrist, elbow and shoulder from stance position to release the ball. Four male bowling players in H university were participated in this study. One camera was used for data collection of 2-D DLT. The camera was located at the right side of bowler. Also a control object containing 12 markers of known coordinates encompassed the space of the throwing movement. After the selected kinematical variables were calculated, the following conclusions were drawn ; 1. The shortest stride length was showed at first step, but the longest stride length was showed at last step before release the ball. 2. The players decreased the CM at beginning of backswing, and then gradually increased the CM until end of the backswing. Also the players maintained the low CM until release the ball. 3. At release, the players maintained 55.5° of ankle joint, 135° of knee joint, 100.2° of hip joint, 20.7° of leaning body angle with extended arm. 4. The fastest movement was showed the shoulder joint at backswing, but the fastest movement was showed the wrist joint at release.

심환좌심실기능부전을 동반한 만성신부전환자에서 완전폐색관상동맥의 경피적관상동맥확장술

이내희,조윤행 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.2

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周王山 森林群集의 植物社會學的 硏究

尹相旭,金熙采,金昌浩 동국대학교 농림과학연구소 1991 農林科學 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

This study was to analyze the quantitive and structural changes and the distributional characteristics of forest communities in Mt. juwang area with respect to physiographic location. 16 sites were selected, including every 8 site of ridge part and glen part, slow slopes and steep slopes, respectively. Obtained results are as follows: 1. Mean D.B.H. of trees of upperstory was most gret in the steep slopes, mean tree height in the glen part, and tree age in steep slopes. 2. Mean D.B.H. and tree age of trees of middlestory was most great in the steep slopes, and mean tree height in the slow slopes. 3. In the upperstory, Pinus densiflora showed the highest importance value regardlessly topographical location. 4. In the middlestory, Quercus mongolica showed the highest importance value in the ridge part, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum in the other part. 5. Lindera obtusilaba showed the most high importance value of lowerstory regardlessly topographical location. 6. Species diversity(H′) were the most high in glen part and slow slopes- and dominance (1-J′) in ridge part. 7. As a result of Cluster Analysis, it was appreared forest communities in this area formed one group. 8. As a result of Polar Ordination analysis, Pinus densiflora communities and Carpinus laxiflora communities were situated in the loggest distance due to very different structure of tree species and density of tree individuals. 9. Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus alieana appeared to be in the decline regardlessly topographical location, and those tree species were replacing with Fraxinus spp. in ridge part and steep slopes, and with carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus spp. in glen part and steep slopes.