정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

췌장염에 의한 가성낭종내에 생긴 가성동맥류 : 1례 보고

오연희,이채경,김승현,이성우,양창현,이정호,이영현 동국대학교 경주대학 1996 東國論集 Vol.15 No.-

만성 췌장염의 합병증으로 생긴 가성동맥류는 드문질환으로, 반복적으로 다량의 출혈을 일으킬 수 있으며, 치료를 하지 않을 경우 사망율이 높기 때문에, 조기 진단과 치료가 필수적이다. 저자들은 38세 남자 환자에서 췌장염의 합병증으로 생긴 가성낭종내에서 발생한 가성동맥류 1예를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. 가성 동맥류의 색혈류도플러상 낭종내에 양방향 흐름의 와류를 볼 수 있었다. Pancreatic Pseudoaneurysm within Pseudocyst from Pancreatitis: 1 Case Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine,DongGuk University Yeon Hee OH M.D., Chae Kyeong Lee M.D., Seoung Hyeon Kim M.D., Sung Woo Lee M.D., Chang Heon Yang M.D., Jung Ho Lee M.D., Young Hyun Lee M.D. Pseudoaneurysm from pancreatitis is uncommon, but it can cause recurrent and massive hemorrhage. Because of high morbidity and mortality, early detection and treatment of the pseudoaneurysm is needed. We report a case of pseudoaneurysm within pseudocyst from pancreatitis. Color-flow Doppler sonography shows bidirectional flow and turbulent arterial flow, within anechoic mass.

국내외 ‘영아’ 관련 연구물의 최근 동향 분석 : 2000년~2013년 발간 논문을 대상으로

이승연,권수현,권연정,김언경,나영이,유주연,최정아 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2015 교육과학연구 Vol.46 No.3

The purpose of this study was to examine research trends in infant research published from 2000 to 2013, in order to understand overall aspects in research topics, methods, and subjects in infant research and to suggest directions for future infant research. A total of 2916 journal articles and theses/dissertations, both domestic and foreign, were selected for the analysis. The findings of this study were as follows: First, for the 14 year period, 737 domestic articles, 634 domestic theses/ dissertations, 1242 foreign articles, and 303 foreign dissertations on infant research were published, and there was a steady increase in the number of articles and theses/dissertations over the years. Second, in terms of research topics, different patterns were found between the domestic ones and the foreign ones; the topic of “education and teachers” in the domestic ones and “development” in the foreign ones occurred most frequently. Third, in terms of research methods, the domestic ones employed “survey” the most, and the foreign ones employed “experiment” the most among quantitative research methods; when analyzing the relation between methods and topics, the foreign ones showed clear matches between topics and research methods, while the domestic ones preferred “survey” regardless of the topics. Fourth, in terms of subjects/participants, “infants” were the most researched in both the domestic ones and the foreign ones, followed by “parent” and “teachers.” Among the infants, the domestic ones focused on 25~36-month olds the most, while the foreign ones focused most on 0~12-month olds. In addition, in all types of infant research, there were more single subject studies than multiple subject ones.

2003년 국내 중증급성호흡기증후군 진료 현황 및 문제점 분석

이진수,김은실,정문현,백제중,정선화,안주희,최영화,이선희,고철우,김성범,김민자,박승철,기현균,송재훈,최상호,김양수,이상오,조용균,박영훈,정숙인,김연숙,이흥범,손창희,장성희,정희진,김우주 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 2002년 말 중국에서 SARS가 발생한 이후 국내에서도 2003년 10월까지 총 3명의 추정환자, 17명의 의심환자가 보고되었다. 향후 추가적인 SARS의 유행이 우려되는 상황에서, 그간의 SARS 환자 진료에 있어서의 실질적인 준비사항, 진료 현황 등에 대한 조사를 통해 문제점을 파악하여, 향후 더 나은 대비가 될 수 있도록 개선점을 제시하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : SARS로 의심되는 환자를 진료 경험이 있는 병원의료진을 대상으로 2003년 10월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문에는 SARS 환자 진료 시의 실질적인 조치, 진료 현황, 병실, 응급실 및 외래에서의 격리 시설과 준비사항, 보건당국의 관리와 지원에 관한 사항을 포함하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되는 22개 병원 중 17개(17/22, 77.2%) 병원이 설문에 응하였다. SARS 환자를 위한 격리실은 응급실, 외래, 일반병실 및 중환자실에서 각각 9개(9/17, 52.9%), 5개(5/17, 29.4%), 15개(15/16, 93.7%), 4개(4/16, 25%) 병원에서 음압처리가 되어있지 않은 일인실 혹은 다인실이 사용되었고, 1개(1/16, 6.3%) 병원에서만 일반병실에서 음압격리실이 운영되었다. 입원환자의 진찰 시 개인보호구의 착용은 거의 모든 의료기관에서 이루어졌다. 보건당국에서 SARS지정병원의 시설 등을 사전에 확인한 곳은 1곳(1/12, 8.3%)이였고, 14개 병원(14/15, 93.3%)에서는 보건당국에 의뢰한 검사결과를 통하 받지 못하였다. 결론 : 의료기관에서 SARS 환자용 격리실뿐만 아니라 기존의 격리실 설비 등이 미흡하였으며, 특히 중환자실 및 외래의 준비가 더욱 부족하였다. 보건당국의 의료기관에 대한 종합적인 지원이 부족하였고, 병원과의 원활한 연계가 잘 이루어지지 않았다. SARS 만이 아닌 격리를 필요로 하는 질환의 적절한 진료를 위해 향후 병원 시설의 정비와 정부차원에서의 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 대책마련이 필요하다. Background : There was an worldwide outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) originated from China in late 2002. During that period three cases of suspected SARS and 17 cases of probable SARS were reported in Korea. With the concerns about the reemergence of SARS-coV transmission, it is important to be prepared for any possibility. So, this study is aimed to analysis the past measures in managing SARS and propose the amendatory plans to improve the preparedness. Materials & Methods : Questionnaires were collected among clinicians with any experience in managing the probable or suspected SARS cases in Oct. 2003. 17 out of 22 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The contents in the questionnaire were practical activities, personal equipments, response plans, isolation facilities in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards and intensive care units, and relationship with the public health department. Results : The dedicated isolation rooms in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards, and intensive care units were prepared in 9 (9/17, 52.9%), 5 (5/17, 29.4%), 15 (15/16, 93.7%), and 4 (4/16, 25.0%) hospitals, respectively. Except for one hospital that newly made negative pressure room for SARS, single or multi-bed rooms without airborne infection control were used in all the other hospitals. The personal precaution principles were kept quite well in general wards. Before the designation of SARS hospital by the public health department prior evalution to see if the hospital was suitable for managing SARS was conducted in only 1 (1/12, 8.3%) hospital. The results of laboratory diagnosis were reported back in 1 (1/15, 6.6%) hospital. Conclusions : The isolation facilities which can control airborne infection were almost deficient not only for SARS but also for other respiratory transmissible diseases. For the infection control of transmissible diseases including SARS, more investment is needed on medical facilities and comprehensive support from the public health department required.

임신중 산전 초음파로 진단된 자궁근종의 임상적 고찰

서정호,김윤숙,김대원,이동운,최규연,이정재,이임순 순천향의학연구소 2003 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.9 No.1

Objectives: To study the clinical manifestations; time, mode of delivery, size of myomas and outcome of pregnancy in cases of myomas that were detected prior to pregnancy or during the antenatal care and after delivery. Methods: We statistically analyzed 76 patients with uterine myomas in pregnancy admitted to Soonchunhyang Seoul Hospital during the period of Jan. 1999 and Dec. 2001. Results: The results are as follows. 1. The mean age of patients in the detected group and undetected group were 32.9 years and 32.3 years, respectively. There was no difference in the proportion of primarity between the detected group(98.2%) and the undetected group(79.6%) 2. The most common type of uterine myoma in both groups was intramural myoma (detected group 94.1% vs undetected group 81.3%). The uterine myomas were most commonly located in the anterior portion and fundus(detected group 52.9% and 23.5% respectively vs undetected group 47.4% and 23.7% respectively) and the proportion was not significantly different between the two groups. Uterine myomas with a diameter of 3cm or more in the detected group were detected by clinical examination and ultrasonogram. Rate of uterine myomas with a diameter of 3cm or more in the detected group is 76.5% and less than 3cm is 54.2% which detected incidentally at delivery. 3. The proportion of term infants were detected group 88.2% vs undetected group 91.5%. 4. The most common indications for cesarean section in both groups were cephalopelvic disproportion and repeated cesarean section (detected group 41.2% and 45.8% respectively vs undetected group 11.8% and 18.6% respectively) and there was no significant difference between the two groups. 5. Secondary pathologic changes in the all myomectomy specimens were degeneration in both groups but there was no necrosis or sarcomatous change. 6. Antenatal complications were preterm labor, premature repture of membranes, spontaneous abortion, malpresentation, and placenta previa. Intrauterine growth retardation and placental abruption were not seen in both groups. Conclusion: Myoma detected by ultrasonogram before or during pregnancy is not a significant implication of pregnancy outcome.

한국피아노교수법학회논문집 : Murphy-Meisgeier Type Indicator for Children (MMTIC) 기질별 학습스타일에 따른 피아노 교수법 적용 연구

이정연 ( Jung Yeon Lee ) 한국피아노교수법학회 2010 음악교수법연구 Vol.6 No.-

피아노 레슨을 할 때, 교사와 학생간의 관계형성이 잘 이루어지지 않는다면 서로에 대한 부정적인 시각이 강해지며 교사는 자기 중심적 레슨을 하게 된다. 또한 학생 개개인의 성격이나 음악적 재질등의 차이가 있음에도 불구하고 획일화된 레슨은 가능성이 있는 학생의 흥미를 떨어뜨리기도 한다. 심리학자 Jung은 교육의 목적은 어린이에게 모든 경향을 똑같이 발달시키도록 돕는 것이 아니고 오히려 어린이가 자신의 고유한 경향을 지닌 잠재력을 발견하도록 돕는 것이라고 했다. 그러므로, 선생님이 알아야 할첫 번째는 바로 아이의 고유한 성격유형과 기질을 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 성격유형에 맞는 개개인별의 피아노 교수법의 필요성을 인식하고, 학생들의 기질별 피아노 학습 스타일의 관계를 분석하여 성격유형에 맞는 피아노 교수법 적용에는 어떤것이 있는지 알아보는데 있다. 본 연구 결과, SP(감각인식형)아동들은 행동하려는 충동과 자유로운 행동방식을 과시하고픈 욕구가 강하고, 몸으로 부딪히며 배우는 스타일이기 때문에, 일반적이고 전통적인 레슨 방식에 흥미를 느끼지 못한다. 그러므로 피아노 레슨을 할 때는 약간의 자유도 허용되는 가운데 즐겁고 재밌게 레슨을 하는 것이 효과적이다. SP 아동들은 다른기질의 아이들보다 예체능 방면에 재능을 가지고 있고 흥미만 일으켜 준다면, 다른 4가지 기질 중 악기를 다루는 것에 성격이 가장 잘 맞는 기질이다. SJ(감각판단형)아동들은 공통적으로 나타나는 모습은 안정감을 필요로 한다는 것이다. 그래서 레슨도 잘 짜여지고 준비된 레슨을 선호한다. SP와는 반대로 자유를 허용하는 분위기 보다는 규칙 안에서 구체적으로 정확히 지시해 주면서 차근차근 레슨 받는것을 더 편안하게 느낀다. 이 기질의 아이들은 선생님이 레슨 하기에 가장 잘 맞는 유형으로 선생님의 말을 잘 따른다. 자신의 평가보다 선생님의 평가에 민감하게 반응하며 인정받기 위해 노력한다. 연습을 할 때는 스스로 연습하는 것보다는 선생님이 정해준 연습을 하는 것을 선호하며, 성실하고 책임감이 강해 숙제를 잘해온다. NT(직관사고형)아동들은 바로 “호기심”이 공통적으로 나타나는 유형이다. 그러므로 그들의 호기심을 자극시켜 집중할 수 있도록 해주며 간략하고 정확하게 반복적이지 않게 레슨을 이끌고 가야 한다. 또한 미지의 세계에 대한 신비함을 통해 에너지를 얻으며 자율성이 강한 편이라 알고자 하는 욕구가 충족될 때까지 정보를 모으는 등 자기 스스로 알아내길 원한다. 그러므로, 선생님은 인내심을 갖고 지켜봐 주어야 하고 NT 아동이 중요하게 여기는 것에 대해 귀 기울여주는 것이 좋다. NF(직관감정형)아동들은 인정과 보살핌, 인간적인 관심, 상호교류 등이 절대적으로 필요하다. 이 기질은 특히 다른 사람과의 관계가 많은 영향을 끼치기 때문에 레슨 하는데 있어서 그 무엇보다도 아이와 선생님과의 신뢰를 쌓는 것이 최우선이다. 또한 칭찬을 할 때는 그들만이 가지고 있는 장점을 부각시켜 이야기 하는 것이 효과적이다 또한 선생님이 아주 사소하고 그냥 지나칠만한 비평이라 할지라도 NF아동들에게는 매우 파괴적인 영향을 가져 올 수 있으므로 꼭 필요할 때는 칭찬과 함께 지혜롭게 첨가되어야할 부분이다. NF아이들은 예습을 해 올 때, 레슨시간에 호기심을 가지게 되므로 숙제를 꼭 해올 수 있도록 하는 것이 효과적인 레슨을 끌어 낼 수 있다. 이처럼, 학생의 성격유형의 차이는 피아노 학습 스타일에 큰 영향을 미치고, 그들의 성격차이에서 오는 행동을 이해함으로써 교사 자신이 지향하는 교수방법만을 고집하는것이 아니라 학생의 기질에 맞는 학습스타일을 살려 최대한의 레슨 효과를 올릴 수 있는 것이다. In piano teaching, teachers offer self-centered lessons to their students with negative perspective unless they do not build up the relationship. In addition, if teachers teach their students by rigid rule without any concerning of their differences of personalities or musical abilities of individuals, it can make them loose their interesting easily. A child psychologist, Jung said the goal of education is not to help a child to develop in the normal ways, but to encourage discovering his/her potentials with by him/herself. To do this, teachers has to find out the types of temperament of each student. A goal of this study is to recognize the need of different piano pedagogies with different personalities and to find out what is the most effective piano teaching method for each student by analyzing the relationship between learning style and different personalities. As a result of this study, SP children tend to act impulsively and have strong desire to show themselves off. Usually, they do not like a typical lesson method because they like to learn by experiencing. Therefore, it is more effective to make them feel free and fun rather than offering a typical and rigid lesson. The SP children are more talented at the art than other tempers, so they are suited for learning the piano if teachers motivate them. The common aspect of SJ children is the need of safety. So, they prefer well-prepared lessons. Opposite to SP children, they feel safe when they are ordered in details by their teacher rather than having free space. These types of children are easy to teach because they obey the rule. They are sensitive to evaluation and try to get positive feedback from their teachers. Most of them work very hard and do their homework with a strong sense of responsibility. Theses types of children do not ask “why” because they think it is rude for their teacher. So, teachers should observe their mind very carefully. Curiosity is the common aspect of NT children. So, it is effective way to stimulate their curiosity and to provide simple and accurate lessons without many repetitions. In addition, they like to get information until they are satisfied, because they obtain some energy from curiosity about unknown world. Also, they need time to think and find out the way of learning by themselves. Therefore, teachers should wait their students patiently and listen carefully what the students want. NT children essentially need feelings of care, humanity and mutual relationship. The most important factor for those students is building up relationship and providing trust through lessons because they are influenced easily by the relationship with other people. In addition, it is more effective way to give prominence to merits when teachers compliment them. Teachers should give not only critiques but also some praise too because NF children can be damaged very easily by little critiques. The children can have more curiosity when they prepare their lessons, so it is helpful to encourage them to do their homework. As I discussed above, the differences of the type of temperaments can influence their styles of learning. Therefore, teachers should not stick to their teaching methods, but be flexible by understanding different personalities and learning styles of each student in order to provide effective lessons to them.

Azathioprine에 반응을 보인 류마티양 관절염에 의한 경막염(Pachymeningitis)1예

배광봉,이정호,이정찬,곽상혁,강정현,김철희,김현수,김종숙,조덕연,김삼용 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1999 충남의대잡지 Vol.26 No.1

Rheumatoid arthritis frequently involves the cervical spine and may lead to neurologic impairement. However, direct involvement of CNS structures by inflammatory cells has been reported infrequently. The prevalence of this complication of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Inflammatory CNS involvement in rheumatoid arthritis reportedly occurs in the setting of longstanding, active, erosive articular disease and is accompanied by extracranial and extraspinal nodules and vasculitis. This is diagnosed by radiologic finding of CNS nodules or meningeal thickening and by biopsy or autopsy. Treatment with corticosteroid, cytotoxic agent or surgical decompression is helpful. But the majority of patients die within several months of onset of neurologic symptom. Recently, we experienced a case of pachymeningitis caused by rheumatoid arthritis, which resolved repeatedly with azathioprine treatment.

문학,문화 : 디지털 시대 도시의 생태학적 전망

이경래 ( Kyung Lae Lee ),박규현 ( Kyou Hyun Park ),조연정 ( Yeon Jung Cho ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2012 비교문화연구 Vol.26 No.-

City`s Ecological Landscape in the Digital Age Lee Kyung-Lae, Park Kyou-Hyun, Cho Yeon-Jung We all know how beautiful our wild and it`s importance to our living planet Earth. But did you realise the speed at which man himself is damaging it`s unique natural habitat. We are well on our way to destroy our forests, plants, wetlands. We are polluting our oceans and seas. This way, we`re driving numerous animal species, plant species and many others into extinction. Everyone should be aware of the importance of our natural environment. We live in the period of echocide. Why we need nature to survive and how we can deal with the environmental problems we face. This paper has the purpose to reform city`s environment. Because, Metropolis and megalopolis are the principal cause of environmental disruption. To reform the city is needed to consider digital technology in our age. In the face of economic and cultural globalization, many have argued that we live an increasingly placeless world. However, as a growing number of cities participate and compete in key marketplaces of advanced capitalism, the spectacle of the city is more than ever a significant medium of communication in its own right. In doing so, this work is focused specifically on the dimension of city`s media environment. To that end, the paper examined U-City and U-Eco city. In this study, we will introduce the study on model of U-Eco City as one way for the eco-freindly future city.

Fluoxetine 투여와 관련된 양측 측두하악관절 손상 1예

배치운,김연주,김태석,김정진,이창욱,이수정,이철,백인호 大韓神經精神醫學會 2004 신경정신의학 Vol.43 No.4

We hereupon present a case of injured temporomandibular joint (TMJ) associated with fluoxetine monotherapy-inducedrepeated yawning. Further information is needed regarding the relationship between fluoxetine administration and clinically significant yawning. Clinicians should be more careful to listen to their patients when they describe unexpected reactions to medications.

Genetic Characterization of Haemagglutinin 1 Domain of Influenza B Viruses Isolated in Korea during $1988{\sim}1999$

Shin, Gu-Choul,Na, Byoung-Kuk,Lee, Joo-Yeon,Ahn, Jung-Bae,Park, Jong-Won,Lee, Jin-Soo,Kim, Jee-Hee,Kim, Woo-Joo,Kang, Chun The Korean Society for Microbiology 2003 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.33 No.4

Although Korean influenza virus isolates have been genetically associated with the vaccine strains of the corresponding year, influenza B viruses have prevailed almost every year in Korea during the past decades. We have 'analyzed the genetic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of the haemagglutinin (HA) 1 domains of influenza B viruses isolated during 1988-1999 using direct RT-PCR and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of influenza B viruses isolated in Korea indicated that antigenically and genetically distinguishable strains of the lineage II and lineage III variants had been cocirculated. Variants prevailed in early 1990s are represented in 1996/97 and 1998/99 and some different variants have been co circulated geographically and prevailed concurrently in Korea. All HA1s of Korean isolates have amino acid substitutions mainly in the region between position 124 and 310, which was previously proposed an immunodominant region. Insertion-deletion patterns of the HA gene revealed that Korean influenza B viruses were evolved from Lee40 with different manner between lineage II and III viruses. Lineage III viruses were also divided into two groups as conserved group and inserted group, in relation to Lee40. But lineage II viruses had evolved with directional pattern. Antigenic index proposed that influenza B isolates prevailed since 1996/97 seasons might had emerged from the antigenic variants of a Seo1697-like virus and that new variants might appear from the lineage II viruses resulting in persistent prevalence in Korea.