Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells

Yang, Kyu-Ho,Mo, Hyun-Chul,Choi, Nam-Ki,Kim, Seon-Mi,Kim,Won-Jae 大韓小兒齒科學會 2006 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.33 No.1

Neuronal apoptotic events, consequently resulting in neuronal cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic condition. This cell death has been shown to be accompanied with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can attack cellular components such as nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipid. However, the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis induced in hypoxic/ischemic condition and its treatment methods are unsettled. Cobalt chloride (CoCl_(2)) has been known to mimic hypoxic condition including the production of ROS. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). a green tea polyphenol, has diverse pharmacologial activities in cell growth and death. This study was aimed to investigate the apoptotic mechanism by CoCl_(2) and effects of EGCG on CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Administration of CoCl_(2) decreased cell survival in dose- and time-dependent manners and induced genomic DNA fragmentation. Treatment with 100 µM EGCG for 30 min before PC12 cells were exposed to 150 µM CoCl_(2), being resulted in the cell viability and DNA fragmentation being rescued. CoCl_(2) caused morphologic changes such as cell swelling and condensed nuclei, whereas EGCG attenuated morphologic changes by CoCl_(2). EGCG suppressed the apoptotic peak and a loss of Δψ_(m) induced by CoCl_(2). CoCl_(2) decreased Bcl-2 expression but Bax expression was not changed in CoCl_(2)-treated cells. EGCG attenuated the Bcl-2 underexpression by CoCl_(2). CoCl_(2) augumented the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm and increased caspase-8, -9 and caspase-3 activity, a marker of the apoptotic executing stage. EGCG ameliorated the incruement in caspase-8, -9 and -3 activity, and cytochrome c release by CoCl_(2). NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine), a scavenger of ROS, attenuated CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in consistent with those of EGCG. These results suggest, that CoCl_(2) induces apoptotic cell death through both mitochondria- and death receptor-dependent pathway and EGCG has neuroprotective effects against CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. 신경세포자멸사는 저산소 및 허혈환경에서 일어나며 이러한 세포죽은 reactive oxidant species (ROS) 생성을 동반함이 알려져있다. 그러나, 저산소 및 허혈환경에서 일어나는 세포자멸사의 기전 및 그 치료방법은 아직 정립되어 있지 않다. CoCl_(2)는 ROS를 생성하는 등 저산소환경과 유사한 조건을 초래하는 것으로 알려져 있다. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)는 녹차의 polyphenol 성분으로서 세포성장과 죽음에 다양한 약리학적 효과를 나타냄이 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 PC12 세포에서 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포자멸사기전을 밝히고 이에 미치는 EGCG의 효과를 조사하는데 목적이 있다. Cell viability는 MTT 측정으로 조사되었고, DNA fragmentation은 DNA laddering으로 조사되었다. Bcl-2와 Bax발현 정도는 RT-PCR로, caspase-3와 -9의 활성은 spectrophotometer, caspase-8의 활성은 flow cytometry에 의해 측정되었다. 미토콘드리아에서 세포질로 분비된 cytochrome c는 western blot으로, 분해된 DNA 양과 미토콘드리아 세포막전위 (Δψ_(m))는 FACScan으로 조사되었다. CoCl_(2)투여로 PC12 세포수는 용량 및 시간 의존형태로 감소하였고, genomic DNA fragmentation이 발생하였다. CoCl_(2)투여로 야기된 cell viability의 감소와 DNA fragmentation은 EGCG 전처치에 의해 억제되었다. CoCl_(2)은 세포용적팽창과 condensed nuclei 같은 형태적 변화를 일으켰으며, apoptotic peak, Δψ_(m)감소 및 cytochrome c 유리를 야기하였다. EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포형태변화, apoptotic peak, Δψ_(m)소실 및 cytochrome c 유리를 억제시켰다. CoCl_(2)는 Bcl-2 발현을 감소시켰지만, Bax 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의해 야기된 Bcl-2 발현 감소를 억제시켰다. CoCl_(2)는 caspase-3, -8, 그리고 -9의 활성을 증가시켰으며, EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포자멸사를 억제시켰다. 본 실험결과는 PC12 세포에서 CoCl_(2)가 미토콘드리아 의존 및 death receptor의존 기전으로 세포자멸사를 일으키며, EGCG는 세포자멸사기전을 억세지킴으로 신경보호기능을 가짐을 시사하였다.

Calabi-Yau Manifolds, Hermitian Yang-Mills Instantons, and Mirror Symmetry

Yang, Hyun Seok,Yun, Sangheon Hindawi Limited 2017 Advances in high energy physics Vol.2017 No.-

<P>We address the issue of why Calabi-Yau manifolds exist with a mirror pair. We observe that the irreducible spinor representation of the Lorentz group Spin(6) requires us to consider the vector spaces of two forms and four forms on an equal footing. The doubling of the two-form vector space due to the Hodge duality doubles the variety of six-dimensional spin manifolds. We explore how the doubling is related to the mirror symmetry of Calabi-Yau manifolds. Via the gauge theory formulation of six-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, we show that the curvature tensor of a Calabi-Yau manifold satisfies the Hermitian Yang-Mills equations on the Calabi-Yau manifold. Therefore, the mirror symmetry of Calabi-Yau manifolds can be recast as the mirror pair of Hermitian Yang-Mills instantons. We discuss the mirror symmetry from the gauge theory perspective.</P>

CT-26 선암을 접종한 마우스에서 Iodine-131-Iodomisonidazole 의 생체분포 및 종양저산소증의 영상화

Yang, David J,Kim, E Edmund,김혜원,김창근,윤권하,김현정,정선관,노병석,Lee, Hyun-Chul 대한핵의학회 1999 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.33 No.3

urpose: Misonidazole is a radiosensitizer that binds in hypoxic cells. The purpose of this study was to find out the feasibility of I-131-Iodomisonidazole (IMISO) for imaging of tumor hypoxia. Materials and Methods: Tosyl precursor was dissolved in acetonitrile and I-131-NaI was added to synthesize IMISO. Balb/c mice inoculated with CT-26 adenocarcinoma were injected with IMISO. Mice were sacrificed at 1,2,4,24 hr and % of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was determined. For scintigraphy and MRI, mouse bearing CT-26 adenocarcinoma was administered with IMISO and imaging was performed 4 hr after. Then, mouse body was fixed and microtomized slice was placed on radiographic film for autoradiography. Results: %ID/g of tumor was 1.64 (1h), 0.98 (2h), 0.85 (4h) and 0.20 (24h), respectively. At 24h, %ID/g of tumor was higher than that of all other tissues except thyroid. Tumor to muscle ratio increased with time and tumor to blood ratio also increased with time and reached 1.53 at 24 hr. On autoradiogram, tumor was well visualized as an increased activity in central hypoxic area of the tumor which corresponds to the area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR image. On scintigraphy, tumor uptake was visualized. Conclusion: This results suggest that IMISO may have a potential for tumor hypoxia imaging in mouse model. However, further study is needed to improve it's localization in tumor tissue and to achieve acceptable images of tumor hypoxia.

Accent-Epenthesis Interaction Revisited

Hyun-ju Kim,In Young Yang 한국언어학회 2016 언어 Vol.41 No.2

Kim, Hyun-ju and In Young Yang. 2016. Accent-Epenthesis Interaction Revisited. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 41-2, 239-265. This study investigates the lexical statistical patterning in North Kyungsang Korean accent-epenthesis interaction. Previous phonetic studies of Korean epenthetic vowels showed that inserted vowels are not phonetically distinct from corresponding lexical vowels (Kim & Kochetov 2011; H-J. Kim 2015), suggesting that complete neutralization would not help NKK speakers access underlying representations of epenthetic vowels to avoid accenting epenthetic vowels. We performed a corpus study to examine whether other informative cues are available in the lexical probabilistic patterning, which might help NKK speakers with the covert interaction of accent and epenthesis. The results show that the lexical stochastic patterns would not provide a cue for the accent avoidance of epenthetic high vowels. Rather, it is assumed that there is a clear distinction of lexical strata in Korean phonology, helping NKK speakers learn the interaction. We propose a formal analysis adopting comparative phonotactics developed by Hayes (in press), based on two lexical strata: NATIVE and FOREIGN (e.g., Ito and Mester 1999). This analysis provides a better approach to accounting for the covert interaction that does not involve the learnability problem. (The State University of New York, Korea and Seoul National University)

한의진단명과 진단요건의 표준화 연구 II (표준화 실례) : 2차년도 연구결과 중간 보고

양기상,최선미,최승훈,안규석,박경모,박종현,김성우,신승호,정우열,전병훈,고현,김정범,신상우,김성훈,김동희,권영규,엄현섭,장혜옥 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.2 No.1

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the second year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows; - differential diagnosis according to condition of body fluid, differentiation of syndromes according to the state of qi and blood, differential diagnosis according to relative excessiveness or deficiency of yin and yang(氣血陰陽津液辨證) - differentiation of diseases according to pathological changes of the viscera and their interrelation - analyzing and differentiating of febrile diseases in accordance with the theory of the six channels(傷寒辨證) The individual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name(異名), notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs(辨證指標), the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern(證候分析), discrimination of diagnosis pattern(證候鑑別), a way of curing a diseases(治法), prescription(處方), herb in common use(常用藥物), diseases appearing the diagnosis pattern(常見疾病), documents(文獻調査). This study was carried out on the basis of the Chinese documents and references.

[P8-81] Stimulatory Effects of Aqueous Extract from Cuscuta chi­nensis Lam. on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoblastic MG-63 Cells

Hyun Mo Yang,Hyun一Kyung Shin,Jin-Kyung Kim 한국식품영양과학회 2007 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2007 No.10

부당노동행위제도 개선방안과 부당노동행위 성립요건에 관한 소고

양현 ( Yang¸ Hyun ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2021 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.50

노사관계는 계속적·유동적인 특징을 가지므로 사용자의 노동3권 침해행위를 배제하거나 침해된 상태를 원상회복하는데 있어서 사법적 구제로는 한계가 있다. 이에 우리나라 법제는 탄력적이고 신속한 구제를 위하여 행정기관인 노동위원회 구제제도를 마련한 것이고, 한편으로 비난가능성이 높은 사용자의 부당노동행위에 한하여 처벌하도록 하고 있다. 그런데 법원과 노동위원회는 부당노동행위 성립에 있어 부당노동행위 의사를 성립요건으로 보고 그에 대한 입증책임을 근로자 또는 노동조합이 부담하도록 함으로써 인정률이 낮아지게 되는바, 부당노동행위 제도의 실효성에 대한 비판이 제기된다. 이에 대한 개선방안으로 입증책임전환, 노동위원회 직권조사권 강화 및 활용, 문서제출명령제도, 구제명령의 다양화 및 구제명령이행확보 방안 등이 논의되고 있다. 아울러 부당노동행위를 이유로 한 형사처벌의 존치에 대한 논의가 있으며 본고는 형사처벌은 존치하되 처벌대상이 되는 부당노동행위의 성립은 엄격하게 보아야 한다고 주장하였다. 그러나 근본적으로 행정구제대상이 되는 부당노동행위에 있어서는 부당노동행위 의사를 성립요건에서 제외하는 것이 노조법 제81조의 통일적·체계적 해석 및 부당노동행위제도 취지에 부합하는 것임을 강조하였다. Since labor-management relations have continuous and fluid characteristics, there is a limit to judicial remedies in excluding the violation of the employer’s three labor rights or restoring the infringed state, so a relief system through the Labor Relations Commission was introduced for flexible and prompt relief. On the other hand, punishment is limited to unfair labor practices by employers that are highly reproachable. However, the court and the Labor Relations Commission consider the intention of unfair labor practices as a requirement for the establishment of unfair labor practices and require workers or labor unions to bear the burden of proof. As a result, the recognition rate is low, and criticism is raised on the effectiveness of the unfair labor practice system. As improvement measures, measures to shift the burden of proof, strengthen and utilize the Labor Relations Commission’s authority to investigate ex officio, submit documents, diversify relief orders, and secure relief orders are being discussed. In addition, there is a discussion on the preservation of criminal punishment for unfair labor practices, and this paper believes that criminal punishment should be preserved, but the establishment of unfair labor practices that are the subject of punishment should be strictly considered. It was emphasized that the fundamental way to increase the recognition rate of unfair labor practices is to exclude the intention of unfair labor practices from the requirements for establishment in unfair labor practices subject to administrative relief.

발열을 동반한 호중구감소증에서 Cefepime 단독투여와 Ceftazidime 및 Tobramycin 병합투여의 효능비교

정현욱,채제욱,강미라,양정채,문치숙,기현균,장현하,오원섭,김기현,백경란,이남용,송재훈 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.6

목적 : 국내에서 발열을 동반한 호중구감소증이 있는 악성 종양환자에게 경험적 항생제로 베타락탐계 항생제와 아미노배당체의 병합요법의 사용이 일반적이다. Cefepime은 광범위 항균 작용을 가지고 있어, 그람 음성균 뿐만 아니라 그람 양성균에 대해서도 우수한 효과를 나타낸다. 재료 및 방법: 발열을 동반한 호중구감소증이 있는 악성 종양환자를 대상으로 무작위, 공개, 비교 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 환자를 무작위로 cefepime 단독요법군과 ceftazidime 및 tobramycin 병합요법군으로 나누어 투여하고 각각의 임상적 효능과 안전성을 비교하였다. 구강및 인후 점막염이 있는 환자에서 분리된 녹색 연쇄알 구균에 대한 항생제 내성 정도를 조사하였다. 결과 : 대상환자 89명 중 CA 투여군이 48예(53.9%), CT 투여군이 41예(46.1%)이었다. 발열의 유형별로 MDI는 18예(20.2%), CDI는 9예(10.1%), UF는 62예(69.7%)로 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. CA 투여군과 CT 투여군의 임상적 호전률은 시험약 투여 후 2-4일째 각각 91.7%, 85.4% (P=0.31), 치료 종료 시 각각 91.7%, 100% (P=0.15)로 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 치료 종료 시 CA 투여군과 CT 투여군의 세균학적 소실률은 모두 100%로 두 군간의 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.78). 점막염이 있는 환자로부터 녹색 연쇄알 구균이 분리된 경우는 25예(28.1%)이었으며, 분리된 녹색 연쇄알 구균은 penicillin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, vancomycin에 모두 감수성을 보였다. 약제 관련 이상 반응의 발생 빈도도 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 발열을 동반한 호중구감소증이 있는 악성 종양환자의 경험적 항생제로서 cefepime 단독요법은 ceftazidime 및 아미노배당체의 병합요법만큼 효과적이고 안전하였다. Background : Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy has been recommended as an empirical regimen in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporin with good activity against both gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. Materials and Methods : To compare the efficacy and safety of cefepime alone with ceftazidime plus tobramycin as empirical regimen for adult cancer patients with febrile neutropenia, a randomized, open label, comparative trial was performed. If the patient showed clinical improvent 72 hours, antibiotic could be changed to oral ciprofloxacin. Clinical and microbiological responses were determined at 72 hours and at the end of therapy. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of viridans streptococci, swab cultures were obtained from throat in all enrolled patients and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by using microdilution method according to the NCCLS. Results : A total of 89 patients were enrolled. Forty-eight patients received cefepime alone (CA), and 41 patients received ceftazidime plus tobramycin (CT). Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were similar in both groups (P>0.05). The initial clinical success rate at day 2-4 in group CA (91.7%) was similar with that in CT group (85.4%) (P=0.31). At the end of therapy, the final clinical success rate in CA group (91.7%) was similar to that in CT group (100%) (P=0.15). In 18 patients, with microbiologically defined infections, the eradication rate was 100% in both groups. Adverse events including liver dysfunction (21.3%) and renal dysfunction (2.2%), were similar in both groups (P=0.87). Viridans streptococci were isolated from the throat cultures in 25 cases, and all of these strains were susceptible to penicillin (MIC_(90) 0.12 ㎍/mL), cefepime (1 ㎍/mL), and vancomycin (0.12 ㎍/mL). Conclusion : Efficacy and safety of cefepime monotherapy was comparable to the combination of ceftazidime and tobramycin. It could be used as an alternative empirical regimen for treating cancer patients with febrile neutropenia.

용해성 poly(dimethy-co-diphenylsilane)공중합체의 특성과 열분해에 관한 연구

강필현,양현수,황택성,김봉만,권오현 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1993 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.8 No.2

Soluble poly(dimethyl-co-diphenylsilane)copolymer,[(SiMe₂)x(SiPh₂)1-x]n where x=0.5 to 0.9., was synthesized by condensation polymerization of dimethyldichlorosilane and diphenyldichlorosilane in xylene. In the TG analysis of the copolymer, weight loss started at 170℃ and the weight residue at 1000℃ was 32%. The copolymer was stabilized by thermal oxidation at 80 to 110℃ for 5 hr. in air, and its thermal stability increased as the temperature increased. The copolymer heat treated above 700℃ showed no organic bonds of C-H and Si-CH₃. while Si-C, and Si-O large bonds were observed. Amorphous SiC was obtained by pyrolysis at 1000℃ and β-SiC at 1200 to 1400℃, in which a better crystallinity of β-SiC was observed at a higher temperature.

S-580 : Vitamin D and carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE

( Chang Bum Bae ),( Ju Yang Jung ),( Bo Ram Go ),( Hyun Ah Kim ),( Chang Hee Suh ) 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1

Vitamin D and carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE Chang-Bum Bae, Ju-Yang Jung, Bo-ram Go, Hyun-Ah Kim, Chang-Hee Suh Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea Introduction Atherosclerosis develops earlier in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is the important cause of mortality. It has been suggested that vitamin D deficiency contributed cardiovascular disease and immune dysregulation in SLE. Methods One-hundred two female patients with SLE and 52 normal controls (NC) were recruited. The carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plague were assessed by B-mode ultrasound at the carotid artery level. Vitamin 25(OH)D3 levels were checked by immunoradiometric assay using the Bio-Line 25(OH)D3-Ria CT kit (Bio-Line S.A., Belgium). Disease activity markers were checked at the time of enrollment. Results The cIMT of SLE is 0.41±0.08mm, which is higher than NC (0.37±0.11 mm, p=0.012). Also, carotid artery plague index (PI) of SLE is higher than NC (0.68±1.39 vs 0.26±0.87, p=0.026). The cIMT was correlated with age (r=0.442, p<0.001), body mass index (r=0.246, p=0.013), waist-hip ratio (r=0.245, p=0.013), SLE disease activity index (r=0.239, p=0.016), taking aspirin (r=0.244, p=0.013), and the carotid artery PI was correlated with renal involvement (r=0.224, p=0.023) in patients with SLE. Vitamin 25(OH)D3 was not showed correlation with cIMT and carotid artery PI. Also, it was not correlated with disease activity markers. Conclusion In patients with SLE, the risk of cardiovascular disease measured by cIMT and carotid artery plaque was higher than NC, which may be derived from systemic inflammation. However, vitamin D levels were not showed significant correlations with carotid subclinical atherosclerosis. It may be not suitable to assess vitamin D as marker of disease activity or subclinical atherosclerosis.