Morphology and function of ovipositorial and tarsal sensilla of female Asian citrus psyllid

Xingyan Zhang,Arif Hussain RIZVI,Huatang WANG,Xinnian ZENG 한국곤충학회 2019 Entomological Research Vol.49 No.1

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera:Psyllidae), is one of the most important pests of citrus plants worldwide, due to be the dominant vector of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Selection of suitable oviposition site is a crucial event of phytophagous insect life. Usually, the chemical and physical characteristics of a host plant were recognized by sensilla on the ovipositor and tarsi of a phytophagous insect after settling on a plant surface. In this study, the morphology, number, and distribution pattern of the ovipositorial and tarsal sensilla of adult female psyllids, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The effect of these sensilla on oviposition was investigated by sensilla deactivation using hydrochloric acid (HCl). The results showed that sensilla trichoid (ST), sensilla chaetica (ChS) and sensilla basiconica (SB) were distributed on ovipositor, while sensilla trichoid (ST) were distributed on the external genitalia. Sensilla chaetica (ChS) and basiconica (SB) were mainly distributed on the end of the ovipositor back plate, and on the base of the sternum. On tarsus, sensilla trichoid (ST), sensilla chaetica (ChS), sensilla triangular (TeS) and sensilla ear ball (SE) were observed. However, whole tarsal segments were covered with Böhm's mane, which was arranged in a circular line. Oviposition assay revealed that a significantly lower number of eggs were laid on the Murraya paniculata seedlings confined by the psyllids with deactivated ovipositorial sensilla followed by protarsal sensilla, mesotarsal sensilla and hindtarsal sensilla. These results suggested that the ovipositorial and tarsal sensilla of citrus psyllid have an important role in the oviposition.

韩国学生“难易句”习得研究及教材编排考察

Guo, Xingyan 한국중국언어학회 2015 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.56

"Np+好/容易/难+V" is not difficult, but the acquisition situation of Korean students is not ideal. Through the study of interlanguage corpus, we found some sentences using " Np+好/容易/难+V " could accurately express the meaning but some students have used the adjective predicate sentence pattern "A+很难/容易". This bias phenomenon in the early stage of intermediate level is particularly distinct; at the same time, we also through test examines to study the acquisition situation of "Np+好+V " and " Np+容易+V", the survey results show that the use two structure is not balanced, the majority of students achosen " Np+容易+V ". we think the main reason is Chinese teaching material whether the " Np+好/容易/难+V " as a language point arrangement and annotation. We studied the three sets of textbooks Chinese domestic Korean adapted version and three sets of Korean native published materials, found the native South Korea published three textbooks have two sets of teaching materials put importance on the " Np +好/容易/难+V " ,as a grammar point to interpret. " Np+好/容易/难+V " has aroused the attention of local teachers. "Np+好/容易/难+V " has its specific syntactic features ,semantic features and pragmatic features of the context. we think it should at least as a system of grammar points in Chinese Textbooks to attract Chinese teachers and learners' attention, and improve the teaching effect. “Np+好/容易/难+V” 이 문형은 결코 어렵지 않지만, 한국 학생들의 이 문형에 대한 사용은 뜻밖에도 이상적이지 못하다. 본고는 중간언어 말뭉치의 고찰을 통해, 일부 문장들이 “Np+好/容易/难+V”를 사용하면 원래 나타내고자 했던 의미를 아주 간결하고 정확하게 표현할 수 있는데, 학생들이 이 문형을 사용하지 않고 형용사 술어문인 “A+很难” 문형을 사용한다는 것을 발견했다. 이러한 오류는 초중급 단계에서 더욱 명확하다. 본고는 또한 설문지조사를 통해 한국 학생의 “Np+好+V”와 “Np+容易+V”에 대한 사용 현황을 고찰하였는데, 조사 결과는 대부분의 한국 학생들이 불균형적으로 “Np+容易+V”를 주로 사용하고 있음을 보여준다. 본고는 “Np+好/容易/难+V”의 사용이 이상적이지 못한 원인으로 모국어의 간섭 외에, 중국어 교재를 구성할 때 “难易句式”를 하나의 언어항목으로 삼아 교재를 구성하고 그것에 대해 설명을 하였는지의 여부가 또 다른 주요 원인이라고 생각한다. 본고는 중국에서 출판된 교재의 한국어 번역본 교재 세 세트와 한국에서 출판된 교재 세 세트를 각각 고찰하였는데, 중국에서 출판된 세 세트의 교재는 모두 “Np+好/容易/难+V”를 다루지 않았고, 한국에서 출판된 세 세트의 교재 중 두 세트는 “难+V”를 교육 문법 체계 속에 포함시켰다. 그 중 《스피킹 중국어》는 “好/容易/难+V”를 하나의 문법 항목으로 삼아 체계적으로 설명하고 있는데, 이는 일부 교사들이 “Np+好/容易/难+V”를 이미 중요하게 생각하고 있음을 보여준다. “Np+好/容易/难+V”는 그 특정한 문형의 특징과 의미 자질을 지니고, 공통된 화용적 특징 및 사용 언어 환경을 지닌다. 본고는 최소한 중국어 교재에서 이 세 문형을 하나의 체계적인 문법 항목(“难易句” 혹은 “Np+好/容易/难+V”)으로 삼아 설명을 해야 한다고 주장한다. 그렇게 함으로써 중국어 교사와 학습자가 이 문형을 더욱 중요하게 여기도록 하고, 나아가 교육의 효과를 높일 수 있을 것이다.

“难”与“易/容易”的对称和不对称研究

Guo, Xingyan 한국중국언어학회 2019 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.82

‘难Nan, (容)易(Rong)yi’ are a pair of antonyms adjectives that are frequently used in modern Chinese. They have many similar uses, but they have differences in terms of meaning, lexical, part of speech and grammatical functions. First of all, the difference between the two in terms of word formation ability is significant. ‘难Nán’ often forms a two-syllable word with other monosyllabic morphemes or words, gradually develops into a morphemes, and the ability to form words is relatively strong, On the other hand, word formation ability of ‘易yì’ is very weak; the two show a relatively formulaic symmetry in grammatical function, but there are partially differences. This paper mainly analyzes the ability to form words and grammatical the symmetry and asymmetry of ‘难Nán’ and ‘(容róng)易yì’, and explains reasons to form asymmetry of them. “难”、“(容)易”作为现代汉语中使用频率较高的一对反义词形容词,它们有很多相同的用法,但在词义、词法、词性以及语法功能上有不一样的地方。首先两者在构词能力上差异显著,“难”常与其他单音节语素或词构成一个双音节词,渐渐地发展成为一个构词语素,构词能力相对较强,而“易”的构词能力则很弱;两者在语法功能上呈现出了比较整齐的对称性,但也存在差异,产生了不同的语法功能。本文主要对“难”、“(容)易”在构词和语法功能上的对称与不对称性进行全面地描写与讨论,并对造成不对称的原因加以解释。

起始体“V起来”与“开始V”的异同与共现考察

Guo, Xingyan 동아인문학회 2024 동아인문학 Vol.0 No.66

“V”起来与“开始V”有时可以互换和共现,有时不能互换和共现。当“开始V”与“V起来”两者可以转换时,“开始”和“V起来”可以组合在一起出现在一个句子中,“开始V”后加“起来”也成立。但大多数时候,两者都不能互换和共现。因为受结构形式的限制,能进入“V起来”的动词是有一定限制的,“起来”前面的动词动作性较强,可受描述性形容词性成分的修饰,动词带宾语时也不能是复杂成分;“V起来”独立性强,一般用来单独成句,常用于口语中;“V起来”还发展出一种新的用法,成为一种流行用语,主要用于祈使句中表达提倡、希望。而“开始V”形式上较少受限制,后面的动词成分受限制较少,可带各种复杂的句式,在语义上凸显的是“开始”而不是后面的动作,因此前面一般不能受描写动词的成分修饰,也不表达动作继续进行、越来越V这样的语义。当两者不能转换时,“开始”和“V起来”不能出现在一个句子中,“开始V”后加“起来”也不成立。 “kaishi(start) + V” and “V + qilai” sometimes can interchange each other or can appear together in a sentence, sometimes they can't replace each other and appear together in a sentence. This paper mainly investigates the situations which they can't replace each other and appear together in a sentence and analyze the reasons. It founds that the verbs that can enter “V + qilai” are limited, and objects of V can not be complex components ; “V + qilai” has also developed a new usage and become a popular expression, mainly used in imperative sentences to express advocate and hope. “kaishi(start) + V” is “kaishi(start) + V” of “V” is less restricted in structure , and the semantic highlight is “start”, it does not have meaning of continuing.

構式“NP+容易/難+V”的句法和語義硏究

GUO XINGYAN 한국중국어교육학회 2017 중국어교육과연구 Vol.0 No.25

There is a special structure of “NP+容易/难+V” which is called Tough Construction in many studies of Modern Chinese. In this structure, even though the subject “NP” is actually the semantic object of the verb, the verb is still in active form but not in the passive form. There are many previous researches of this phenomenon, but most of them are framed in the syntactic structure or acquisition perspective. A comprehensive description and analysis of the syntactic constituents and meaning of this structure in the real textual environment as well as the analysis of the formation of this structure from the cognitive perspective have not been adequately performed. This article defines “NP+容易/难1+V” and “NP+容易/难2+V” according to the meaning which “容易”and “难”express, and analyzes the syntactic role of the NP , the selection of the verb and the syntactic meaning of the construction. This article concludes that “NP+容易/难1+V” and “NP+容易/难2+V” show the inherence relation in the syntactic meaning, and what this structure is expressing is the subjective evaluation and judgement of the possibility of the result or the difficulty of the operation of the verb. From the cognitive perspective, the more controlling the speaker is, the more prominent the semantic object might be, and the more possible the object becomes the focus of the sentence, with the subjectivity becoming stronger. For the case of the negative tone, the speaker adds distance to the semantic object, putting the semantic object in the back of the verb and the evaluation becoming more objective.

“NP+容易/难+V”中“容易”、“难”的词性探讨

Guo, Xingyan,백지훈 중국학연구회 2017 中國學硏究 Vol.- No.81

This study examines the lexical categories of ‘容易’ and ‘难’ in ‘NP+容易/难+V’ phrases which are frequently used phrases in the Chinese language. To identify the lexical categories of ‘容易’ and ‘难’ among these phrases, there have been different views as verbal affixes, adjectives and adverbs. This article believes that recognizing lexical categories of ‘容易’ and ‘难’ is an important precondition in analyzing the hierarchical structures, syntactical features and meanings of the two phrases. The previous disagreements on their lexical categories in past studies are caused by the fact that the functions of ‘容易’ and ‘难’ were only observed within limited areas instead of being looked into in different structures and various contexts. This study contradicts previous views regarding ‘容易’ and ‘难’ as verbal affixes or adverbs. Instead, it suggests that they are adjectives that indicate modality and by doing so, it provides firm grounds to analyze the characteristics of ‘NP+容易/难+V’ phrases.

构式“W死我了”与“W死我算了”异同分析

Guo, Xingyan 대한중국학회 2019 중국학 Vol.67 No.-

“W si wo le” and “W si wo suanle” are two constructions commonly used in modern Chinese spoken language, and they all have a high degree of meaning. The two constructions can sometimes be used interchangeably, there will be some subtle differences in semantics after the switchover; but in some cases, the two are not interchangeable. According to the corpus survey, we found that “W si wo le” is much more commonly used than“W si wo suanle” . “W si wo suanle” as a new construction is used only in a specific context in spoken Chinese, “suanle”as an extremely important component of the construction “W si wo suanle” must affect the choice of the variable W, the meaning of this construction and the syntactic features of this construction. This paper intents to compare the similarities and differences of “W si wo le” and “W si wo suanle” on the use and characteristics of the variable W, the construction meaning and the syntactic features ,we also try to analyze and explain the causes of these differences. “W死我了”、“W死我算了”是现代汉语口语中常用的两个构式,都表高程度义。这两个构式有时可以换用,换用后语义会存在一些细微的差异;但在一些情况下,二者是不能互换使用的,既存的“W死我了”使用规模大大地多于后起的网络流行语“W死我算了”,构式“W死我算了”多了“算了”这个极为重要的构件,这对变量W的选择、构式的意义以及句法特征都会造成一定的影响。本文主要对两个构式在使用规模、变量W的使用情况与特点、构式义、句法上的异同进行比较,并对造成这些差异的原因进行分析与解释。

“難”與“易/容易”的對稱和不對稱硏究

곽흥연 ( Guo Xingyan ) 한국중국언어학회 2019 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.82

‘難nan, 易yi/容易rongyi’ are a pair of antonyms adjectives that are frequently used in modern Chinese. They have many similar uses, but they have differences in terms of meaning, lexical, part of speech and grammatical functions. First of all, the difference between the two in terms of word formation ability is significant. ‘難nan’ often forms a two-syllable word with other monosyllabic morphemes or words, gradually develops into a morphemes, and the ability to form words is relatively strong, On the other hand, word formation ability of ‘易yi’ is very weak; the two show a relatively formulaic symmetry in grammatical function, but there are partially differences. This paper mainly analyzes the ability to form words and grammatical the symmetry and asymmetry of ‘難nan’ and ‘易yi/容易rongyi’, and explains reasons to form asymmetry of them.

청・민국시기 한국의 중국어 교재에 보이는 ‘給’의 용법 고찰

姜梦,Guo, Xingyan,劉亞菲 동아인문학회 2023 동아인문학 Vol.62 No.-

본고는 기존의 ‘給’의 관한 연구에서 언급되지 않은 한국의 중국어 교재들을 고찰대상으로 삼아 청 중기부터 민국시기에 이르기까지 ‘給’의 사용양상을 통계분석하고, 기존의 중국 문헌에 관한 연구 결과와 비교하여 양자의 공통점, 특히 차이점을 밝혀내는 데에 목적을 둔다. 본고가 고찰한 문헌에서 ‘給’는 ‘주다’의미의 동사, 여격조사, 사역표지, 처치표지 및 구조조사 등 다섯 가지의 용법을 가지고 있다. 기존의 연구와 같이 ‘주다’의미의 동사 용법과 여격조사의 용법이 해당 시기에 출현하였으며 주요한 용법으로 발전하였다. 처치표지와 구조조사로 사용된 ‘給’의 상황도 기존의 밝힌바와 비슷하다. 그러나 사역표지의 용법은 중국 학계에서는 남방관화에서만 존재하는 용법으로 여겨왔지만 본고는 북방관화를 기초로 편찬한 중국어 교재에서 ‘給’가 사역표지로 분석될 수 있는 용례를 다수 발견하였다. 이는 해당 시기에 북방관화에서도 사역표지의 ‘給’가 출현하였다는 것을 알 수 있다.

3D quasi-transient thermo-mechanical analysis for vehicle brake disc

Biao Hu,Xingyan Zhang,Yang Liu,Junjie Yan,Xiaobing Liu,Xin Wang,Richard Sun 대한기계학회 2022 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.36 No.2

An alternative numerical method is developed to predict the thermo-mechanical behavior of brake disc during braking. Steady-state aerodynamic simulation for entire vehicle with variant speeds are conducted to analyze the convective heat transfer characteristic of the disc surface. Then the transient heat transfer boundary of the disc is obtained by interpolating the steady-state simulation results. Based on that, the transient thermo-mechanical coupled simulation for brake disc is performed via finite element method. With those work, the characteristics of transient temperature field and stress field of the brake disc are analyzed. Meanwhile, the characteristic of contact pressure distribution on friction interface is also obtained. The results show that during the braking process, for any node in the friction areas of the brake disc surface, its temperature rise curve fluctuates like a sawtooth. The temperature field has a significant effect on the stress field of the brake disc, both in distribution and variation. To verify the numerical method and validate the simulation results, a full-scale vehicle brake-thermalperformance test is carried out. By comparison, the simulation results show good agreement with the experimental results. The proposed numerical method enables an efficient and economical way to predict and evaluate the thermo-mechanical behavior of the brake disc in early phase of vehicle development.