제품 호환성 아니면 제품 비호환성이 진입저지할 수 있을까?

WANG XIAO 경희대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

제품 호환성 아니면 제품 비호환성이 진입저지할 수 있을까? WANG XIAO 경희대학교 경제학과 석사과정 지도교수: 김정유 본 논문에서는 오래된 문제를 다시 검토할 것이다. 즉, 망 외부성이 있는 산업에서 기존 기업들이 전략적으로 제품을 상호 호환되거나 호환되지 않는 것을 선택하여 잠재 진입자의 진입을 저지할 수 있는지 여부이다. 직관적으로 제품이 호환되면 기존 기업들이 자체 네트워크 규모를 확장하기 위한 가격 경쟁이 덜 치열해지기 때문에 기존 기업들의 가격은 제품이 호환되지 않을 때의 가격보다 높다는 것이다. 진입자의 가격은 전략적 보완성으로 인해 높을 수도 있고, 진입 기업은 상호 호환되는 제품을 제공하는 기존 기업으로 부터 시장 점유율을 빼앗기 위해 진입자의 가격은 낮을 수도 있다. 비호환 조건에서 진입자의 가격이 시장 점유율 증가 효과를 지배할 만큼 낮으면 진입을 저지하기 위해 기존 기업들이 비 호환적인 경향이 있지만, 진입자의 가격이 높으면 진입을 저지하기 위해 기존 기업들이 상호 호환되는 경향이 있다. 이러한 상충되는 직관이 존재하고, 기존 기업이 진입 위협에 직면했을 때 진입을 저지하기 위해 상호 호환되지 않는 경향이 있는 증거가 많이 있지만 우리의 분석에 따르면 기존 기업들이 항상 진입을 저지하기 위해 호환성을 선호한다. 우리는 Salop 의 제품 차별화 원형 도시 모델을 기반으로 분석할 것이다. 키워드: 진입위협, 비 호환성, 호환성, 망 외부성. Is Entry Deterred by Product Compatibility or by Product Incompatibility? WANG XIAO Master of Economics Advisor: Jeong-Yoo Kim In this paper, we reexamine an old issue of in an industry with network externality, whether incumbents strategically choose to make their products compatible or incompatible with each other to deter entry. The intuition is that if the products are compatible, the price competition between the incumbents to increase their own network size becomes less severe, so the prices of the incumbents will be higher than under their mutual incompatibility. Then, the entrant’s price can be either high due to strategic complementarity or low to recover its market share against the incumbents providing mutually compatible products. If the entrant’s price under incompatibility is low enough to dominate the resulting effect of increasing the market share, incumbents will prefer incompatibility to deter entry, but if the entrant’s price is higher under incompatibility, incumbents will prefer mutual compatibility to deter entry. Although there are such conflicting intuitions and there are also quite a few evidence supporting that incumbents prefer their mutual incompatibility in the face of entry threat, our analysis shows that incumbents always prefer compatibility to deter entry. We analyze based on Salop's product differentiation prototype city model. Key Words: entry deterrence, incompatibility, mutual compatibility, network externality

Synthesis Pd-Base Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Phase and Their Catalytic Applications

XIAO XIANGYUN 경희대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

Abstract Synthesis Pd-Base Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Phase and Their Catalytic Applications By Xiangyun Xiao Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Kyung Hee University Advised by Prof. Taekyung Yu As we know that the core-shell structure is the highest catalytic structure from the considerable studies. Pd as a long-term recognized catalyst with various and controllable shape and size are widely used in many kinds of applications. In this thesis, the Pd-base core@shell or core@muti-shell structure with two or three metals were synthesized as the nanocatalysts deeply to investigate the effect of structure and composition on catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the catalysts were prepared in an aqueous phase by continuing seed-mediate growth process or one-top method which has the potential to be industrialized. We synthesized the Pd@Pt with various Pt shells, Pd@RuPt, PdAu with muti-shell nanoparticles. Those nanocrystals were used in the direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 (DSHP), methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) reactions. These projects are designed based on green, continuous and industrialization, and work for the high conversion and selective use of clean energy. The all synthesis is based on an aqueous phase by seed-mediate continuation process. Coincidentally, it is found a special ion migration during the synthesis and it has some positive effect on the catalytic 2 reaction which has no relevant theoretical theory to explain its mechanism yet. I will introduce it in the final chapter. In chapter 1, the nanoparticles and nanotechnology, the core-shell structure nanoparticles with bimetallic and trimetallic composition and their synthesis in an aqueous phase were introduced. The Pd-based nanocatalysts and their catalytic applications were presented based on the previous studies. A detailed introduction for hydrogen conversion related reactions including DSHP, MOR and FAOR was given. Based on those backgrounds, it will be better understood for my research. In chapter 2, it showed a new facility directly seed-mediated growth process without washing to fabricate the Pd@Pt with high-index facets concave shell by precisely controlling the amounts of regents. The advantages of the novel synthetic method including simple and continue, high yield product, reagents saving, etc. Those Pd@Pt core-shell nanocatalysts with tailored shells and composition possessing enhanced catalytic activity for FAOR and DSHP. In chapter 3, Pd@Pt core-shell nanocatalysts with partially and fully covered shells for the MOR were investigated. Wherever partially or fully covered shell of Pd@Pt core–shell structure preparation is via a direct seed-mediated growth method. We found the morphology of the Pt shell is controlled by reducing agents. Finally, the MOR catalytic activity of partially and fully shell Pd@Pt under the same Pt/Pd ratio were compared. In chapter 4, a one-top method for the core/shell nanoparticles with multishell synthesis was exhibited. It demonstrated that complex shells could be synthesized by a one-pot method in the presence of PAH. The catalytic activity 3 performance of them toward DSHP was checked. We expect this method to be expanded in other core/shell nanoparticles synthesis. In chapter 5, the Pd@Ru and Pd@RuPt trimetallic catalyst synthesized in an aqueous solution by directly seed-mediated growth method. Interestingly, it is found that a trace of Ru is inserted into the Pd structure. The prepared nanoparticles were used as catalysts for MOR. As a result, the introduction of Ru enhanced the catalytic activity for MOR. In chapter 6, the Ru3+ cation exists in Pd which remarkably enhances the Pd catalytic activity for MOR that was to be found firstly. More interesting thing is that the Ru3+ have the ion migration phenomenon which is like the ion migration in perovskite. We will deeply study this project, like using the in-situ observation and DTF calculation to find the mechanism, and expand the Ru3+ to Fe3+ Cu2+, and so on. In chapter 7, the conclusion of this research and future works of my next plan were described. Finally, my subject provided the opportunities and challenges for further refining the nanostructure of metal‐based catalysts and improving catalytic performance as well as the commercial viability. Key words: Core-shell structure, An aqueous phase synthesis, Catalysts, Hydrogen conversion.

(The) impact of work family conflict on the career growth of female employees in Chinese context

Zhang, Xiao Gachon University 2022 국내박사

Abstract The impact of work family conflict on the career growth of female employees in Chinese context Zhang Xiao Supervised by Prof. Yi Yang Dept. of Global Business & Entrepreneurship Graduate School of Gachon University In recent years, the career growth of employees is more and more important. It is worth noting that gender differences tend to fade in the competition for talents compared with the last century. With the rapid development of society, more and more women are becoming independent, which is especially reflected in the continuous improvement of women’s participation rate in the social labor force. The career growth of female employees also cannot be ignored. In the modern society, the expectations and requirements for women's roles are increasing. They are not only expected to play the role of good wife and mother, but also they are expected to make contributions at work. Therefore, the women face an increasingly serious dilemma between family and work. In China, there has been a cultural concept of male superiority over female superiority for a long time because of the Confucian culture. Based on the still dominant traditional division of gender roles, the burden of family education and domestic affairs still falls mainly on women. With the aging of the population, the comprehensive implementation of the two-child policy, the introduction of the three-child policy and the rising proportion of dual-worker families and other social phenomena tend to be normal, the female employees’ work and family roles demand pressures continue to increase. It is hard for them to balance work and family roles with the limited time and energy. Thus, the work family conflict problem is becoming more and more seriously. The serious work family conflict not only affects the women’s physical and mental health, but also it hinders the career growth of female employees. For the current research, the female employees’ career growth from a role conflict perspective research is still inadequate. It is necessary to expand the research. In view of this, this study uses the existing theories to answer and explain the work and family problems faced by female employees in the current society. The study included 2 sub-studies. In the first study, we explored the cross-effects of work family segmentation preference on work family two-way conflict and work family facilitation among female employees based on boundary theory. With the development of the mobile internet technology and the wide popularity of all kinds of convenient mobile devices, the boundary between work and non-work fields is increasingly blurred, and the interaction between the two fields is more close than before. Family is a very important non-work area in people’s life, and the interaction between work and family is complicated. There are both negative and positive, the negative relations, namely “work family conflict”, and positive relations, namely “work family positive spillover”. In this study, we study the effects of preferred segmentation of the work domain from the family domain on women’s work family two-way conflict and work family facilitation. In the second study, the data of 331 female professional employees were collected from the perspective of work family two-way conflict. The factors such as organization support, family support, job involvement and female career growth are taken as the moderating, mediating and outcome variables of the study. A model is established to analyze the direct influence mechanism of work family conflict of two-way influence on women’s career growth. Firstly, it integrates and sorts out various variables, and fully combines the research status, puts forward the research hypothesis, and establishes the theoretical model on this basis. Secondly, a small sample survey questionnaire is prepared, and we make the final questionnaire on the basis of the initial small sample survey questionnaire. Then, we distribute the questionnaire on line in order to collect the data . Finally, using the SPSS22.0 data processing tool to test the reliability, validity and other aspects of the effective questionnaire, analysis the data and vertify the hypothesis step by step. The results showed that: (1) Work family segmentation preference is negatively related with work family conflict. (2) Work family segmentation preference is negatively related with family work conflict. (3) Work family segmentation preference is positively related with work family facilitation. (4) Work family two-way conflict has a significant negative impact on the career growth of female employees. (5) Job involvement plays a mediating role in the influence mechanism of work family two-way conflict and career growth of female employees. (6) The relationship between work family two-way conflict and job involvement can be directly influenced by the moderating effect of family support and organization support. This study suggests that female employees can adjust themselves to balance work and family, reduce work family conflict and improve work family facilitation. Family support from spouse, parents and relatives can well alleviate work family conflict, so that female employees can devote themselves to work and contribute to their career growth. Enterprises should actively care about and attach importance to the career growth of female employees, provide fair career growth conditions and environment for female employees, take targeted actions, increase social humanistic care for female employees, and further build policies in line with the career growth of female employees.

Optimization of aggregating agents and SERS substrates for SERS detection of cotinine and trans 3'-hydroxycotinine

한성엽 ProQuest LLC UMI Dissertation Publishing 2015 국내박사

(The) role of pastoralist mobility in foot-and-mouth disease transmission in the far north region of cameroon

김혜영 ProQuest LLC 2018 국내박사

CD40 monocyte differentiation mediates tissue inflammation in chronic kidney disease

양지연 ProQuest LLC UMI 2015 국내박사

蕭綱 詩 硏究

정근희 忠南大學校 大學院 2006 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to explore the world of Xiao Gang's poetry by closely examining his 285 poems include in Xian Qin, Han, Wei Jin, the south and north dynasty poetry collected by Lu Qinli. This research clearly argues that Xiao Gang's poetry must be properly evaluated because he challenged traditional Confucian literary approaches and pursued a new poetic genre with originality. Xiao Gang known as EmperorJianwen, developed the palace style poetry in the Liang Dynasty (502-557). Palace style poetry means the literary practice of Xiao Gang and his group members. He is most prolific and contributes himself to developing palace style writing in the Liang Dynasty. His main subjects of the palace style poetry are on female and erotic. Xiao Gang expresses aesthetic sensation rather than the moral lesson through his works. He emphasizes on a poetic theory called "licentious" in the literature. He asserts that poetry must be written with the theory which is the new view of the literature. Unlike other literary theories which focus on the moral lesson, his theory search for the freedom of writings. He emphasize that the subject of the poetry is freely chosen. He explore a variety of subjects different from erotic poems. Xiao Gang's poems combine popular literature with aristocratic literature. In conclusion, Xiao Gang's poetry asserting "licentious" theories expanded poetic subjects in the history of poetry, refined the beauty of poetic form, and provided great influence to the following period. Xiao Gang's poems affect not only the poetry of the Liang dynasty but also of other dynasties. The palace style poetry flourished for a century from Liang dynasty to early Tang. Xaio Gang's poems escpecially affect other poets in the Chen Dynasty, who imitate Xiao Gang's poetic subjects and titles.

Hot temperature corrosion of high Mn steels

Xiao, Xiao Sungkyunkwan university 2020 국내석사

The oxidation mechanism of intermetallic Fe-(5.3, 10.2, 15.1, 20.4, 25.9, 29.8) wt.% Mn has been examined at temperatures from 550 to 650 oC in air. The scale of Fe-(10.2, 29.8) wt.% Mn consisted of outer Fe2O3 layer, Mn2O3 layer, and Fe3Mn3O8 layer, inner FeO layer, Mn3O4, and Fe3Mn3O8 layer. The outer Fe2O3 layer and Mn2O3 layer formed due to outward diffusion of interstitial Fe3+ and Mn3+. The outward diffusion of cations led to the formation of internal oxidation which acted as stress concentrators that decreased oxidation resistance. Large amount of O2 contained in air diffused through scale later caused scale spallation at high temperature. All Fe-(5.3, 10.2, 15.1, 20.4, 25.9, 29.8) wt.% Mn steels performed good oxidation resistance when temperature was lower than 600 oC, especially Fe-29.8 wt.%Mn steel. Due to the different content of manganese, high manganese steel has better oxidation resistance than low manganese steel, which was considered to influence the growth rate of outer scale- Fe2O3 and Mn2O3 layer. Aluminum has the functions of deoxidization, oxidation resistance, oxidation resistance, and solution strengthening and grain refinement and Carbon has the function of stabilizing austenite and strengthening austenite matrix by interstitial solid solution. The aim of this work is to demonstrate: the oxidation mechanism of high Mn steel; the relationship between the element of Mn, Fe, Al, C and the oxidation resistance of high Mn steels, Fe-(5.3, 10.2, 15.1, 20.4, 25.9, 29.8)wt.%Mn 강의 산화메커니즘을 대기 중 550-650oC의 온도로 실험하여 살펴보았다. Fe-(10.2, 29.8) wt.%Mn 강의 부식생성물(스케일)은 외부 Fe2O3, Mn2O3, Fe3Mn3O8 층, 내부 FeO, Mn3O4, Fe3Mn3O8층으로 구성된다. 외부 Fe2O3, Mn2O3 층은 Fe3+와 Mn3+ 이온의 외부확산에 의해 형성된다. 양이온의 외부확산은 내부 산화로 이어졌으며, 이는 내부식성을 저하시키는 응력집중원으로 작용하였다. 대기 중에 포함된 다량의 O2에 의해 고온에서 스케일이 박리되었다. 모든 Fe-(5.3, 10.2, 15.1, 20.4, 25.9, 29.8) wt.%Mn 강은 600oC 이하에서 우수한 내산화성을 가졌다.고망간강이 저망간강 보다 더 우수한 내산화성을 가졌으며, 망간 함유량이 외부 Fe2O3, Mn2O3 층 성장속도에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 알루미늄은 탈산, 내산화성, 고용체 강화, 결정립 미세화를 시키며, 탄소는 오스테나이트를 안정화시키고, 기지를 강화시키는 기능을 한다. 이 연구의 목적은 고망간강의 산화매커니즘과 Mn, Fe, Al, C원소의 고망간강 내산화성에 대한 영향을 증명하는 것이다.

Design for ultrasound-driven biocompatible triboelectric nanogenerators toward transient body-implantable medical devices

Xiao, Xiao Sungkyunkwan University 2023 국내박사

The main aim of this thesis is to design ultrasound-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as a potential replacement for conventional implantable medical devices (IMDs) in a variety of biomedical applications. TENGs can deliver consistent, high-frequency electric stimulation, solving issues such as battery maintenance and replacement. Furthermore, TENGs have the capacity to meet the requirements for long-term in vivo diagnosis and therapy in terms of reliability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, high mechanical stability, and miniaturization. To avoid infections and chronic inflammation after implantation, a design of ultrasound-driven, biodegradable, and injectable triboelectric nanogenerators (BI-TENGs) was demonstrated to convert mechanical energy to electricity with minimized size. The BI-TENG (2 x 0.2 x 0.05 cm3) is significantly smaller than previous TENGs and can be injected through invisible wounds. It can deliver stable output voltages in vivo, ex vivo, and under a PBS solution driven by ultrasound (20 kHz, 1 W cm-2). The BI-TENG can also generate a continuous alternating electric field of up to 0.92 V mm-1. Cell experiments showed that this electric field significantly increased cell migration and proliferation, suggesting it has the potential to promote wound healing. A bioadhesive ultrasound-driven TENG (BA-TENG) is being developed to improve the mechanical stability of wound healing in severe acute injuries and to facilitate rapid wound sealing. Compared to standard tissue adhesives and sealants, the BA-TENG demonstrates faster (5 s) and stronger adhesion on wet surfaces, as well as high interfacial toughness (150 J m-2) for facilitating rapid wound sealing and wound healing in severe acute injuries. In vitro investigations show that the ultrasound-driven BA-TENG generates a consistent and strong electric field (0.86 kV m-1) for rapid wound healing, which is attributable to electric field-induced cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, because BA-TENG is constructed of biocompatible and biodegradable components, it can be safely supplied to a living rat without the need for additional surgical removal. This work expands the capabilities of TENGs by enabling quick hemostasis and wound closure, which can prevent major blood loss, wound infection, organ failure, and potentially death. 본 논문의 주요 목적은 다양한 의생명 분야에 사용되는 기존의 이식형 의료기기를 대체할 수 있는 가능성을 지닌 초음파 구동 기반 마찰전기 발전소자(triboelectric nanogenerator, TENG)를 설계하는 것이다. TENG는 안정적이며 고주파의 전기자극을 제공할 수 있는 잠재력이 있어 배터리의 유지보수 및 교체의 필요성과 같은 이식형 의료기기가 가지는 문제점을 해결할 수 있다. 또한, 장기간의 생체 내 진단 및 치료 과정에서 TENG는 신뢰성, 생체 적합성, 저독성, 높은 기계적 안정성, 소형화와 같은 전반적인 이식형 의료기기의 요구 사항을 충족시킬 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 소자 이식 후 감염과 만성 염증을 피하기 위해 기계적 에너지를 전기적 에너지로 변환시킬 수 있는 초소형의 초음파 구동 기반의 생분해 및 주입이 가능한 마찰전기 발전소자(biodegradable, and injectable triboelectric nanogenerators, BI-TENGs) 설계를 구현하였다. BI-TENG (2 x 0.2 x 0.05 cm3) 는 이전의 TENG에 비해 현저히 작은 크기를 지니고 있으며 육안으로 보기 힘든 상처를 통해 주입이 가능한 형태이다. BI-TENG는 다양한 상황에서 안정적으로 전압 출력을 전달할 수 있다(초음파 출력 20 kHz, 1 W cm-2). 뿐만 아니라 BI-TENG는 0.92 V mm-1에 달하는 지속적인 교류 전기장을 형성할 수 있다. 세포 실험을 통해 전기장이 세포 이동과 증식을 현저하게 증가시킨다는 것을 증명하였으며, 이는 상처 치유를 촉진할 수 있는 잠재력이 있음을 시사한다. 다음으로, 생체 환경에서 기계적 안정성이 있는 심각한 급성 상처의 봉합 및 치유를 위한 생체 접착형 초음파 구동기반 마찰전기 발전소자(bioadhesive ultrasound-driven TENG, BA-TENG)가 개발되었다. 표준으로 사용되는 조직 접착제 및 밀봉제와 비교하여 BA-TENG는 높은 계면 인성(150 J m-2) 뿐만 아니라 젖은 표면에서 더 빠르고 (5초) 강한 접착력을 보여준다. 체외 환경에서의 실험 결과에 따르면 초음파 구동 BA-TENG는 빠른 상처 치유를 위해 일정하고 강한 전기장(0.86 kV m-1)을 생성하는데, 이는 전기장 유도 세포 증식 및 이동에 기인한다. 또한, BA-TENG는 모든 구성요소가 생체 적합 및 생분해 소재로 이루어져 있으므로, 추가적인 외과적 제거 없이도 살아있는 쥐에게 안전하게 이식될 수 있는 장점을 지닌다. 본 학위 논문을 통해, 심각한 출혈, 상처 감염, 장기 손상 및 잠재적인 사망에 이르는 증상을 막기 위한 노력으로 마찰전기 발전소자의 빠른 지혈과 상처 봉합의 가능성을 확장하였다.

“I”see Samsung, but“We”see Samsung and LG : The moderating role of consumers'self-construals and perceived similarity on spillover effect of product-harm crisis

Wu, Xiao Xiao 서울시립대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

A negative spillover due to a firm’s product-harm crisis has attracted significant attention of marketing researchers owing to its devastating and irrecoverable damage, once occurred. While extensive research has been undertaken on this topic, studies concerning spillovers across competing brands from different companies are relatively scant. Drawing upon the self-construal theory, we propose that a spillover effect across competing brands from different companies may vary depending on a consumer’s self-construal. In addition, this proposed effect will vary depending on the perceived similarity of brands. The results from the two studies show that when the perceived similarity of brands is high, the spillover effect of a product-harm crisis to its competing brand of a different company is greater for consumers with interdependent self-construals, in comparison to those with independent self- construals. Our findings extend theoretical knowledge of a spillover effect and also provide meaningful managerial implications to global corporations. 오늘날 시장에서 브랜드가 다양해짐에 따라 예측 불가능한 제품위험위기가 한 브랜드에 발생할 경우 이는 파급효과를 통해 다른 브랜드들에도 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져있다. 과거 파급효과에 관한 선행연구는 주로 한 브랜드 패밀리(single brand family)에 집중해 왔으나 경쟁브랜드로의 파급효과에 대한 연구는 부족한 편이다. 이러한 선행연구의 한계에 착안하여 본 연구는 자아해석 (self-construal)과 브랜드 유사성 (brand perceived similarity) 개념을 도입, 위기관련제품브랜드가 경쟁사인 다른 브랜드에 파급효과 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 탐색하고자 하였다. 연구결과의 요약과 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비자의 자아해석 유형에 따라 경쟁브랜드에 파급효과가 다르게 나타난다. 즉, 독립적인 자아해석 성향의 소비자에 비해 상호의존적인 자아해석 성향이 강한 소비자가 경쟁브랜드에 파급효과 더 많이 발생하게 된다. 둘째, 소비자가 지각하는 브랜드 유사성은 자아해석이 경쟁브랜드에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 지각된 브랜드 유사성이 높을수록 파급효과 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 파급효과분야에 소비자 자아해석수준이라는 새로운 영향요인을 밝힘으로써 이론적 그리고 실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.