정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

언어에 있어서 "공"요소 : G B theory

梁宇鎭 제주대학교 1984 논문집 Vol.22 No.2

This article is summarized as follows. The main trends in structural linguistics are outlined. The work of Saussure clarified render common on linguistic thought some dichotomies such as langue versus parole, significant versus signifie, etc. The Prague School developed a functionalist view of language, and whilst taking into account many problems such as those of style, literary language, and historical linguistics, provided a detailed model for phonological analysis, The Copenhagen School, and in particular the glossematic trend expounded by L. Hjelmslev developed in the most rigorous way the Saussurean conception, insisting in particular on the opposition of form to substance, and on the formal character of language. American structural linguistics is discussed with reference to the work of the three major figures who represent ‘mentalism' and behaviourism', E. Sapir and L. Bloomfield., Jakobson. The most striking innovation in the field of linguistic theory during the last 25 years has been the development of generative transformational grammar, mainly in the work of Noam Chomsky. Chesky's work is animated by interests in the history of culture, psychology, philosphy, and scientific methodology. The rapid spread of transformational ideas among linguists not only in the United States but throughout the world, and the readiness to throw aside traditional views have brought into the open a widely-felt dissatisfaction with the narrowness of purpose and method imposed on itself by linguistics. Mental Reality - Creative Aspect - Base - Transformation - Filter - Sentence. Chomsky has repeatedly stressed the creative aspect of language use. Our linguistic competence is an aspect of our general psychological capabilities. Base (a) Base Rules (b) Lexicon (c) Lexical Insertion Rule Output of Base : Deep structures Transformational Component (a) Transformation (Move-a) (b) Conditions on the application of Transformations Output of transformation component : S-structures With the rapid development of Linguistic theories, modern linguistics has made its way toward Universal Grammar, and no other linguistic research is considered the proper subject of linguistics but that based on Universal Grammar. In fact, new and amazing turning points have been arranged early in the 1980's with the shift of study from Rule System to system of Principle, the establishment of Empty Category and so on. Empty categories are trace and PRO, they are distinct. We have the following properties of trace: ⅰ) trace is governed ⅱ) the antecedent of trace is not in a θ-position ⅲ) the antecedent-trace relation satisfies the subjacency condition PRO lacks all of these properties.

Parasitic gap

양우진 제주대학교 1991 논문집 Vol.32 No.1

The traditional/common views on language; "Language is learned through experience" but language is infinite and therefore, unlearnable. Modern views on language; Language is unique to humans; crucial human faculties like thing, imagination, mathematical conceptions, etc. are deeply related to and derived from language faculty. The question of the nature of empty categories is a particularly interesting one for a number of reasons. The study of such elements, along with the related investigation of anaphors and prononouns, has proven to be an excellent prob for determining properties of syntactic and semantic representations and the rules that form them. These properties can hardly be determined inductively from observed overt phenomena, and therefore presumably reflect inner resources of the mind. We have the following properties of trace; 1) trace is governed 2) the antecedent of trace is not a 0-ppsition 3) the antecedent-trace relation satisfies the subjacency condition. But PRO lacks all of these properties. One basic property of parasitic gaps is that they are typically licensed by a wh-trace (or other operator-bound trace) in object position. A subject can license a parasitic gap that it does not c-command. A further property of these constructions is that the parasitic gap shows all of the typical island effects. A parasitic gap and a licensing are conindexed. The empty operator of the parasitic gap is O-subjacent to the licensing gap. A weak parasitic gap is not coindexed by a licensing gap.

Index Theory : Binding Theory

양우진 제주대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.26 No.1

The study of generative grammar. initiated about 25 years ago, represented a significant shift of focus in the approach to problems of language. The rapid spread of thransformational ideas among linguists not only in the united states but throughout the world, and th readiness to throw aside traditional views have brought in the open a widely-felt dissatisfaction with the narrowness of purpose and method imposed on itself by linguistics. In the course of this work there has been a gradual shift of focus from the study of rule systems, which have increasingly been regarded as impoverished to the syudy of systems of principles, which appear to occupy a much more central position in determining the character and variety of possible human language. The study of properties of verb and position of NP is the main subject of universal grammar. The theory of binding is concerned with the relations of anaphors and pronominal to their antecedent. The theory of bounding specifies locally conditions, in particular, the subjacency condition on movement rules. The theory of control is concerned with the choice of antecedents for PRO. If we decided to represent coreferenced relations by using indices. then the question of determing whether any given pair of NPs in a sentence can or can not be interpreted as coreferential can be reformulated as that of determining whether a given pair of NPs can or can not be assigned the same referetial index.

언어학에 있어서 플라톤 문제

양우진 제주대학교 1990 논문집 Vol.31 No.1

Languages are the best mirror of the human mind. Knowing the language is a property of a person; on task of the brain science is to determine what it is about a person's brain by virtue of which this property holds. Chomsky suggested that for a person to know the language is for the person's mind/brain to be in a certain state. The language faculty is a distinct system of common to the species. This faculty passes from the state S_o to some relatively stable steady stats S_s, UG is the theory of S_o and CG is the therory of S_s: particular grammars are theories of various I-language. All the devices of language are meager enough so that very few languages are made available to the language-learner, given data that, in fact, suffice for language acquisition. These conditions of the variant of Plato's problem set the important task that the rearch program must address. Two perspectives can be distinguished in the study of grammar, one which emphasized rule system and the other, systms of principles. There has been a gradual shift of focus from the study of rule systems, which has increasingly been regarded as impoverishe, to the study of systems of principles, which appear to occupy a much more central position in determing the character and variety of human language. In long run, I believe Chomsky's greatest contribution will be that he has taken a major step toward restoring the traditional conception of the dignity and uniqueness of man.

인슐린 주사제의 고충실 액체색층기 분석

우정택,팽정렬,김성운,양인명,김진우,김영설,김광원,최영길 최신의학사 1993 最新醫學 Vol.36 No.8

인지과학, 언어 그리고 의미

양우진 제주대학교 1996 논문집 Vol.33 No.1

Cognitive science is the study of human intelligence in all of its forms, from perception and action to language and reasoning. The exercise of intelligence is called cognition. There have been the vigorous progresses among scientists working within diverse traditions, employing different methodologies, and starting from different assumptions. Undergraduate and postgraduate programs in cognitive science were stated in many universities, both in North America and Europe. Crucial human faculties like thingking, imagination, mathematical conceptions, etc. are deeply related to and derived from language faculty. Among human faculties, language faculty is most succeptible to mdern scientific investigation. The theory of language faculty is a model for theories of other human facultis. Linguistic experience triggers the growth of language faculty but never determines the properties of language faculty, just as proper nutrition is necesary for the growth of arm but never determine the shape of arms. The grammar of a language can be regarded as a particular set of values for the parameters, while the overall system of rules, principles, and parameters is Universal Grammar, which we may take to be one element of human biological endowment, namely, the "language faculty". ◁그림 삽입▷ (원문을 참조하세요) Two perspectives can be distinguished in the study of universal grammar, one which emphasizes rule systems and the other, systems of principles. 1) rule system a) Lexcon b) syntax: (i) Base component (ii) Transformational component c) Interpretive components: (i) PF component (ii) LF component 2) systems of principles x-bar theory, Theta-theory, Case theory, Binding theory, Bounding theory, Control theory, Government theory, ect. The extensions of sentences are truth-values(extensional type t) and the extensions of names are entities(extensioanl type e). The intensions of sentences are functions from possible worlds to truth-values. Such functions are indicated by(s,t). The intensions of names are funtions from possible worlds to entities and are thus of intensional type(s,e)

언어에 있어서 α-이동

양우진 제주대학교 1993 논문집 Vol.37 No.1

Grammar has three fundamental components, organized as in the following : ◁그림 삽입▷ (원문을 참조하세요) In this article, I discuss the properties of Move-α:wh-movement and Np-movement. wh-movement moves a constituent to an A'-position. leaving a co-indexed trace. I have discussed the properties of the target of movement, of the landing site and of the trace. Typically wh-movement is involved in the formation of questions. where a wh-phrase is moved to 〔Spec, CP〕, movement cannot cross more than bounding node. The bounding nodes are subject to parametric variation. In English IP and NP are bounding nodes:in CP and NP are bounding nodes. NP-movement is illustrated in passive and raising structures. It affects NPs which cannot be case-marked in their base-position. NP-movement leaves a co-indexed trace which is a non-pronominal anaphor, hence subject to Principle A of the binding theory. The moved antecedent NP and the trace form a chain. Verbs which induce NP-movement are those which lack an external theta role and fail to assign ACCUSATIVE case. These verbs are referred to as unaccusative verbs. The structure preserving principle imposes severe restrictions on the effect of Move-α. The theta criterion and the extended projection principle are argued to apply at both D-structure and at S-structure, while case theory and the binding apply at S-structure.

지배-결속이론과 최소이론

양우진 제주대학교 1992 논문집 Vol.35 No.1

GB theory and Minimalist theory have the same properties of the following : 1) Explicit charaterization of linguistic competence 2) Language is unique to humans 3) Language is common to all humans 4) Language is a core case of Descartes' problem 5) Crucial human faculties like thinking, imagination, mathematical conceptions, etc. are deeply relate to and derived from language faculty 6) Among human faculties, language faculty is most succeptible to modern scientific investigation Two perspectives can be distiguished GB theory, one which emphasize rule systems and the other, systems of principles. The rule system consistsof three basic parts; A) Lexicon B) Syntax : ⅰ) Base component ⅱ) Transformational component C) Interpretive components; ⅰ) PF component ⅱ) LF component The principles fall into the follwing subsystems. a) X-bar theory b) theta-theory c) Case theory d) Binding theory e) Bounding f) Control theory g) Government theory GB theory has three fundamental components, organized as in the following; ◁그림 삽입▷ (원문을 참조하세요) Minimalist theory has the following rules and principles; Select-α, Satisfy, Affect-α, Spell-out, LF, PF, Economy principles… Procrastinate, Greed, morphological properties or featurds The general organization of Minimalist theory is as shown on the following : ◁그림 삽입▷ (원문을 참조하세요) PF and LF are interface between the system of language faculty and the systems of other conitive faculties. Every element of PF and LF must receive external interpretation. All and only licensed elements are externally interpreted.

실증연구를 위한 주택용 태양열 온수기 모니터링 시스템 개발

양동조,김재열,한재호,송경석,김우진 한국공작기계학회 2004 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

The application of solar energy, in the field of alternative energy, was on the increase tendency. In the case of advanced nations, through continuous R&D, solar hot water heater with high efficiency has been used for the house and the industrial process on business, advanced nations were reached up the experimental stage of solar generation system. But, the actual circumstance of the domestic has been not accomplished the popularization of solar hot water heater and the settlement of it which is the fundamental stage of the solar energy usage. This trouble, the domestic was flooded with small enterprise for producing solar hot water heater, was caused by the popularization and the production without verification of performance. To supply the monitoring program for evaluating solar hot water heater, this research was purpose to improve the technical development of the enterprise for producing solar-heat hot-water-boiler and served as an aid for the enlargement and the popularization on solar energy.