기대승(奇大升)의 리기심성론(理氣心性論)과 사칠론(四七論)

황지원(Hwang, Jee Won) 동아인문학회 2017 동아인문학 Vol.38 No.-

사단칠정논쟁은 조선성리학의 특성을 명확하게 드러냄과 동시에 이후의 학술적 흐름을 결정한 일대 사건으로 많은 학자들의 관심을 받았다. 이 논문은 사칠논쟁 자체에 의미를 두기 보다는 기대승의 사칠론이 가지는 연원과 특성, 그리고 그 의미에 대해 분명한 이해를 하는 것을 목표로 한다. 즉 기대승의 사칠론이 어디에 근거하고 있고, 어떤 과정으로 도출되어 나왔으며, 다른 학자들과의 차별적 특성이 무엇인지에 대해 검토해 보려는 것이다. 기대승은 이념적 차원에서는 리기를 분별함이 마땅하지만 현실의 차원에서는 리기가 따로 떨어질 수 없다는 원칙을 철저히 유지함으로써 이황의 성리설과도 다르고 이이의 성리설과도 다른, 하지만 동시에 이황과도 일정 부분 공통성을 지니고, 반대로 이이와도 연결되는 자신만의 독자적 체계를 형성하고 있다. 이것은 리기론과 심성론뿐만 아니라 공부론과 경세관을 비롯한 전체 사유체계와 연결되어 있는 것으로 보인다. 즉 하나의 극단에 치우치지 않고 조화와 균형을 유지하면서 근원적 측면에서 점진적으로 도덕적 이상을 추구하려는 그의 태도가리기를 혼융하여 통일체로 보려는 관점이나, 이와 반대로 엄격히 구분하여 별개의 사물로 보려는 관점 모두를 그대로 수용하기 어렵게 한 것이다. 기대승이 말하는 리의 운동성과 이황의 리의 운동성은 동일한 의미로 이해할 수는 없다. 즉 기대승이 인정하는 것은 분수 이전 태극의 단계에서 리의 동정이며, 분수된 후 현실세계에서 리의 동정, 혹은 ‘발(發)’은 이황이 말하는 ‘발’의 의미와는 다른 것이다. 결국 기대승은리의 운동성을 인정하여 인간의 내면에서 강력한 도덕 근원을 확보하려는 이황의 시도를 어느 정도 수용하면서도 원리적 측면과 현상적 측면이라는 두 가지 기준을 적용함으로써 실제적으로는 유보적 태도를 취하고 있는 것이다. 기대승은 이황과 사칠논쟁을 진행하면서 마지막에는 실천적인 관점에서 이황의 주장을 수용하려고 노력하였으나 근본적인 입장의 차이는 여전히 좁혀지지 않고 있는데, 사실 이러한 차이는 리와 기, 본연지성과 기질지성, 사단과 칠정에 대한 이해의 차이에서 기인한 것이기 보다는 이들 개념이 근거하는 관계의 기본 구조에 대한 입장의 차이에 따른 것이다. 즉 이황은 이 개념들을 대립적 관계로 이해하여 이원적인 구조로 이해했다면 기대승은 통합적 관계로 이해하여 일원적인 구조로 이해하고 있는 것이다. 그러므로 시종일관 두 사람의 논변은 평행선을 달릴 수밖에 없었다고 보아야 한다. 이러한 이해구조의 차이는 ‘대설(對說)’과 ‘인설(因說)’로 표현되기도 한다. Four-Seven debates has attracted the attention of many scholars as it was a major event that clarified characteristics of the Joseon neoconfucianism and determined the subsequent academic flow. The purpose of this paper is to give a clear understanding of the origin, the characteristics, what it means, instead of making a sense of the Four-Seven debates. In other words, it is to examine where Gi Daeseung’s Four-Seven debates theory is based, what process has it derived from, what distiguishes Gi Daeseung’s theory from other scholars. Gi Daeseung forms its own independent system unlike Yi Hwang’s theory and it of Yi Yi, which holds partial commonness with Yi Hwang, which is connected with Yi Yi, by maintaining strictly to the principle that it is necessary to discriminate LiGi in the ideological dimension but LiGi can not fall apart from the level of reality. This seems to be connected not only with LiGi theory and Simseong theory, but also with all reason system including theory of self-cultivation and thought of governance. In other words, his attitude to pursue moral ideals from the fundamental aspect step by step, while maintaining harmony and balance at one extreme, is difficult to accept both viewpoint to point out the entire which is mixed as Li and Gi, on the other hand, and viewpoints which are strictly classified and displayed on different ones. Gi Daeseung’s movement of Li and Yi Hwang’s it can not be understood in the same meaning. In other words, that Gi Daeseung is recognized as dongjing(動靜) of Li at the stage of Tai-JI(太極, Great Ultimate) before fen shu(分殊), and dongjing of Li or “bal(發)” in actual world after fen shu and Yi Hwang’s “bal” is different. After all, Gi Daeseung, by admitting Li"s motility and applying two criteria of principle aspect and phenomenological aspect, while accepting Yi Hwang’s effort to try to secure a strong source of morality from the inside of human beings, is taking a reserved attitude in fact. Gi Daeseung tried to accept Yi Hwang’s argument in the end while advancing Four-Seven debates with him, but the difference in the fundamental position is not narrowed down yet, these differences are not caused by understanding differernce of Li and Gi, Bonyeonjiseong (Original nature) and Kijiljiseong(Physical nature), Four clues and Seven emotion, comes from difference of fundamental system of relation on which these notions is based. In other words, Yi Hwang understands these notions as confrontational relationship and then do as dualistic structure, Ge Daeseung understands them as integrated relationship and then do as a unified structure. Therefore, debates of both Yi Hwang and Gi Daeseung have to run parallel lines. Differences in these understanding structures are sometimes expressed as “Daeseol(對說)” and “Inseol(因說)”.

황구침법(黃丘鍼法)을 이용한 고혈압 환자의 혈압강하 효과에 대한 증례보고

한창현 ( Chang Hyun Han ),황치원 ( Chi Won Hwang ),신미숙 ( Min Suk Shin ),신선화 ( Seon Hwa Shin ),최선미 ( Sun Mi Choi ) 대한경락경혈학회 2006 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.23 No.3

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the antihypertensive effect of Hwang-gu Acupuncture in hypertensive patients. Methods: We measured the blood pressure of the patients who were admitted in the Oriental Medical Clinic of Brother from 25th November 2005 to 27th March 2006. We included the patients only in case of the systolic blood pressure was over 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure was over 90mmHg, Twenty two patients were treated by Hwang-gu Acupuncture. In order to evaluate the effect of the Hwang-gu Acupuncture, the blood pressure was measured before and after Acupuncture procedure total 4 times, 10times. Results: There were a significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure and significant decrease in the diastolic blood pressure by Hwang-gu Acupuncture 4 times. The effect of Hwang-gu Acupuncture by measurement time on blood pressure were follows: In a systolic blood pressure was gradually deceased significantly from 1st to 4th but diastolic blood pressure was significantly decreased after 2nd and 4th only. Conclusions: These results suggest that Hwang-gu Acupuncture is effective in decreasing the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Ethyoene Oxide 폭로 근로자의 말초 임파구 자매염색분체 교환에 관한 연구

황천현,박종태,장성훈,김대성,이원진,김청식,김영환 大韓産業醫學會 1998 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Operators of hospital sterilizers who use ethylene oxide(EtO) were studied to determine the exposure of EtO level and the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) from June 12 to July 20, 1997. To evaluate SCEs in the peripheral blood cells, we selected 22 workers at the central supply room of 4 university hospitals and 22 unexposed workers at the same hospitals according to match sex, age, and smoking habit and also did questionnaires. The mean air concentrations(8-hr TWA) of EtO at 4 university hospitals were less than 1 ppm. The SCE frequencies in exposed workers to EtO and controls were normally distributed. The SCE frequencies in exposed workers to EtO and controls were 6.42±0.63, 5.86±0.69, respectively and their differences were statistically significant(p=0.0093). But there were no statistically significant differences in smoking, alcohol intake, coffee drinking. Especially smokers who exposed to EtO were increased SCE statistically significant than the exposed group who did not smoke.

코스틱스법에 의한 순수 전단장치 평가에 관한 연구

황재석,김원현,서정희 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1998 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.26 No.1

There are many experimental devices for pure shear test such as off-axis tension test pure shear test for Iosipescu conceptions. Arcan circular disk for Arcan conceptions and the general pure shear test and Hawong Iosipescu shear test(H.I.S.T.) etc.. Hawong Iosipescu shear test(H.I.S.T.) device is analyzed through caustics. It is assured that H.I.S.T. device is more effective than Iosipescu shear test(I.S.T.) device for the measurement of stress intensity factor from causic. It is known that H.I.S.T. device without notch is most effective as pure shear test device, between H.I.S.T. device and I.S.T. device for caustics, but H.I.S.T .device and I.S.T. devices are can be used ad pure shear test device

인터넷 포탈 사이트 상의 조기영어 교육 사이트의 실태 및 발전방향에 관한 연구

황원길 The English Linguistic Science Association of Kore 2000 English Linguistic Science Vol.5 No.-

The purpose of this study to examine the concepts, development, and features of the Internet which can be used in English education for early childhood. It discussed the development and features of the Internee that can be used for English education and investigates how the Internet can be used practically for English education. It shows the model of 2 words: education//sites for early childhood English education. In conclusion, the use of the Internet in English education has lots of advantages, but many researches should be made in order that the Internet is used effectively in English education.

풍황자원 예측시 기상청 풍황자료의 유효성

황윤석,이원선,백인수,유능수 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2009 産業技術硏究 Vol.29 No.B

The wind data measured from automated weather stations (AWS) at complex terrains in Korea was used to predict the wind velocity at nearby sites that are several kilometers away. The ten-minute averaged wind data was measured at a height of 10 meters. A commercial CFD code, WindSIM, based on the weighted averaged Navier-Stokes equation was employed. The results were compared with the data measured using meteorological masts (MM) at a height of 40 meters. The predictions using the AWS data and WindSIM showed good agreements with the measured data.

흉추 후방접근법으로 완전 정복된 외상성 척추앞전위증 1예 : A case report

황선철,김범태,이세영,임수빈,신원한 순천향의학연구소;Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.2

The thoracic spine is rigidly stabilized by the ribs, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, and a sagittal orientation of the facet joints that resists axial rotation and horizontal translation. Thus, a significant force is required to cause a fracture and dislocation in the thoracic spine. A 32-year-old man was involved in a motor-vehicle accident and presented with complete paraplegia and spondyloptosis on the 8th thoracic vertebral segment. He also suffered with hypoxia and hypovolemic shock. Posterior reduction and fixation with pedicle screw was achieved with the anatomic alignment and rigid stability. This posterior technique for thoracic spondyloptosis is believed to be sufficient to make good alignment and solid fixation.

社會批判的理論과 韓國敎育哲學과의 連繫에 관한 硏究

黃源泳 단국대학교 1985 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

安全性 哲學 確立에 관한 硏究(Ⅰ) : 이슈와 分析 Issues and Resolutions

黃元國,李源根 慶熙大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

A series of pesent studies is to develop the safety philosophy of a technology, The issues : statistical problems regarding the assessment of rare events and safety measure of radiation exposure, are selected as the present topics and potential resolutions that represent our subjective views are given provding that further refinements will he studied on the issues.

장애·비장애인 공존교육론의 이념과 규범에 대한 존재론적 접근 : Und Nichtbehinderten Kinder aus dem ontologischen Asppekt

황원영 단국대학교 1996 論文集 Vol.30 No.-