Konkrete Poesie und expressionistische. Kunst. (Post)Modernistische Aspekte zur Medienverflechtung

Koh, Wee-Kong 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 2005 人文科學 Vol.13 No.-

구체시와 표현주의 예술은 서로다른 시대의 예술장르이면서도 비교연구의 가치를 지닌다. 이는 양자가 매체융합의 표현양식 실현으로 모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘 예술형성에 지대한 영향력을 행사하였기 때문이다. 그러나 상세히 관찰해보면 양자사이에는 예술이념, 재료사용, 미학적 효능 등의 면에서 상당한 거리가 있다. 이는 무엇보다 구체성과 추상성이라는 대표개념에서 나타난다. 유사한 시기에 생성되어 발전된 두 양식수법은 „대상성으로부터의 이탈" 이라는 시학원리에서 공통되나 그 구체적 실현방법은 같지않다. 후자가 매체사용의 추상화를 통해 주관적 내면심층의 환상이나 어떤 다른 감추어진 대상성을 표현하려 한다면, 전자는 언어기호의 질료화로 스스로의 대상세계를 창출한다. 따라서 양자에서 추출되는 텍스트의미성은 동일하지않다. Kandinsky의 대표적 추상화 „구성 7(Komposition VII)" 과 Gomringer의 텍스트 „침묵(Schweigen)"을 대비해보자. 기하학적, 구성적 수법을 활용한 전자에서는 대상적 지시성이 완전히 배제되지않는다. 그 표현세계는 생성과 종말의 차원에서 „우주창조의 은유"로 해석된다. 이러한 굴절된 형상조음은 후자의 기호시각화에서는 찾아보기 어렵다. 동일단어의 반복배열과 그로인한 서정시의 도식화는 청각적 침묵의 이미지를 „도상화" 시킴으로써 새로운 지각작용에 호소한다. 여기에서의 침묵은 상징적 의미가 아니라 다원적 기능을 발휘한다. 이러한 현상은 오늘날의 다매체예술에서 발견된다. 구체시와 표현주의 넓게보아 현대예술의 모더니티를 생성, 발전시킨 두 축이다. 양자는 추상화와 구체화라는 양식혁신을 통해 „재현"과 „모방"이라는 종전의 표현법칙으로는 도달할 수 없는 새로운 표현가능성을 개진하였다. 특히 서로다른 개별매체의 통합과 교체를 통해 생산과 수용의 유희공간을 넓히고 독자와 관찰자의 지각행위를 포괄하는 매체미학의 지평을 열어주었다. 이로인해 현대예술은 „언어갱신"이라는 세기적 목표를 구현하며 신매체의 등장으로 인한 예술의 매체화작업에 대처할 통로를 마련하게된다. 개별장르 해체로 인한 이러한 예술의 보편화작업은 그러나 아방가르드와 포스트모더니즘의 전유물이 아니라 르네상스, 바로크, 그리고 낭만주의 시대에 개화한 바 있다. 나아가 모든 예술을 하나로 보는 예술생성의 원천에 닿아있다. 혼합장르나 매체교체 현상은 인류의 장구한 예술, 특히 작품발달사를 관류해온 기본적 „표현의지" 이다. 이런 점에서 상호매체성미학은 전통과 현대의 아우름에서 합당하게 파악 될 수 있다.

요대의 발해유민 연구

김위현(KIM Wee-hoyun) 고구려발해학회 2007 고구려발해연구 Vol.29 No.-

I am trying to point out the contents and errors of Some scholars of the peoples Republic of china from araund of 2000. First of all, I want to indicate the thesis framing. First, even though it was supposed to use the historical materials widely, they didn't use other Ones except their own materials. Even they sometimes did not use their own Ones either. Second, the results of predecessors should be exalted nevertheless what country they were belonged to. However they often ignored even their own ancestors' research results. Even though it is hard to collect various data, they shouldn't have given up easily. Third, considering illogical contents as the logics is absolutely discord. What are the troubles then? 1. The point of view for Dongran (東丹)'s characteristic. Whether it was country or administrative region. Dongran named theirselves as One administrative region and they also had own economical and political systems. If Dongran was One of the administrative regions, it would not be allowed to do above things. Furthermore, they are looking me negotiation with Late Tang as a diplomacy, but it is error from ignoring the existence of Late Palhae. 2. Existence of Late Palhae? It already had been proved by Japanese Watasei(和田淸) in 1916. Furthermore, Japanese Hino Kaijabro(日野開三郞)(in 1941), Korean Lee Yong-Bum(1981), Kim Wee-Hoyun(l981), and Han Gyu-Chul(l995) had reinforced it. 3. Is culture of Palhae from only T ang culture(唐文化) and contact with Han people(漢人)? Of course there are some cultures that are from contact of Tang cultures and Han people. However the root things are from Koguryo. Most residents of Palhae were from Koguryo, therefore it is really illogical that Palhae residents threw away their own cultures, the cultures of Koguryo, and accepted Tang's cultre. 4. Are Palhae and Jurchen the same race(同族)? Jurchen is the name of whole sundry races that lived around Manmong liver(滿蒙). Palhae displaced person(渤海遺民) were also called as Jurchen after Chitan Middle age. Also Wan-yen Bu(完顔部) that built chin(金) is the remaining of Silla(新羅). Therefore, Palhae and Jurchen are not the same races. 5. They presented population of Palhae as about 7~800,000. However Shin Hyung-Sik in Republic of Korea saw that it was 1,300,000, and Jang Jong-Gook in The Democratic peoples Republic of Korea calculated it 5,000,000~6,000,000. The differences are too big. They need even more accurate data providing. 6. We are disagree to the opinion that after ruins of Palhae, the Palhae people had been joined to One of 8 races of Hanjok Then, they should prove how they got new name after 700 years. Palhae people took the big role in founding Chin(金) and Chin's politics. Not only that, the existence also remains in Yan(元) country. We want to know why they had been not united during Chin(Jurchen), Yuan(Mongol), and Ching(Man-Chu) age, but the had been to only Hanjok. As you see there are so many problems that makes hard to agree. If we and they researched and investigated the exact same data that from exactly same literature, the results must be same. If not, it is considered as non-scientific and not object research. Current Chinese scholars' assertion that past four countries' history is China's history because current China territory is covering those four past countries territory is absolutely not acceptable.

현대 형상시(Bildgedicht)에 나타난 예술작품 해석 : Celan의 시 「어떤 그림아래로」(Unter ein Bild)를 중심으로

고위공 홍익대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 東西文化硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Der besondere Gedichttypus "Bildgedicht", das ein Bildwerk zum Gegenstand der Beschreibung macht, ist in bisheriger literaturwissenschaftspraktischer Forschung wenige Beachtung gefunden. Der Grund fu¨r dieses Desideratum ist prima¨r von seiner spezifisch interdiszipilina¨r, "intermedial" verankerten Methodologie her zu erkla¨ren. In neuerer mediena¨stheitscher Forschusg ist es jedoch allma¨hlich lebhafter geworden. u¨ber dieser immer aktueller werdenden lyrischen Gattung komparatistisch zu untersuchen. Einige aufschlußreiche Arbelten von Kranz, die voll von hilfreichen Sachmaterialien sind, mo¨gen als ein markantes Beispiel dafu¨r gelten. Ihnen ist auch klar zu enhehmen, daß "Bildgedicht" a¨sthetisch eine sehr bedeutungsvolle Poetik aufweist, die sich konkret in verschiedenen Formen verwirklicht. Die Art und Weise dieser verssprachlichen "Kunstbeschreibung", mit anderem Wort den ku¨nstlerischen Sinn des "Medienwechsels" praktisch zu erhellen, ist also die Hauptaufgabe zur Forschung moderner "Bildgedichte". Besonders das in ihnen zum Wort kommende Problem der Kunstinterpretation nimmt dabei eine zentrale Stellung ein. Unter dieser Voraussetzung soll ein "Bildgedicht" von Celan, also "Unter ein Bild" der na¨heren Betracktung unterzogen werden. Celan geho¨rt zu wenigen bedeutenden modernen Lyrikern, deren a¨sthetische Sprachverwendung von insbesondere bildnerischen Stilzu¨gen gepra¨gt ist, Er hat wa¨hrend seiner ganzen Schaffensphasen von der bildenden Kunst starke Impulse zur dichterischen Niederschrift gefunden. Das Gedicht "Unter ein Bild" aus der Sammlung "Sprachgitter" ist bloß ein Beispielfall. Aber bereits in diesem kurzen "Bildgedicht"'ist der charakterische Aspekt Celanscher Interpretation und Beschreibung des malerischen Kunstwerkes zu lesen. "Unter ein Bild" ist direkt aus der engen Beziehung des Dichters zum beru¨hmt gewordenen Gema¨ldes von Gogh "Ein Kornfeld mit Kra¨hen" entstanden. Sowohl bei der Titelgebung als auch bei der Textformulierung zeigt es eine ausgesproehene Affinita¨t an die Vorlage. Das Element des "Wahnsinns" oder der Vision ist das Mittel, das beide Ku¨nstler und Kunstwerke miteinander verbindet. Nach der Form behhalten Celans Verse traditionelle Weise des "Bildgedichts" bei, beispielsweise die Struktur des Emblems. Bei thematischer Entfaltung spielt jedoch die perso¨nliche Kunstbetrachtung entscheidende Rolle; der Autor setzt na¨mlich seine eigene Kunsterfahrung in Vers um. Dieses "U¨beretzten" bedeutet aber Innovation. Die mediale Transposition leitet Celan dazu, ein anderes, neues Kunstwerk zu produzieren. Gerade in diesem Vermo¨gen zum Neuschaffen steckt die Hauptfunktion des modernen "Bildgedichts". Umgekehrt gewinnt auch Goghs Bildkunst durch Celans Sprachkunst an neue ku¨nstlerische Position. Das innere Verha¨ltnis von Wort und Kunst ist von ihrer reziproken Wechselseitigkeit, genauer gesagt, von ihrer synthetischen Erga¨nzung her angemessen zu efassen.

Celan 서정시의 시론적 변환 : 후기작품을 중심으로

高委恭 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 1995 東西文化硏究 Vol.3 No.-

견실한 자기구성 퍼지제어기 설계에 관한 연구

신위재,이팔진 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1998 硏究論文集 Vol.15 No.2

본 논문에서는 서보 드라이브 시스템의 파라메타 변동과 외란에 대한 영향을 감소시키기 위해 견실 제어기를 갖는 자기구성 퍼지제어기(SOFC)를 설계하였다. 제어규칙이 자동으로 생성되고 수정되는 종적 공정을 위한 자기구성 퍼지제어기는 외란이나 파라메타 변동의 영향으로 제어규칙의 불필요한 개정으로 인해 불안정한 응답특성을 가진다. 따라서 그러한 단점들을 개선하기 위해 견실한 제어기를 갖는 자기구성 퍼지제어기를 설계하였다. 이를 위해 동적모델을 구성하고 교류 서보모터 드라이브 시스템의 시뮬레이션을 통해 제어계통이 견실한 특성을 나타냄을 확인하였다. In this paper, a Self-Organizing Fuzzy Control(SOFC) with Robust Controller considering the effects of parameter variations and external disturbance for the drive system is designed. A SOFC, a heuristic controller for dynamic processes whose control rule is able to generate and improve automatically, has an unstable response quality and output oscillation, because of a unnecessary revision for the control rule on account of effects of external disturbance and parameter variations. So, we designed a SOFC with Robust Controller for improve the weak points. A RSOFC(SOFC with Robust Controller) is composed of Robust Controller using dynamic model in order to reduce those effects, and it confirmed that designed RSOFC has a robust characteristic through simulation of the AC-Servo Motor drive system.

敎室授業 改善을 위한 授業時間 活用의 方略

陳渭敎,金鎭奎 慶北大學校 師範大學 1986 敎育硏究誌 Vol.28 No.-

The purposes of the present investigation were: (1) to testify the basic assumption that instructional time variables take an important part in classroom instruction from many instructional models regarding time as an instructional variable; (2) to analyze related researches on allocated time in classroom instruction; and (3) to review other researches on time-on-task in classroom instruction. In many instructional models, such as Carroll (1963), Bloom (1968, 1976), Wiley & Harnischfeger (1974, 1976, 1978), Cooley & Lohnes (1976), Bennett (1978), Leihardt (1980), Fisher, et al. (1980), Centra & Potter (1980), Cooley & Leinhardt (1980), and Walberg (1981, 1984), we found that they regarded time as an instructional process variables or a tool of instructional evaluation. We examined that allocated time a relatively fixed or stable variable, but the variability in allocated time was very large for all studies. We also found that the amount of time allocated by teachers to instruction in a particular content area was positively connected with achievement in that content area. Studies of time-on-task showed that the percentage of time engaged was highly related to achevement, and that time-on-task could be altered positively (or negatively) by the instructional process Therefore, the conclusion is that time-on-task could be used as a useful variable for learning. We are concluding that this paper is presented especially for researcher, school administrators, and teachers with a few comments about implications of the instructional time variable. First, researchers should develop the optimal models for the instructional time management and the reliable instruments for the systematic observation and measurement on instructional time. Second, school administrators should establish and implement the efficient instructional time management at a school unit. Third, classroom teachers should recognize the importance of instructional time management process, and improve quality of their instrction by their own observation, analysis, and feedback about their instructional time.

契丹의 敎育과 科擧制度考

金渭顯 명지대학교 明大論文集 Vol.17 No.-

Records on the schools are shown in the Liaoshih(遼史). The schools of Ch'i-tan(契丹)having modelled after the Chineses system, it is assumed that the curriculum and system of the schools in Chi-tan might have been much similar to those of the Tang(唐) Dynasty. The schools are recorded to have been established in the Central cities and countries; there were Gwozijian(國子監) in Shang-Ching(上京) and Choug-Ching(中京), Chingxue(京學) in five Ching(京), Fuxue(府學) in Fu(府), Jouxue(州學) in Jou(州) and Hstenxue(縣學) in Shien(縣). Actually, however, the shools are shown to have been partially extablished. Gwozijian consisted of Jihjeou(祭酒), syyeh(同業), Jiancherng(監丞), Juubuh(主簿) etc. which managed the schools, and the Shang-Ching Gwozijian, Chung-Ching Gwozijian, Chingxue, and-Fuxue, Chouxue, and Hsienxue had Borsyh(博士) Juhjiow(助敎) who taught the school. As the schools developed and accordingly even the ordinary people as well as the scholars tended to be deeply interested in studies, the culture of Liao Dynasty reached high level; emperors established schools and a mausoleum of Confucius in several places as exemplary models, exerting themselves to the publication of the Confucian classics. This seems to have been aiming at rationalizing the adoption of Chinese hereditary system at the time of the Taitzuu(太祖) in place of the Khan(汗) system by turns, and later, at cultivating Chinese officials and at indoctrinating the loyalty to the King through education. There is no Sheuanjeujyh(擧志) in the Liao Shih. But some of the contents are recorded to some extent in the Beenjih(本紀) of Liehchwan(列傳). The examination of chin-shih(進士) was not for Ch'i-tan. as a means to employ Chinese, this was used to select elites from the scholars as well as ordinary people else than Ch'i-tans. Therefore, Ch'i-tans were employed by Shih-hsuan(世選) System(a sort of hereditary system) and prevented even from applicating for the examination. By literature, the Chin-Shih examination was begun in the beginning of Huey Torng(會同) when Shih Fang(室昉), a Namkyongian was known to have passed the Chin-shih exam for the first time. Obviously, in the beginning of the nation. there seems to have been paid hardly any attention to the Civil Exam system, and it was only after T'ai-tsung(太宗) had interfered with the Late Jin(後晉) that the Civil Exam system was attended to. There were three steps of examination of Hsiang(鄕), Fu(府), and she^ng(省), in which Shy(詩) and Fuh(賦) were tested. The examination was originally planned to take place once in three years, but there having been 54 Chin-Shih examinations taken during the period of 134 years from the 6th of T'ung-ho(統和) (988) to the 2nd of Boo-Dah(保大), the emper, of Tian Tzuoh(天祚)(1122). with an average of 1 time for 2.5 years. But the examination was taken every year or every other two years during the time of Sheng-tsung(聖宗), and later, the period lengthend to some four or three years. The numbers of the successful candidators also increased from one or two during the years of T'ung-ho the minimum of 6 to maxiimum of 138 since K'ai-tai(開泰). The process of employment of the successful candidators were various. Successful cnadidators of the same Chin-Shih examination were diversely employed for general admiinistrative affairs, taxational works or military affairs. However, as they promoted to the higher positions, such divergence seems to have disappeared. The first grader in the Diann(殿) Examination was awarded of Fengjyr Dah Fu(奉直大夫) as the first position(equivalent to the Tsorng(從) 6 piin(品) of Song(宋) Dynasty), and others were awarded the position of Tsorng Shyh-rang(從事郞) (equivalent to Tsorng 8 piin of Song), and sometimes, Jiang Shyh rang(將士郞)(incomparable with any official position of Song, but equivalent to below Tsorng-9-piin of Tang.) The period of examination was not regular. Originally, the period was once for 3 years, but during the years of Shentsung,the examination was given every year or every other two years, and since the time of Hsing-tsung(與宗), once in three years. And the month the examination was taken was October before the 5th year of Jong Shi(重熙)(1036), and May or June, after the 7th of Jongshi(1038). The qualification of the candidators was also limted. In the beginning, there seems to have been hardly any limit, but since the 9th of Jongshi, doctors, fortunetellers, slaughters, slavers and the criminals were excluded from the examination. In the 5th of Gan T'ung(乾統)(1105),the descendants of the merchants were also excluded from the qualification. But, later, the system of examination became very loose and disorderly, and even some who did not take the examination were awarded the title of Chin-Shihs, while even Chin-Shihs of Song Dynasty surrended were employed through examination. During one generation of Ch'i-an, there had been taken 54 times of Chin-Shih examinations(according to the Beenjih of Liaoshih), and the successful candidators numbered 2342. Those whose names are well known number 70, while those listed in the Liaoshih, 20. The main points cleduced, as a result, from this study are as follows: first, the main purpose of the civil Exam seems to have been the selection of Chinese officials because the ruling over the chinese territory needed chinese officaials, secondly, it was an attempt to indirectly induce Ch'i-tan to keep their original respect for fighting spirit, and to effeminate the chinese or po-hai(渤海) people that they had limited the qualification of the candidators for civil Exam only to Chinese or Po-hai people excluding the Ch'i-tan, thirdly, the purpose of the execution of Civil Exam seems to have been to strengthen the trustfulness between king and retainers by establishing a teacher-discipline relation between them, and the luxurious proce dure of the ceremony for Chin-Shih seems to have been to induce the successful candidators to feel deep gratitude to the king by emphasizing that the award of Chin-Shih was being given by The king, and fourthly, it seems that the employment of Chinese people for the ruling of Chinese territory was to let them solve the difficult problem such as taxation(Shuifu 稅賦) or labour service(Fui 賦役) by themselves together with their own people.

P-D 부가 SOFC에 의한 매니퓰레이터 제어

신위재,주창복,고은배 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1993 硏究論文集 Vol.11 No.-

본 연구에서는 제어시스템에서 필연적으로 발생하는 오브슈터(overshoot)와 정상상태오차를 줄이기위해 P-D(Proportional-Derivation)부가 SOFC (Self-organizing Fuzzy Control)를 설계하였다. 제어규칙 생성에서 전문가 지식과 시행착오의 반복수행에 대한 계산시간과 메모리 용량을 줄이기 위해 변형된 P-I-D 앨고리듬이 사용되었으며 P-D제어기에서 발생되는 오브슈터의 증가를 P-D부가 SOFC로서 해결 하였다. 본연구에서 제안한 설계방법의 타당성을 로보트 매니퓰레이터의 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션으로 확인하였다. In this paper, PD plus SOFC is designed to reduce the steady state error and overshoot which is easy to occur in system control. And modified PID algorithm is used to decrease calculation time and memory space due to iteration performance. SOFC and PD gain is also changed to solve the problem of overshoot. The proposed control strategy is applied to computer simulation of a manipulator and demonstrated the effectiveness of this control strategy.

Celan 시에 있어서의 언어

고위공 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 1994 東西文化硏究 Vol.1 No.-

In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es darum, Celans Sprachgestaltung von seiner poetologischen Sprachreflexion her zu beleuchten. Es ist in der bisherigen Celans-Forschung allgemein in bekannt, daβ Celans eigenartige dichterische Wortfu¨gung den Lesern erhebliche Versta¨ndnisschwierigkeiten bietet. Der Grund dafu¨r liegt nicht zuletzt darin, daβ sie von der konventionellen Sprechweise deutscher Lyrik stark abweicht, indem sie sehr vielschichtiges, zuweilen widerspru¨chliches Sinngefu¨ge aufweist. Darum ist in der bisherigen Untersuchungen der Celan-Sprache immer wieder dahingehend versucht worden, mit Hilfe neuer spezifischer Termini Celans "individuellen" Sprachbestand zu bezeichnen, beispielsweise wie "Unwort"(Gegenwort), Paradoxon, Sprache der "Hinterlassenschaft", usw. Betrachten wir heute die ju¨ngere Entwicklungsgeschichte der Celan-Forschung zuru¨ckblickend etwas na¨her, stellt sich heraus, dalβ sie ziemlich gegensa¨tzliche Deutungsrichtungen zeigen. Einerseits schla¨gt man den Celan-Lesern eine vielfa¨ltige und freie "Lesart" vor, damit sie auf mannigfache Sprachformulierungen Celanscher Gedichte reibungslos reagieren ko¨nnten. Andererseits behauptet man auf eine subtile und konsistente Textanalyse, womit der "koha¨rente" Ausdruckssinn der Dichtung aufgeschlossen werden du¨rfte. Angesichts solcher problematischen Forschungslage ist es fu¨r den heutigen Celan-Deuter empfehlenswert, von dem methodologischen Ansatzproblem auszugehen. Nach Ansicht des Verfassers kommt die bestehende Grundproblematik der Celan-Auslegung daher, daβ jeweilige Celan-Forscher je nach ihren eigenen Standpunkten und Verstehenshorizonten andere methodische Wege gehen und daraus-konsequenterweise-unterschiedliche Arbeitsergebnisse vorziehen. Wenn man aber danach fragt, warum besonders im Fall Celanscher Lyrik so verschiedene Anna¨herungsweisen auftreten, ist die Antwort darauf in der Sprachstruktur Celanscher Dichtung selbst zu suchen. Ihre auβerordentlich vielfachen Gestaltungsweisen erlauben den Lesern schon vom Anfang des Lesens an bestimmte Lektu¨rewege nicht, so daβ sie nicht selten davor fast hilflos bleiben mu¨βten. Daher ist es fu¨r sie manchmal besser, wenn sie nicht ohne Vorkenntnisse von Celans Sprachmaterial seine Gedichte selbst intensiv lesen und ihre anzuwendenden methodischen Verfahren bewuβt auf die Probe stellen und kontrollieren. Unter dieser Voraussetzung der Celan-Interpretation richtet sich die vorliegende Studie darauf, auf Grund der textada¨quaten Werkanalyse Celans sprachpoetosche Konstellationen zu belichten: Dies vollzieht sich praktisch in zwei Schritten: zum einen wird das einzigartige Sprachpha¨nomen Celanscher Dichtungen in seiner Bedeutung, Funktion und Wirkung textgeschichtlich beobachtet, zum anderen wird dann versucht, die aus solchen Analyseverfahren gewonnenen Resultate systematisch anzu ordnen. Aus dreiteiligen Erla¨uterungsprozessen der ausgewa¨hlten acht Beispieltexte ist ersichtlich, daβ sich Celans poetologische Sprachbesinnung in dreistufigen Phasen entfaltet: erstens in der Form von Wechselverha¨ltnis zwischen verstummendem Schweigen und lyrischem Sprechen, zweitens von der Sprachscho¨pfung und erla¨uterung und drittens von der Literatur des Lichts und der Sprache der Utopie. Diese drei Ideengehalte, welche dem gesamten Dichtwetk Celans u¨berlagernd zugrunde liegen, lassen sich selbstversta¨ndlich mit Celans literarischer und ku¨nstlerischer Grundauffassung in wichtigen Prosatexten in Einklang bringen. Weitere begriffliche Einzelelemente wie innovative "Sinnkonstitution", Multivalenz oder semantische Umkehrung, u.a. dienen dazu, die oben genannten Grundreflexionen des Dichters sprachlich zu praktifizieren. Allerdings darf Celans starke Intention auf die Sprache keineswegs auf solch Themenbereiche begrenzt ero¨rtert werden: noch andere poetische Kategorien und Kriterien, welche zum Versta¨ndnis seiner vorwiegend "hermetisch" orientierten Werktypen no¨tig sind, sind in die systematische Untersuchung der Celan-Sprache einzufu¨hren. Beispielsweise weisen seine allerletzten Gedichttexte aus dem Nachlaβband, so etwa die "Jerusalem-Gedichte", eine noch tiefere Gestaltungsschicht der abgeku¨rzten lyrischen Sageweise auf, welche erst durch Einbeziehung der spezifisch religio¨sen, mystischen oder sprachreflexiven Versta¨ndnismittel aufgegriffen werden ko¨nnte. Auch im Rahmen der vorliegenden Textbetrachtungen ist es wohl wu¨nschenswert, die behandelten Problempunkte im Vergleich zu den Forschungsergebnissen anderer Arbeiten noch auszudifferenzieren und dadurch etwaige neue Fragestellungen vorzulegen. Um alle diese fehlenden, lu¨ckenhaften Themenkreise der Sprachuntersuchung Celanscher Dichtungen zu kompensieren, bedu¨rfte es wohl noch einer gru¨ndlicheren, synthetischen Celan-Studie. In dieser Hinsicht ist es eine der vordringlichen Aufgaben der zuku¨nftigen Celan-Philologie, Celans Poetik und A¨sthetik besonders in bezug auf seine lyrische Sprachsetzung neu zu gru¨nden.

慶北 一部 貯水池의 淡水魚에서 肝吸蟲 被囊幼蟲의 消失

朴緯泰,孔賢嬉,鄭東一,崔東翊 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1991 慶北醫大誌 Vol.32 No.4

1990年 4月부터 同年 9月까지 大邱市 丹山池, 慶北 永川郡 紫陽湖 및 安康 霞谷池에서 採集되는 各鍾 淡水魚에서 吸蟲類 被囊幼蟲의 寄生狀을 調査하여 1960年에 調査된 丹山池 및 霞谷池에서의 成績과 比較하였다. 3개처의 못과 湖에, 採集 魚鍾은 붕어(Carassius carassius), 몰개(Gnathopogon atromaculatus), 납지리(Paracheilognathus rhombea) 및 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva)의 4鍾으로 이중 몰개와 참붕어가 優占鍾이었다. 1960年에는 몰개 및 참붕어에서 肝吸蟲 被囊幼蟲의 寄生率 58.8%에서 83.6%, 寄生程度 4.5에서 8.3個로 檢出되었으나 이번 調査에서는 전혀 檢出되지 않았다. 이상의 成績으로 미루어보아 이들 3個處의 貯水池는 더 이상 肝吸蟲의 浸潤地가 아님을 알았다. In order to compare the infestation status with larval trematodes with that in 1960, fresh-water fish were collected in the Dansan and Hagok ponds and Jayang lake from May to October 1990, and examined for the presence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercaria. Four species of fresh-water fish, the crusian carp, Carassius carassius, the korean shiner, Gnathopogon atromaculatus, the flat bitterling, Paracheilognathus rhombea, and the southern top-mouthed minnow, Pseudorasbora parva were collected in the pond. G. atromaculatus and P. parva were collected frequently in the Dansan pond and Jayang lake. In 1960, C. sinensis metacercaria was demonstrated at the rate between 58.8 and 83.6% and the intensity between 4.5 and 8.3. However, no metacercaria was detected in 1990. In the light of these results, the ponds Dansan and Hagok and lake Jayang are no longer endemic foci C. sinensis.