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Effect of Developmental Lead Exposure on the Expression of Hippocampal NMDA Receptor Subunit mRNA
Kim, Tae-Wan,Chung, In-Sung,Bae, Jae-Hoon,Shin, Dong-Hoon,Lee, Mi-Young,Kim, Joon-Sik 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4
목적: in vivo 및 vitro에서 해마 신경세포의 발생단계별 NMDA 수용체 아단위 mRNA 발현에 대한 연 폭로 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 흰쥐 해마 신경세포의 발생단계별 NMDA 수용체 NR2A, NR2B 아단위 mRNA 발현에 대한 연의 영향은 정상군과 연 폭로군의 출생 후 7일, 14일, 22일 흰쥐의 해마에서 in situ hybridization으로 mRNA 발현 정도를 densitometer로 측정하여 비교하였고, 연과 NMDA 의 세포독성은 해마 신경세포 일차배양 후 도립현미경을 이용한 형태학적인 관찰과 LDH 활성도를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: 연 과 NMDA 에 의한 세포독성에 대한 in vitro 실험에서 형태학적 소견과 LDH 활성도에서 해마 미성숙 신경세포와 성숙 신경세포사이의 차이가 있었으므로, 연과 NMDA 독성효과는 해마 신경세포의 발달 단계에 따라 차이가 있다. 정상군의 해마에서의 NR2A mRNA 발현은 출생 후 연령이 증가함에 따라 점진적으로 증가하였으나, NR2B mRNA 발현은 출생 후 연령이 증가함에 따라 점진적으로 증가하였으나 NR2B mRNA 발현은 연령의 증가에 따른 변화가 없었다. 연 폭로에 희한 NR2A mRNA 발현은 유의하게 감소하였으나(p<0.05), NR2B mRNA 발현은 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 만성적 연 폭로는 NR2A를 포함하는 NMDA 수용체를 감소시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 결론: 연은 해마신경세포의 발생단계에서 NMDA 수용체 아단위 특히 NR2A mRNA 발현의 변화를 야기하여 시냅스 신호 전달에 영향을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. Hippocampus
안완식,김유길,박형철,김혜영 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.10 No.1
이 연구는 Free workover forward 동작의 이상적인 지도방법과 마루와 평균대에서 좀 더 안정적이고 발전되는 기술동작을 배우는 데 기초자료로 제공함에 그 목적을 두었다. 이 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해서 H대학의 여자 체조 선수 3명을 임의 추출하여 운동학적인 변인을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 마루운동에서 제자리 한발 몸펴 앞공중 돌기 동작을 연기하는데 1국면에서 슬관절과 고관절을 빠르게 신전시켜 회전속도를 증가시켜야하고 3국면에서 4국면까지 수직상승 탄력을 이용하여 신체를 높이 투사시켜 회전속도를 빠르게 하며 5국면에서 여유있는 착지를 이루는 자세가 가장 바람직한 동작임을 알 수 있다. This study has been aimed at providing an ideal instructive method of 'Free workover Forward′ motion and basic data for the learning of a more stable, developed, and skilful motions on the floor as well as balance beam. In order to achieve such an aim of this study, three female champions of physical exercise were employed at random from H University as the object for the research and analysis of kinetic variable factors as resulted in as follows. 1. It was learned that the change in the factor of time variance from phase 1 throughout phase 3 should quicken the time consumed and when remaining in the air the rotation force of the moving body should be accelerated in short moment. It was desirable that air-remaining time for the body should be raised by moving reaction of sposeting leg and the swing of kick should be big and quick. 2. When the location of the body center should move quickly the horizontal and vertical locations at phase 2, and the body was projected in the air at phase 3, the hips should be extended, the horizontal location should be small, the vertical location should be big, the height of remaining in the air should be raised so that landing posture could be taken with enough allowance of time due to increased time for remaining in the air. 3. when the body center passed the horizon as the speed variation of the body center at phase 1 throughout phase 3 raised the vertical speed with the application of the vertical speed and the reaction of the knees. It was known that a stable motion was made through the flexion of knees as it made vertical at phase 5 upholding quickly the moving body. 4. change of angles of the articulations yielded the greatest change of angles at the knees at phase 1 throughout phase 3, and before the rotation of the body, the arch posture motion was shown to be desirable to take a stable posture through straightening thy vertical posture by quick rotation force from too much extension of the knees. summarizing the above, in the performance of the motion of stretching the body with one step at the same position and rotating in the air, the rotation speed should be increased at phase 1 by extending rapidly the knees and hips at phase 3 throughout phase 4 the rotation speed should be quickened by projecting highly the body with the application of elasticity in vertical uprising and then forming an allowable landing was desirable at phase 5.
안완식 한국운동역학회 2004 한국운동역학회지 Vol.14 No.2
W. S. AHN. Kinematic Analysis on Giant Swing Backward to Handstand on Parallel Bars. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 2740, 2004. The objective of this study is to identify the kinematic variables of giant swing backward to handstand as well as individual variations of each athlete performing this skill, which in turn will provide the basis for developing suitable training methods and for improving athlete's performance in actual games. For this end, 3 male athletes, members of the national team, who are in ^^H^^ University, have been randomly chosen and their giant swing backward to handstand performance was recorded using two digital cameras and analyzed in 3 dimensional graphics. This study came to the following conclusion. 1. Proper time allocation for giant swing backward to handstand are: Phase 1 should provide enough time to attain energy for swing track of a grand round movement. The phase 3 is to throw the body up high in the air and stay in the air as long as possible to smoothen up the transition to the next stage and the phase 4 should be kept short with the moment arm coefficient of the body reduced. 2. As for appropriate changes of locations of body center, the phase 1 should be comprised of horizontal, perpendicular, compositional to make up a big rotational radius. Up to the Phase 3 the changes of displacements of vertical locations should be a good scale and athlete's body should go up high quickly to increase the perpendicular climbing power. 3. When it comes to the speed changes of body center, the vertical and horizontal speed should be spurred by the reaction of the body in Phase 2 and Phase 3. In the Phase 4, fast vertical speed throws the body center up high to ensure enough time for in-the-air movement. 4. The changes of angles of body center are: in Phase 2, shoulder joint is stretching and coxa should be curved up to utilize the body reaction. In the Phase 4, shoulder joint and coxa should be stretched out to get the body center as high as possible in the air for stable landing. 5. The speeds of changes in joints angles are: in the Phase 2 should have the speed of angles of shoulder joints increase to get the body up in the air as quickly as possible. The Phase 3 should have the speed of angles in shoulder joint slow down, while putting the angles of a knee joint up to speed as quickly as possible to ensure enough time for in-the-air movement.
Enterococcus faecalis 추출물이 임파구의 IL-2, IL-4, TGF-β1분비에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구
김현식,이우철,손원준,이상탁,김철호,임성삼 大韓齒科保存學會 2005 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.30 No.1
In order to examine the immunoresponse of host cells to Enterococcus faecalis, this in vitro study monitored the production of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were activated with PHA in the presence or abscence of sonicated extracts of E. Faecalis (SEF) and further incubated for 72 hours. The level of each cytokine was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). PHA-activated group did exhibit higher level of IL-2 and IL-4 than untreated control group. The levels of expression of both cytokines were significantly decreased following the treatment of high (25㎍/㎖) and medium concentration (12.5㎍/㎖) of SEF (P > 0.05) than those of PHA activated group. But low concentration (5㎍/㎖) of SEF showed th similar level of IL-2 and IL-4 production as those of PHA activated group. TGF-β1 was unaffected by SEF treatment. These results suggested that E. faecalis may suppress IL-2 and IL-4 production by lymphocytes and this could be one of possible factors why E. faecalis are found frequently in the teeth with failed endodontic treatment. 근관치료의 실패원인 중 중요한 세균으로 알려진 Enterococcus faecalis는 최근에 중요성이 더해지며 많은 연구들이 진행중이다. 여러가지 기전들이 보고되고 있으나 면역반응에 관한 연구는 거의 알려져 있지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 Enterococcus faecalis의 초음파 분쇄 추출물을 성인의 말초혈액으로부터 얻은 임파구에 적용시켜서 여기서 분비되는 interleukin-2, interleukin-4, transforming growth fater-β1의 농도를 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)로 측정하여 비교, 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. E. faecalis를 적절한 조건에서 배양한 뒤 초음파 분쇄를 하여 추출물을 얻어냈다. 임파구는 건강한 성인의 말초혈액에서 추출하여 분리하였다. 임파구를 적절한 농도의 mitogen (Phytohemagglutinin: PHA)으로 자극시킨 뒤에 다양한 농도의 E. faecalis 초음파 추출물을 적용시키고 72시간 동안 배양하였다 ELISA를 이용하여 IL-2, IL-4,TGF-β1 의 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과는 Kruskal-Wallis test, Man-Whitney rank sum test (p < 0.05)를 사용하여 통계처리 하였다. 실험결과 PHA로 처리한 군은 아무것도 처리하지 않은 군에 비해서 IL-2, IL-4의 수치가 유의성 있게 높았다 (p < 0.05). PHA로 처리한 군중에서 고농도와 중농도의 sonic extract of E. faecalis (SEF)로 처리한 군은 그렇지 않은 군에 비해서 IL-2 IL-4의 농도가 유의성 있게 낮았다 (p < 0.05). PHA로 처리한 군중에서 저농도의 SEF로 처리한 군은 그렇지 않은 군과 비교하여 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다.TGF-β1의 농도는 모든 군에서 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 따라서, E. faecalis의 추출물은 임파구의 IL-2, IL-4의 분비능력을 저하시킨다고 할 수 있다.
건축공사시방서에서의 KS규격의 국제인증방안에 관한 연구
김경식,이재섭,김용수,이규진,조용훈,최완철,전재열,이현수,구재동,이기환 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1
The purpose of this research is make out construction specifications for International Construction. Using off-shore products incur cost increase and longer delivery term of construction. and inconvenient on International Construction. Expand the range of additional local products conforming to performance. Life Cycle Cost. maintainability. operability. user's acceptability, etc.. And this study is suggest the standard formats and the techniques for construction specification.
崔完植 건국대학교 1978 論文集 Vol.8 No.1
Generally speaking, there are the provisions on capacity control in bilateral air agreements. The Bermuda Agreement (Bermuda I, 1946) was a pioneer agreement and had produced notable results over its thirty-year life. The plain fast was, however, that the day-to-day management of their bilateral civil aviation relations on the basis of Bermuda I was providing more and more complex. The words of the original text did not really bear on many of the problems which had arisen in recent years. They felt these difficulties applied particularly over the question of capacity on the North Atlantic routes . The decline in traffic prospects following the Middle East conflict, the rise in fuel costs and the international recession had combined to cause severe problems on the North Atlantic between 1974 and 1976. In those difficult years they experienced the use of capacity as the main competitive tool oil the route. The New Bermuda Agreement (Bermuda II, 23 July 1977) is not a rigid system and allows the operator a considerable measure of freedom in the expercise of his own judgment about the way the market is going to develop. But it permits governments to challenge the individual judgments of operators and to suspend within certain limits increases in capacity. Bermuda II has reduced Fifth Freedom rights drastically. Bermuda II does not go all the was to full predetermination of capacity and schedule control. Consequently it can be expected that there will be a world-wide acute tendency to have at least some of the rules newly agreed upon incorporated in the existing air agreements. Among those new rules it seems that those regarding capacity will attract a great deal of attention. The danger of Bermuda II in this respect is not so much that it invents something that never existed before, but that it legalizes existing tendencies by showing the way how to exercise autherity over foreign airlines, capacity that is considered too big.