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Copy Number Variation Burden on Asthma Subgenome in Normal Cohorts Identifies Susceptibility Markers
Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah,Avinash M Veerappa,Padukudru A Mahesh,Sareh R Jahromi,Nallur B. Ramachandra 대한천식알레르기학회 2015 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.7 No.3
Purpose: Asthma is a complex disease caused by interplay of genes and environment on the genome of an individual. Copy number variations (CNVs) are more common compared to the other variations that disrupt genome organization. The effect of CNVs on asthma subgenome has been less studied compared to studies on the other variations. We report the assessments of CNV burden in asthma genes of normal cohorts carried out in different geographical areas of the world and discuss the relevance of the observation with respect to asthma pathogenesis. Methods: CNV analysis was performed using Affymerix high-resolution arrays, and various bioinformatics tools were used to understand the influence of genes on asthma pathogenesis. Results: This study identified 61 genes associated with asthma and provided various mechanisms and pathways underlying asthma pathogenesis. CCL3L1, ADAM8, and MUC5B were the most prevalent asthma genes. Among them, CCL3L1 was found across all 12 populations in varying copy number states. This study also identified the inheritance of asthma-CNVs from parents to offspring creating the latent period for manifestation of asthma. Conclusions: This study revealed CNV burden with varying copy number states and identified susceptibility towards the disease manifestation. It can be hypothesized that primary CNVs may not be the initiating event in the pathogenesis of asthma and additional preceding mutations or CNVs may be required. The initiator or primary CNVs sensitize normal cohorts leading to an increased probability of accumulating mutations or exposure to allergic stimulating agents that can augment the development of asthma.
Aravind Goud G. Patil,Veerappa H. Mulimani 한국생물공학회 2008 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.13 No.3
Consumption of soymilk and soybean derived foods has been hampered due to the presence of RFOs (raffinose family oligosaccharides). Soy-based foods free from RFOs have positive impact on their acceptance as protein rich food. α-Galactosidase was entrapped in PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) cross linked with boric acid. Immobilized enzyme showed shift in optimum pH of 0.4 units and the activity yield of the immobilized α-galactosidase was found to be 76%. Immobilized enzyme was used to reduce RFOs in soymilk. In batch reaction after 12 h incubation soluble and immobilized enzyme showed 92 and 83% reduction of RFOs in soymilk, respectively. In repeated batch experiments immobilized enzyme showed 64% of its hydrolyzing activity after 6th cycle. PVA-immobilized α-galactosidase in fluidized bed reactor showed highest reduction (92%) of RFOs at a flow rate of 30 mL/h. The results of this study are interesting for their use in food processing industry.
( Patil Aravind Goud G. ),( Praveen Kumar S. K. ),( Veerappa H. Mulimani ),( Yaligara Veeranagouda ),( Kyoung Lee ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2010 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.20 No.11
A bacterial strain capable of producing extracellular α- galactosidase was isolated from a sample of sugarcane industrial waste. Microbiological, physiological, and biochemical studies revealed that the isolate belonged to Bacillus sp. Furthermore, based on a 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the new isolate was identified as Bacillus megaterium VHM1. The production of α-galactosidase was optimized based on various physical culture conditions. Guar gum and yeast extract acted as the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The optimum pH was 7.5 and the enzyme remained stable over a pH range of 5-9. The enzyme was optimally active at 55oC and thermostable with a half-life of 120 min, yet lost 90% of its residual activity within 120 min at 60oC. One mM concentrations of Ag2, Cu2, and Hg2+ strongly inhibited the α-galactosidase, whereas the metal ions Fe2, Mn2+, and Mg2+ had no effect on the α-galactosidase activity, and Zn2+, Ni2+, and Ca2+ reduced the enzyme activity slightly. When treated with the B. megaterium VHM1 enzyme, the flatulence-causing sugars in soymilk were completely hydrolyzed within 1.5 h.